Alvar Alto
Alvar Alto | |
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Lični podaci | |
Datum rođenja | 3. februar 1898. |
Mesto rođenja | Kourtane, Ruska Imperija |
Datum smrti | 11. maj 1976.78 god.) ( |
Mesto smrti | Helsinki, Finska |
Hugo Alvar Henrik Alto (fin. Hugo Alvar Henrik Aalto; Kourtane, 3. februar 1898 — Helsinki, 11. maj 1976) je bio finski arhitekta.[1]
Bio je profesor na Tehničkom institutu u Kembridžu (SAD). Jedan je od pionira moderne arhitekture, primenjivao prirodne materijale u skladu s tradicijom svoje zemlje. [1]Pionir je evropske moderne arhitekture. Bio je poznat po svojoj koncepciji u okviru organske arhitekture. Njegov relativno najpoznatiji komad dizajna je „Alto-vaza“.
Biografija[uredi | uredi izvor]
Alto je studirao arhitekturu od 1916. – 1922. godine na Tehničkom univerzitetu u Helsinkiju.[1] Njegov predavač bio je Armas Lindgren. Godine 1923. posle jednog studijskog puta po Evropi Alto je otvorio vlastiti arhitektonski biro u Jivaskili („Jyväskylä“) koji je kasnije premestio u Turku. Godine 1928. bio je član „CIAM-a“ (Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne).
Bio je pod uticajem ideja nemačkog „Werkbunda“ koji je objedinjavao napredne umetnike i arhitekte u Nemačkoj i ideja umetničke škole Valter Gropijusa i Ludvig Mis van der Roea, Bauhausa i njegovi napori su bili usmereni u smislu organske arhitekture u jednoj uskoj povezenosti sa idejama spoja zgrade i njene okoline čije principe je formulisao Frenk Lojd Rajt.
Godine 1933. bio je profesor za arhitekturu na Masačusets institutu za tehnologiju u Kembridžu. Tu je sarađivao na izradi oko 200 projekata od kojih je polovina bila izvedena.
Alto je bio oženjen sa Aino Marisio koja je 1949. godine preminula[1] i on se ponovo oženio sa mladom Elisom Makienemi. Njegove obe žene su crtale sa njim sve projekte.
Zgrade[uredi | uredi izvor]
Većinu projektovanih zgrada izveo je u Finskoj i SAD (Finska; biblioteke, pozorišta, robne kuće - SAD; studentski internat u Kembridžu) u svojim radovima se oprašta od geometrijskih konvencija i dolazi do ideja organske arhitekture.[2]
- Zgrada redakcije časopisa „Turun Sanomat“, Turku 1929.
- Sanatorijum za bolesti tuberkuloze, Paimio 1933.
- Gradska biblioteka, Viborg (Rusija) 1927. – 1935.
- Restoran sa enterijerom „Ravintola Savoy“ Helsinki 1937.
- Finski paviljon za svetsku izložbu u Parizu 1937.
- Finski paviljon za svetsku izložbu u Njujorku 1939.
- Sportski centar i koncertnu dvoranu u Baču 1953.
- Finski paviljon za bijenale u Veneciji 1956.
- Zgradu kulture u Helsinkiju 1958.
- Crkva „Tri križa“ (“Kolme Ristia“) u Imatra u Finskoj 1958.
- Alto-spratnica (stambena zgrada) u Bremenu 1962.
- Kulturni centar u Leverkusenu 1962.
- Administrativna zgrada „Britisch Petroleum“ u Hamburgu 1964.
- Kuća severa Rejkjavik 1968.
- Finlandija hala Helsinki 1962. – 1971.
- Projektovao je i počeo sa izvođenjem Alto-Teatar; zgradu opere u Esenu koja je završena posle njegove smrti 1988.
Dizajn[uredi | uredi izvor]
- Alto-vaza
- Fotelja „Tank“ (tenk)
- Model Br. 31 ljuljajuća stolica sa rukohvatima 1930. – 1931.
- Model Br. 98, kolica za čaj 1935. – 1936.
Vidi još[uredi | uredi izvor]
Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]
Literatura[uredi | uredi izvor]
- Udo Kuterman, Savremena arhitektura, Novi Sad, 1971.
- Aalto, Alvar (1998). Schildt, Goran, ur. Alvar Aalto in His Own Words. Helsinki, Finland: Rizzoli. ISBN 978-0847820801.
- Alvar Aalto Museum (2011). „Alvar Aalto Museo” [Alvar Aalto Museum]. www.alvaraalto.fi.
- Anderson, Stanford (2013). Fenske, Gail; Fixler, David, ur. Aalto and America. Cambridge, MASS: MIT Press. ISBN 9780300176001.
