Demonstracije
Demonstracija ili miting je javni skup više ljudi, koji se kreću u grupi. Nastaje usled nezadovoljenja njihovih stavova. Nastala je od grčke reči demos, što znači „narod“.
Demonstracije nastaju da se promeni tačka viđenja razloga zbog čega je nastala (bio on pozitivan ili negativan), naročito se odnosi na socijalne probleme. U socijalnim naukama, demonstracija se odnosi na ponašanje sa namerom da se ukaže kako se nešto može uraditi efektivno, npr. kada socijalni radnik pokazuje klijentu kako da bolje komunicira sa drugima igranjem uloga („role play“).[1]
Ima nekoliko vrsta demonstracija:
- Marševi, u kojima kolona ljudi ide od jedne lokacije do druge.
- Okupljanje, u kojima se ljudi okupljaju da slušaju mišljenja drugih ljudi ili muzičare.
- Stražarenje, gde su demonstranti postavljeni od strane sindikata ispred preduzeća gde rade.
- Zasedanje, u kojima demonstranti okupiraju mesto dok im se traženi zahtevi ne ispune ili na neki drugi način nisu naterani da napuste mesto.
Istorija[uredi | uredi izvor]
Termin je u upotrebi od sredine 19. veka, kao i termin „sastanak čudovišta“, koji je prvobitno skovan u vezi sa ogromnim okupljanjima demonstranata inspirisanih Danijelom O'Konelom (1775–1847) u Irskoj.[2] Demonstracije su oblik aktivizma, obično u obliku javnog okupljanja ljudi na mitingu ili šetnje u maršu. Dakle, mišljenje se demonstrira kao značajno okupljanje u gomili koja je povezana sa tim mišljenjem.
Demonstracije mogu promovisati stanovište (bilo pozitivno ili negativno) u vezi sa javnim pitanjem, posebno u vezi sa uočenom pritužbom ili društvenom nepravdom. Demonstracija se obično smatra uspešnijom ako učestvuje više ljudi. Istraživanja pokazuju da se antivladine demonstracije češće dešavaju u bogatim zemljama nego u siromašnim.[3]
Istoričar Erik Hobsbaum je pisao o demonstracijama:
Pored seksa, aktivnost koja u najvećoj meri kombinuje telesno iskustvo i intenzivne emocije je učešće u masovnim demonstracijama u vreme velikog javnog ushićenja. Za razliku od seksa, koji je u suštini individualan, demontriranje je po svojoj prirodi kolektivno… kao i seks podrazumeva neku fizičku akciju – marširanje, skandiranje parola, pevanje – kroz koje dolazi do spajanja pojedinca u masu, što je suština kolektivnog iskustva, nalaženje izraza.[4]
Forme[uredi | uredi izvor]
Vladine demonstracije su demonstracije koje organizuje vlada. Islamska Republika Iran,[5][6] Narodna Republika Kina,[7] Republika Kuba,[8] Sovjetski Savez[9] i Argentina,[10] između ostalih nacija, imale su demonstracije koje je organizovala vlada.
Nenasilje ili nasilje[uredi | uredi izvor]
Protestni marševi i demonstracije su uobičajena nenasilna taktika. Oni su stoga jedna od taktika dostupna zagovornicima strateškog nenasilja. Međutim, razlozi za izbegavanje upotrebe nasilja takođe mogu proizilaziti, ne iz opšte doktrine nenasilja ili pacifizma, već iz razmatranja u vezi sa konkretnom situacijom, uključujući njene pravne, kulturne i političke dimenzije: ovo je bilo slučaj u mnogim kampanjama građanskog otpora.[11]
Kao poznato sredstvo za sprečavanje infiltracije agenata provokatora,[12] organizatori velikih ili kontroverznih okupljanja mogu rasporediti i koordinirati demonstracione maršale, takođe zvane redari.[13][14]
Zakon po zemlji[uredi | uredi izvor]
Internacionalno[uredi | uredi izvor]
Pravo na mirne demonstracije zagarantovano je međunarodnim konvencijama, posebno članovima 21. i 22. Međunarodnog sporazuma o građanskim i političkim pravima (pravo na mirno okupljanje i pravo na udruživanje). Njegovo sprovođenje prati specijalni izvestilac Ujedinjenih nacija za pravo na mirno okupljanje i udruživanje. Godne 2019, njegov izveštaj je izrazio zabrinutost zbog ograničenja slobode mirnog okupljanja.[15]
