Džejms Medison

Džejms Medison
Lični podaci
Datum rođenja	(1751-03-16)16. mart 1751.
Mesto rođenja	Port Konvej, Kolonija Virdžinija
Datum smrti	28. jun 1836.(1836-06-28) (85 god.)
Mesto smrti	Montpilijer, SAD
Porodica
Supružnik	Doli Tod Medison
Politička karijera
Politička stranka	Demokratsko-republikanska stranka
Mandati 4. predsednik SAD 4. mart 1809 — 4. mart 1817. Prethodnik Tomas Džeferson Naslednik Džejms Monro 5. Državni sekretar Sjedinjenih Američkih Država 2. maj 1801 — 3. mart 1809. Predsednik Tomas Džeferson Prethodnik Džon Maršal Naslednik Robert Smit
Potpis

Džejms Medison (engl. James Madison; Port Konvej, 16. mart 1751 — Montpilijer, 28. juna 1836) je bio američki političar i državnik, najpoznatiji po tome što je služio kao četvrti po redu predsednik SAD (1809—1817). Takođe je poznat po tome što je, zajedno s Džon Džejem i Aleksandrom Hamiltonom napisao Federalističke spise, jedno od najslavnijih dela u istoriji političke misli. Hamilton takođe uživa reputaciju Oca američkog ustava.

Medison, sin uglednog zemljoposednika iz Virdžinije, je učestvovao u ratu za nezavisnost kao član Kontinentalnog kongresa od 1780. do 1783. godine. Postavši uveren kako je konfederalni sistem preslab za potrebe nove države, zagovarao je jačanje centralne vlasti u odnosu na države-članice. Bio je jedna od ključnih osoba na Ustavnoj konvenciji u Filadelfiji na kojoj je 1787. godine donet novi Ustav - koji je i danas na snazi. Nakon toga je učestvovao u izradi Federalističkih spisa kako bi nagovorio javnost država da ratifikuju Ustav.

Rad na izgradnji Ustava je Medison nastavio i kao zastupnik u prvim sazivima američkog Kongresa. Godine 1790, su na njegovu inicijativu doneti amandmani, koji utemeljuju ljudska i građanska prava u SAD, poznati kao Povelja o pravima.

Sredinom 1790—ih Medison je, odbacio svoje federalističke stavove i priključio se novostvorenoj Demokratsko-republikanskoj stranci na čelu s Tomasom Džefersonom, koja se zalagala za slabu centralnu vlast i prava država. Kada je Džeferson 1801. godine izabran za predsednika, Medison je postao njegov državni sekretar.

Džeferson i Medison su, kao poklonici francuske revolucije, iz ideoloških razloga podržavali Francusku u tadašnjem sukobu sa Velikom Britanijom, i izjavljivali kako će zahvaljujući britanskoj zauzetosti u Evropi moći američkoj federaciji priključiti Kanadu.

Medison je 1808. godine izabran za predsednika, a njegov mandat je bio obeležen sve većom eskalacijom napetosti s Britancima, i pripremama američke javnosti za ono što je tada bilo poznato kao Rat gospodina Medisona. Osim u severoistočnim državama, teško pogođenim ekonomskim embargom protiv Britanije, taj je rat stekao veliku popularnost pa je Madison glatko izabran za drugi mandat 1812. godine.

Međutim, Medison je, slično kao i Džeferson, iz ideoloških razloga smatrao da SAD kao demokratska država ne smeju da imaju snažnu stajaću vojsku ili ratnu mornaricu. To je SAD skupo koštalo kada je rat konačno izbio pa se ispostavilo da mlada država ipak nije u stanju da se nosi s britanskom vojnom i pomorskom moći. Amerikanci su u ratu doživeli teške poraze, ali je pobeda u Nju Orleansu - izvojevana 15 dana nakon sklapanja mirovnog sporazuma - Medisonu, njegovoj stranci i budućim američkim istoričarima omogućila da taj fijasko predstave kao blistavu pobedu.

Kraj mandata je proveo nastojeći da spreči Kongres da odobri izgradnju puteva, kanala i drugih objekata te na taj način ustanovi federalnu vlast na račun država-članica.

Literatura

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• Madison, James (1962). Hutchinson, William T., ur. The Papers of James Madison (30 volumes published and more planned izd.). University of Chicago Press. Arhivirano iz originala 13. 10. 2011. g. ; The main scholarly edition
  • "Founders Online," searchable edition
• Madison, James (1865). Letters & Other Writings Of James Madison Fourth President Of The United States (called the Congress edition izd.). J.B. Lippincott & Co. 
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• Richardson, James D., ur. (1897). A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, vol. xix.  reprints his major messages and reports.

Spoljašnje veze

• Zvanična biografija
• James Madison: A Resource Guide at the Library of Congress
• The James Madison Papers, 1723–1836 at the Library of Congress
• The Papers of James Madison, subset of Founders Online from the National Archives
• American President: James Madison (1751–1836) at the Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia
• James Madison na sajtu Projekat Gutenberg (jezik: engleski)
• Džejms Medison na sajtu Internet Archive (jezik: engleski)
• Džejms Medison na sajtu LibriVox (jezik: engleski)
• James Madison Personal Manuscripts