- Anon (2014). „Honorary Doctors”. NTNU (na jeziku: Norwegian). Arhivirano iz originala 2. 1. 2014. g. Pristupljeno 10. 9. 2014.
- Anon (2013). „Alvar Aalto : architect biography”. architect.architecture.sk. Architecture.sk.
- Anon. „Biography Alvar Aalto 1898–1976” (PDF). Vitra Design Museum.
- Boyce, Charles (1985). „Aalto, Hugo Alvar Henrik (1899–1976)”. Dictionary of Furniture. New York, NY: Henry Holt and Co. ISBN 978-0-8050-0752-7.
- Brown, Theodore M. (1969). „Alto, Hugo Alvar Henrik”. Ur.: Myers, Bernard S. McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Art. I: AA-Ceylon. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Company. LCCN 68026314.
- Chilvers, Ian, ur. (2004) [1988]. „Aalto, Alvar”. The Oxford Dictionary of Art (3rd izd.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-860476-1.
- Enckell, Ulla (1998). Alvar Aalto: Taiteilija - Konstnären - The Artist. Helsinki: Amos Anderson Museum. ISBN 952-9531-25-7.
- Heporauta, Arne (1999). Alvar Aalto: Arkkitehti / Architect 1898–1976 (na jeziku: Finnish) (1st izd.). Helsinki, Finland: Rakennustieto. ISBN 951-682-546-X.
- Eisenbrand, Jochen, ur. (2014). Alvar Aalto - Second Nature. Weil am Rhein: Vitra Design Museum. ISBN 978-3-931936-93-8.
- Hipeli, Mia, ur. (2014). Paimio Sanatorium 1929-33: Alvar Aalto Architect Volume 5. Helsinki: Alvar Aalto Foundation. ISBN 978-952-267-074-8.
- Holma, Marjo, ur. (2015). House of Culture. Jyväskylä: Alvar Aalto Museum.
- Jencks, Charles (1973). Modern Movements in Architecture. Garden City, NY: Anchor Press. ISBN 978-0385025546.
- Kairamo, Maija, ur. (2009). Alvar Aalto Library in Vyborg: Saving a Modern Masterpiece. Helsinki: Rakennustieto. ISBN 978-951-682-938-1.
- Korvenmaa, Pekka, ur. (2004). Sunila 1936-54: Alvar Aalto Architect Volume 7. Helsinki: Alvar Aalto Foundation. ISBN 952-5498-03-4.
- Laaksonen, Esa, ur. (2008). Maison Louis Carré 1956-61: Alvar Aalto Architect Volume 20. Helsinki: Alvar Aalto Foundation. ISBN 978-952-5371-43-7.
- Labò, Mario (1968) [1959]. „Aalto, Hugo Alvar Henrik”. Ur.: Crandall, Robert W. Encyclopedia of World Art. I: Aalto-Asia Minor, Western. New York, NY: McGraw Hill Book Company, Inc. LCCN 59013433.
- McCarter, Robert (2006). Frank Lloyd Wright. London: Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1861892683.
- Mikkola, Kirmo (1969). „Suomalaisen arkkitehtuurin ajankohtaista pyrkimyksiä”. Arkkitehti (na jeziku: Finnish). 66: 30—37.
- Paatero, Kristiina, ur. (1993). The Line - Original Drawings from the Alvar Aalto Archive. Helsinki: Alvar Aalto Foundation. ISBN 951-9229-81-7.
- Paavilainen, Simo, ur. (1982). Nordisk Klassicism – 1910–1930 [Nordic Classicism]. Helsinki: Museum of Finnish Architecture. ISBN 951-9229-21-3.
- Pallasmaa, Juhani (1998). Alvar Aalto: Villa Mairea 1938–39 (2nd izd.). Ram Pubns & Dist. ISBN 978-9525371314.
- Pelkonen, Eeva-Liisa (2009). Alvar Aalto: Architecture, Modernity, and Geopolitics. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300114287.
- Schildt, Göran (1994). Alvar Aalto, A life's work: Architecture, Design and Art. Helsinki, Finland: Otava Pub. Co. ISBN 978-9511129752.
- Suominen-Kokkonen, Renja (2007). Aino and Alvar Aalto – A Shared Journey – Interpretations of an everyday modernism. Helsinki: Alvar Aalto Foundation. ISBN 978-9525371321.
- Tafuri, Manfredo; Co, Francesco Dal (1976). Architettura contemporanea [Modern Architecture] (na jeziku: Italian). Milan: Electa.
- Thorne, John, ur. (1984). „Aalto, Alvar”. Chambers Biographical Dictionary (Revised izd.). Chambers. ISBN 978-0-550-18022-3.
- Weston, Richard (1997) [1995]. Alvar Aalto. London, UK: Phaidon Press Limited. ISBN 978-0714837109.