Rusija[uredi | uredi izvor]
Sloboda okupljanja u Ruskoj Federaciji je data čl. 31. Ustava usvojenog 1993. godine:
Građani Ruske Federacije imaju pravo da se okupljaju mirno, bez oružja, i da održavaju mitinge, relije, demonstracije, marševe i pikete.[16]
Velika Britanija[uredi | uredi izvor]
Prema Zakonu o ozbiljnom organizovanom kriminalu i policiji iz 2005. i Zakonu o terorizmu iz 2006. godine, postoje oblasti označene kao „zaštićene lokacije“ u kojima ljudima nije dozvoljeno da idu. Ranije su to bile vojne baze i nuklearne elektrane, ali je zakon promenjen 2007. i obuhvata druge, generalno političke oblasti, poput Dauning strita, Vestminsterske palate i sedišta MI5 i MI6. Ranije, ometači ovih područja nisu mogli biti uhapšeni ako nisu počinili neko drugo krivično delo i pristali da budu sprovedeni, ali je to promenjeno izmenama zakona.[17]
Grupe za ljudska prava strahuju da bi ova ovlašćenja mogla da ometaju mirne proteste. Nik Kleg, tadašnji portparol Liberalnih demokrata za unutrašnje poslove, rekao je: „Nisam svestan ogromne trupe prestupnika koji žele da napadnu MI5 ili MI6, a još manje da se izlažu bezbednosnim proverama u Vajtholu i Vestminsteru da izrali svoje mišljenje. To je malj da se razbije orah“. Liberti, grupa koja agituje za građanske slobode, rekla je da je ta mera „preterana“.[18]
Vrhovni sud Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva je 2021. presudio da blokiranje puteva može biti zakonit način demonstracija.[19]
Sjedinjene Države[uredi | uredi izvor]
Prvi amandman Ustava Sjedinjenih Država izričito dozvoljava slobodu okupljanja kao deo mere za olakšavanje rešavanja takvih pritužbi. „Amandman I: Kongres neće doneti nikakav zakon... kojim bi se ograničilo... pravo ljudi da se mirno okupljaju i da podnesu peticiju Vladi za ispravljanje pritužbi."[20]
Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]
- ^ Delovi članka su preuzeti iz knjige Ivana Vidanovića „Rečnik socijalnog rada“, uz odobrenje autora.
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary
- ^ Shishkina, Alisa; Bilyuga, Stanislav; Korotayev, Andrey (2017). „GDP Per Capita and Protest Activity: A Quantitative Reanalysis”. Cross-Cultural Research (na jeziku: engleski). 52 (4): 106939711773232. ISSN 1069-3971.
- ^ Hobsbawm, Eric (2003). Interesting Times: A Twentieth-Century Life. Random House Digital, Inc. str. 73. ISBN 9780307426413.
- ^ Analysis: Iran Sends Terror-Group Supporters To Arafat's Funeral Procession Arhivirano 2004-11-14 na sajtu Wayback Machine "...state-organized rallies..."
- ^ "Why Washington and Tehran are headed for a showdown" Arhivirano 2020-10-28 na sajtu Wayback Machine The Hedge Fund Journal 16 April 2006.
- ^ Global News, No. GL99-072 Arhivirano 2021-04-23 na sajtu Wayback Machine China News Digest, 3 June 1989.
- ^ Cubans ponder life without Fidel Arhivirano 2007-03-12 na sajtu Wayback Machine The Washington Times 2 August 2006.
- ^ "Democracy in the Former Soviet Union: 1991–2004" Arhivirano septembar 27, 2007 na sajtu Wayback Machine Power and Interest News Report 28 December 2004
- ^ Pizzi, Nicolás (2012-07-29). „Militancia todo terreno: Sacan a presos de la cárcel para actos del kirchnerismo” [All-terrain militants: Prisoners are taken out of jail to take part in Kirchnerist demonstrations] (na jeziku: španski). Clarín. Pristupljeno 29. 7. 2012.
- ^ Adam Roberts and Timothy Garton Ash (eds.), Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present, Oxford University Press, 2009, especially at pp. 14–20.[1] Includes chapters by specialists on the various movements.
