Astronautika
Astronautika je nauka i inženjerija koja istražuje i razvija tehnologiju koja omogućava putovanja u kosmos, bilo da su ta putovanja sa posadom ili bez nje (veštački satelit). Istraživanja kosmosa ili astronautika je interdisciplinarna nauka koja se bazira na saznanju drugih nauka, kao što su: fizika, aerodinamika, astronomija, matematika, hemija, biologija, medicina, elektronika i meteorologija.
Termin astronautika (prvobitno astronautique na francuskom) je 1920-ih skovao Dž.H. Rosni, predsednik Gonkur akademije, po analogiji sa aeronautikom.[1][2] Pošto postoji stepen tehničkog preklapanja između ova dva polja, termin vazduhoplovstvo se često koristi za opisivanje oba odjednom.[3] Godine 1930, Robert Esno-Pelteri je objavio prvu knjigu o novom istraživačkom polju.[4]
Kao i kod aeronautike, ograničenja mase, temperature i spoljašnjih sila zahtevaju da aplikacije u svemiru prežive ekstremne uslove: visokokvalitetni vakuum, radijaciono bombardovanje međuplanetarnog prostora i magnetne pojaseve niske Zemljine orbite. Svemirske lansirne rakete moraju da izdrže titanske sile, dok sateliti mogu iskusiti ogromne varijacije u temperaturi u veoma kratkim periodima.[5] Ekstremna ograničenja mase dovode do toga da se astronautički inženjeri suočavaju sa stalnom potrebom da uštede masu u dizajnu kako bi se maksimizovala stvarna nosivost koja dostiže orbitu.
Istorija[uredi | uredi izvor]
Rana istorija astronautike je teorijska: osnovnu matematiku svemirskog putovanja ustanovio je Isak Njutn u svojoj raspravi iz 1687. Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica.[6] Drugi matematičari, kao što su Švajcarac Leonard Ojler i francusko-italijanski Žozef Luj Lagranž takođe su dali suštinski doprinos u 18. i 19. veku. Uprkos tome, astronautika je postala praktična disciplina tek sredinom 20. veka. S druge strane, pitanje svemirskih letova pobuđivalo je književnu imaginaciju takvih ličnosti kao što su Žil Vern i Herbert Džordž Vels. Početkom 20. veka, ruski kosmista Konstantin Ciolkovski izveo je raketnu jednačinu, vodeću jednačinu za raketni pogon, omogućavajući izračunavanje konačne brzine rakete iz mase svemirske letelice (), kombinovane mase pogonskog goriva i svemirske letelice () i izduvna brzina pogonskog goriva ().
Do ranih 1920-ih, Robert H. Godard[7][8][9] je razvijao rakete na tečno gorivo,[10][11][12] koje će za nekoliko decenija postati kritična komponenta u dizajnu poznate raketa kao što su V-2[13][14][15] i Saturn V.[16][17]
Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]
- ^ „Archived copy” (PDF). Arhivirano (PDF) iz originala 2017-08-11. g. Pristupljeno 2017-02-02.
- ^ Gruntman, Mike (2007). From Astronautics to Cosmonautics. str. 21. ISBN 978-1419670855.
- ^ l'Astronomie, 1934, p. 325–326.
- ^ „Archived copy”. Arhivirano iz originala 2014-04-29. g. Pristupljeno 2017-02-02.
- ^ Understanding Space: An Introduction to Astronautics, Sellers. 2nd Ed. McGraw-Hill (2000)
- ^ Fundamentals of Astrodynamics, Bate, Mueller, and White. Dover: New York (1971).
- ^ „Robert H. Goddard”. New Mexico Museum of Space History. Pristupljeno 25. 1. 2023.
- ^ „Robert H. Goddard: American Rocket Pioneer”. Smithsonian Institution Archives. Pristupljeno 25. 1. 2023.
- ^ „Goddard”. Astronautix.com. Arhivirano iz originala 27. 12. 2016. g.
- ^ Sutton, George P. (1963). Rocket Propulsion Elements, 3rd edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons. str. 25, 186, 187.
- ^ Glushko, Valentin (1. 1. 1973). Developments of Rocketry and Space Technology in the USSR. Novosti Press Pub. House. str. 12—14,19. OCLC 699561269.
- ^ Zak, Anatoly. „Gas Dynamics Laboratory”. Russian Space Web. Pristupljeno 20. 7. 2022.
- ^ "Long-range" in the context of the time. See NASA history article Arhivirano 7 januar 2009 na sajtu Wayback Machine
- ^ „The Rocket Men”. Air & Space/Smithsonian.
- ^ „Opel Sounds in the Era of Rockets”. www.opelpost.com. 23. 5. 2018.
- ^ Alternatives for Future U.S. Space-Launch Capabilities (PDF), The Congress of the United States. Congressional Budget Office, oktobar 2006, str. 4 9, Arhivirano iz originala 1. 10. 2021. g., Pristupljeno 13. 8. 2015
- ^ Bongat, Orlando (16. 9. 2011). „NASA - Saturn V”. www.nasa.gov (na jeziku: engleski). Arhivirano iz originala 08. 04. 2015. g. Pristupljeno 2022-01-14.
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- Sellers, Jerry J.; Astore, William J.; Giffen, Robert B.; Larson, Wiley J. (2004). Kirkpatrick, Douglas H., ur. Understanding Space: An Introduction to Astronautics (2 izd.). McGraw Hill. str. 228. ISBN 0-07-242468-0.
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Spoljašnje veze[uredi | uredi izvor]
- Orbitalna mehanika (Rocket and Space Technology)
- Java Astrodynamics Toolkit
- Astrodynamics-based Space Traffic and Event Knowledge Graph