- Tourney, Michele (2013). „Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter A” (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Pristupljeno 13. 11. 2013.
- Schildt, Göran (1984). Alvar Aalto. The Early Years. New York, NY: Rizzoli. ISBN 978-0847805310.
- Schildt, Göran (1987). Alvar Aalto. The Decisive Years. New York, NY: Rizzoli. ISBN 978-0847807116.
- Schildt, Göran (1991). Alvar Aalto. The Mature Years. New York, NY: Rizzoli. ISBN 978-0847813292.
- Alvar Aalto Archive Staff (1994). The Architectural Drawings of Alvar Aalto 1917–1939: Aalto's Own Home in Helsinki, the Finnish Pavilion at the 1937 World's Fair in Paris, and Other Buildings and Projects, 1932–1937. Garland Architectural Archives. Routledge.
- Schildt, Göran (1994). Alvar Aalto: The Complete Catalogue of Architecture, Design and Art. New York, NY: Rizzoli. ISBN 978-0847818181.
- Laaksonen, Esa (2013). Alvar Aalto Architect. 5: Paimio Sanatorium 1928–32. Rakennustieto Publishing. ISBN 978-9516829541.
- Holma, Maija; Pallasmaa, Juhani; Suominen-Kokkonen, Renja (2003). Alvar Aalto Architect. 6: The Aalto House 1935–36. Alvar Aalto Foundation. ISBN 978-9525498011.
- Korvenmaa, Pekka, ur. (2007). Alvar Aalto Architect. 7: Sunila 1936–1954. Alvar Aalto Foundation. ISBN 978-9525498035.
- Aalto, Alvar (2008). Alvar Aalto Architect. 13: University of Technology, Otaniemi 1949–74. Alvar Aalto Foundation. ISBN 978-9525498080.
- Hipeli, Mia (2009). Alvar Aalto Architect. 16: Jyväskylä University 1951–71. ASIN B002QH2LMK.
- Aalto, Alvar (2008). Alvar Aalto Architect. 20: Maison Louis Carre 1956–63. Alvar Aalto Foundation. ISBN 978-9525498066.
- Heporauta, Arne (1998). Alvar Aalto Arkkitehti: 1898–1976 (na jeziku: Finnish). Helsinki, Finland: Rakennustieto Oy. ISBN 978-9516825468.
- Fleig, Karl (1975). Alvar Aalto. Praeger Publishers. ISBN 978-0275496609.
- Pearson, Paul David (1978). Alvar Aalto and the International Style. New York: Whitney Library of Design. ISBN 978-0-8230-7023-7.
- Porphyrios, Demetri (1982). Sources of Modern Eclecticism. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0312746735.
- Pallasmaa, Juhani (1985). Aalto: Alvar Aalto Furniture. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0262132060.
- Korvenmaa, Pekka; Treib, Marc (2002). Reed, Peter, ur. Alvar Aalto: Between Humanism and Materialism. New York, NY: The Museum of Modern Art. ISBN 978-0870701078.
- Quantrill, Malcolm (1983). Alvar Aalto: A Critical Study. Secker & Warburg. ISBN 9780941533355.
- Ruusuvuori, Aarno, ur. (1978). Alvar Aalto 1898–1976. Helsinki, Finland: The Museum of Finnish Architecture. ASIN B0000ED4GS.
- Jormakka, Kari; Gargus, Jacqueline; Graf, Douglas The Use and Abuse of Paper. Essays on Alvar Aalto. Datutop 20: Tampere 1999.
- Connah, Roger (2008). Aaltomania. Rakennustieto Publishing. ISBN 978-9516826137.
Spoljašnje veze[uredi | uredi izvor]
- Archives
- Alvar Aalto Foundation Custodian of Aalto's architectural drawings and writings.
- Aalto bibliography - From the official site
- Alvar Aalto - Design Dictionary Illustrated article about Alvar Aalto
- More than 100 items designed by Alvar Aalto on architonic.com: with images, informations and auction results
- Modern Furniture and the history of Moulded Plywood Role played by Alvar Alto in the use of Moulded plywood for furniture.
- Kaalozi
- artek Aalto furniture; company founded by Aalto.
- Alvar Aalto glassware iittala
- Between Humanism and Materialism New York Museum of Modern Art exhibit site. Contains an especially useful timeline of his life and career.
- Zgrade i pregledi
- "Ahead of the curve" The Guardian - Fiona MacCarthy recalls a shared lunch of smoked reindeer and schnapps in his elegant Helsinki restaurant
- Mt. Angel Abbey Library
- Baker House
- North Jutland Museum
- Nordic House Iceland
- S. Maria Assunta - Riola BO Italy
- Dizajn