- ^ Stratfor (2004) Radical, Anarchist Groups Pose Their Own Threat Arhivirano 2012-03-07 na sajtu Wayback Machine published by Stratfor, June 4, 2004 quote:
Another common tactic is to infiltrate legitimate demonstrations in the attempt to stir widespread violence and rioting, seen most recently in a spring anti-Iraq war gathering in Vancouver, Canada. This has become so commonplace that sources within activist organizations have told STRATFOR they police their own demonstrations to prevent infiltration by fringe groups.
- ^ Belyaeva et al. (2007) Guidelines on Freedom of Peaceful Assembly Arhivirano 2021-03-23 na sajtu Wayback Machine, published by OSCE's Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights. Alternative version Arhivirano 2010-06-25 na sajtu Wayback Machine, Sections § 7–8, 156–162
- ^ Bryan, Dominic The Anthropology of Ritual: Monitoring and Stewarding Demonstrations in Northern Ireland Arhivirano 2016-03-03 na sajtu Wayback Machine, Anthropology in Action, Volume 13, Numbers 1–2, January 2006, pp. 22–31(10)
- ^ „Report of the Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association (Clément Nyaletsossi Voulé)”. undocs.org. 11. 9. 2019. str. 13. Pristupljeno 16. 11. 2020.
- ^ „Chapter 2 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation”. Arhivirano iz originala 2010-03-04. g. Pristupljeno 2012-07-17.
- ^ Morris, Steven, "New powers against trespassers at key sites Arhivirano 2021-03-31 na sajtu Wayback Machine", The Guardian, 24 March 2007. Retrieved on 23 June 2007.
- ^ Brown, Colin, "No-go Britain: Royal Family and ministers protected from protesters by new laws Arhivirano 2007-06-06 na sajtu Wayback Machine", The Independent, 4 June 2007. Retrieved on 23 June 2007.
- ^ Dearden, Lizzie (25. 6. 2021). „Supreme Court backs protesters and rules blocking roads can be 'lawful' way to demonstrate”. The Independent. Pristupljeno 28. 6. 2021.
- ^ „America's Founding Documents”. 30. 10. 2015.
Literatura[uredi | uredi izvor]
- Hobsbawm, Eric (2003). Interesting Times: A Twentieth-Century Life. Random House Digital, Inc. str. 73. ISBN 9780307426413.
- Bartkowski, Maciej J. (ed.), Recovering Nonviolent History: Civil Resistance in Liberation Struggles, Lynne Rienner, Boulder, Colorado. Bartkowski, Maciej J. (2013). Recovering Nonviolent History: Civil Resistance in Liberation Struggles. Lynne Rienner Publishers, Incorporated. ISBN 978-1-58826-895-2.
- Carter, April, Howard Clark and Michael Randle (eds.), A Guide to Civil Resistance: A Bibliography of People Power and Nonviolent Protest, vol. 1, Green Print/Merlin Press, London, 2013. Carter, April; Clark, Howard; Randle, Michael (2013). A Guide to Civil Resistance: A Bibliography of People Power and Nonviolent Protest. Green Print. ISBN 978-1-85425-108-4.. See also vol. 2, Merlin Press. Carter, April; Clark, Howard; Randle, Michael (2015). A Guide to Civil Resistance: A Bibliography of Social Movements and Nonviolent Action. Merlin Press. ISBN 978-1-85425-113-8.
- Chenoweth, Erica and Maria J. Stephan, Why Civil Resistance Works: The Strategic Logic of Nonviolent Conflict, Columbia University Press, New York, 2011. Chenoweth, Erica; Stephan, Maria J. (2011). Why Civil Resistance Works: The Strategic Logic of Nonviolent Conflict. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-15682-0. (hardback). In August 2012 this book won the Woodrow Wilson Foundation Award, given annually by the American Political Science Association for the best book on government, politics, or international affairs published in the US during the previous calendar year.
- Chenoweth, Erica. 2021. Civil Resistance: What Everyone Needs to Know. Oxford University Press.
- Clark, Howard, Civil Resistance in Kosovo, Pluto Press, London, 2000. Clark, Howard (septembar 2000). Civil Resistance in Kosovo. Pluto Press. ISBN 0-7453-1574-7. (hardback).
- Doudouet, Véronique, Civil Resistance and Conflict Transformation: Transitions from Armed to Nonviolent Struggle, Routledge, Abingdon, 2015. Dudouet, Veronique (2015). Civil Resistance and Conflict Transformation: Transitions from Armed to Nonviolent Struggle. Routledge. ISBN 9781138120143. (paperback).
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- Nepstad, Sharon Erickson, Nonviolent Revolution: Civil Resistance in the Late 20th Century Arhivirano 20 oktobar 2012 na sajtu Wayback Machine, Oxford University Press, New York. Nepstad, Sharon Erickson (2011). Nonviolent Revolutions: Civil Resistance in the Late 20th Century. Oup USA. ISBN 978-0-19-977821-8.
- Randle, Michael, Civil Resistance, Fontana, London. Randle, Michael (1994). Civil Resistance. Fontana. ISBN 0-586-09291-9.
- Roberts, Adam, Civil Resistance in the East European and Soviet Revolutions Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (13. decembar 2012) (PDF available), Albert Einstein Institution, Cambridge, Mass. Roberts, Adam (1991). Civil Resistance in the East European and Soviet Revolutions. Albert Einstein Institution. ISBN 1-880813-04-1.
- Roberts, Adam and Timothy Garton Ash (eds.), Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. Roberts, Adam; Ash, Timothy Garton (3. 9. 2009). Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present. Oxford University Press Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-955201-6. (hardback); Roberts, Adam; Ash, Timothy Garton (29. 9. 2011). Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present. Oxford University Press Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-969145-6. (paperback, 2011). US edition. Reviews available at Oxford University Research Project on Civil Resistance and Power Politics.
- Roberts, Adam, Michael J. Willis, Rory McCarthy and Timothy Garton Ash (eds.), Civil Resistance in the Arab Spring: Triumphs and Disasters, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. Roberts, Adam; Willis (Lecturer), Michael J.; McCarthy, Rory; Ash, Timothy Garton (2016). Civil Resistance in the Arab Spring: Triumphs and Disasters. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-874902-8.. US edition. Arabic language edition published by All Prints Publishers, Beirut. المقاومة المدنية في الربيع العربي: الانتصارات والكوارث. 2017. ISBN 978-9953-88-970-2.
- Sharp, Gene, Sharp's Dictionary of Power and Struggle: Language of Civil Resistance in Conflicts Arhivirano 11 oktobar 2017 na sajtu Wayback Machine, Oxford University Press, New York, 2011. Sharp, Gene (2012). Sharp's Dictionary of Power and Struggle: Language of Civil Resistance in Conflicts. Oup USA. ISBN 978-0-19-982989-7. (hardback); Sharp, Gene (17. 11. 2011). Sharp's Dictionary of Power and Struggle: Language of Civil Resistance in Conflicts. Oup USA. ISBN 978-0-19-982988-0. (paperback).
- Zunes, Stephen, Civil Resistance Against Coups: A Comparative and Historical Perspective, ICNC Monograph Series, Washington DC, 2017.
- Ackerman, Peter and Jack DuVall, A Force More Powerful: A Century of Nonviolent Conflict, Palgrave, New York, 2000. Ackerman, Peter; Duvall, Jack (2000). A Force More Powerful: A Century of Non-Violent Conflict. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-24050-3. (paperback).
- Ackerman, Peter and Christopher Kruegler, Strategic Nonviolent Conflict: The Dynamics of People Power in the Twentieth Century, Praeger, Westport, Connecticut, 1994. Ackerman, Peter; Kruegler, Chris (1994). Strategic Nonviolent Conflict: The Dynamics of People Power in the Twentieth Century. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 0-275-93916-2. (paperback).
- Michael Beer, "Civil Resistance Tactics in the 21st Century". ICNC Press. Beer, Michael (23. 2. 2021). Civil Resistance Tactics in the 21st Century. International Center on Nonviolent Conflict. ISBN 978-1-943271-40-5.
- Carter, April, People Power and Political Change: Key Issues and Concepts, Routledge, London. Carter, April (2012). People Power and Political Change: Key Issues and Concepts. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-58049-6.
- Chakrabarty, Bidyut, ed., Nonviolence: Challenges and Prospects, Oxford University Press India, New Delhi. Chakrabarty, Bidyut (2014). Non-violence: Challenges and Prospects. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198090380.
- Davies, Thomas Richard (2014). „The failure of strategic nonviolent action in Bahrain, Egypt, Libya and Syria: 'political ju-jitsu' in reverse” (PDF). Global Change, Peace & Security. 26 (3): 299—313. S2CID 145013824. doi:10.1080/14781158.2014.924916.. ISSN 1478-1158.
- Gee, Tim, Counterpower: Making Change Happen[mrtva veza], New Internationalist, Oxford, 2011. Gee, Tim (18. 10. 2011). Counterpower: Making Change Happen. New Internationalist. ISBN 978-1-78026-032-7..
- Howes, Dustin Ells, Freedom Without Violence: Resisting the Western Political Tradition, Oxford University Press, New York. Howes, Dustin Ells (2016). Freedom Without Violence: Resisting the Western Political Tradition. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199336999.
- King, Mary E., A Quiet Revolution: The First Palestinian Intifada and Nonviolent Resistance, Nation Books, New York. King, Mary Elizabeth (2007). A Quiet Revolution: The First Palestinian Intifada and Nonviolent Resistance. PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1560258025.
- Nepstad, Sharon, Nonviolent Struggle: Theories, Strategies, and Dynamics, Oxford University Press, New York. Nepstad, Sharon Erickson (2015). Nonviolent Struggle: Theories, Strategies, and Dynamics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199976041.
- Pearlman, Wendy, Violence, Nonviolence and the Palestinian National Movement, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Pearlman, Wendy (2011). Violence, Nonviolence, and the Palestinian National Movement. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1107007024.
- Roberts, Adam, ed., The Strategy of Civilian Defence: Non-violent Resistance to Aggression, Faber, London, 1967. (Also published as Civilian Resistance as a National Defense, Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, USA, 1968; and, with a new Introduction on "Czechoslovakia and Civilian Defence", as Civilian Resistance as a National Defence, Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, UK, and Baltimore, US, 1969. Roberts, Adam (1969). Civilian Resistance as a National Defence: Non-violent Action Against Aggression. Penguin. ISBN 0-14-021080-6..)
- Schock, Kurt (2005). Unarmed Insurrections: People Power Movements in Nondemocracies. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-4193-2..
- Semelin, Jacques, Unarmed Against Hitler: Civilian Resistance in Europe, 1939–1943, Praeger, Westport, Connecticut. Semelin, Jacques (1993). Unarmed Against Hitler: Civilian Resistance in Europe, 1939-1943. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 0-275-93961-8.
- Semelin, Jacques, La Liberté au Bout des Ondes: Du Coup de Prague à la Chute du Mur de Berlin, Nouveau Monde, Paris. Sémelin, Jacques (2009). La liberté au bout des ondes: Du coup de Prague à la chute du mur de Berlin. Belfond. ISBN 978-2-84736-466-8.
- Semelin, Jacques, Face au Totalitarisme: La Résistance Civile, André Versaille, Brussels. Sémelin, Jacques (2011). Face au totalitarisme, la résistance civile. André Versaille. ISBN 978-2-87495-127-5.
- Sharp, Gene (1973). The Politics of Nonviolent Action. Boston: Porter Sargent. ISBN 0-87558-068-8.. Also in a 3-volume edition. . ISBN 0-87558-070-X. Nedostaje ili je prazan parametar
|title=(pomoć). - Sharp, Gene and others, Waging Nonviolent Struggle: 20th Century Practice and 21st Century Potential, Porter Sargent, Boston. Sharp, Gene; Paulson, Joshua (2005). Waging Nonviolent Struggle: 20th Century Practice and 21st Century Potential. Extending Horizons Books. ISBN 978-0-87558-161-3.
- Stephan, Maria J. (ed.), Civilian Jihad: Nonviolent Struggle, Democratization, and Governance in the Middle East, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2009. Stephan, M. (12. 2. 2010). Civilian Jihad: Nonviolent Struggle, Democratization, and Governance in the Middle East. Palgrave Macmillan US. ISBN 978-0-230-62141-1. (paperback).
- Vinthagen, Stellan, A Theory of Nonviolent Action: How Civil Resistance Works Arhivirano 21 novembar 2015 na sajtu Wayback Machine, Zed Books, London, 2015. Vinthagen, Stellan (15. 11. 2015). A Theory of Nonviolent Action: How Civil Resistance Works. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9781780325156. (paperback).
Spoljašnje veze[uredi | uredi izvor]
- Special Rapporteur of the United Nations on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association
- 10 Principles for the proper management of assemblies (by Special Rapporteurs of the United Nations)
- "Controlling Public Protest: First Amendment Implications", article about restrictions that may be imposed on public protests, in the FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin (1994)
