Kanon (muzika)

Izmišljen primer troglasnog kanona unisono, dva takta.

Primer troglasnog kanona unisono pevan sa tekstom nemačke pesme, u četiri takta.

Kanon (stgrč. κανων — „merilo, propis, pravilo”) oblik je višeglasne muzičke kontrapunktske kompozicije u kojoj jedan ili više glasova imitiraju početni. Imitacije mogu biti na različitim intervalima, ali u najvećem broju slučajeva one su na intervalu prime ili oktave.

Kod jednostavnih ili strogih kanona, drugi glas prati prvi istovetnom melodijom, ponekad u intervalu oktave. U intervalskim kanonima, drugi glas je pomeren za interval različit od prime ili oktave. Ako se melodija drugog glasa poklapa po intervalima, a razlikuje po njihovoj veličini, kanon je dijatonski.

U kanonima u inverziji (canon per motum contrarium), gde se prvi glas spušta, drugi glas se uspinje i obrnuto. Ako glas koji iznosi melodiju (proposta) i glas koji donosi odgovor (risposta) nastupaju istovremeno, takav oblik kanona se naziva kanon u ogledalu.

Račji kanon (ili retrogradni kanon, canon cancrizans) vrsta je kanona u kome se melodija prvog glasa imitira istom melodijom koja se kreće u suprotnom smeru (od kraja prema početku).

Kanon u augmentaciji (canon per augmentationem) oblik je kanona u kome se melodija glasa koji donosi imitaciju (risposta) nalazi u (najčešće dvostruko) dužim notnim vrednostima. U kanonu u diminuciji (canon per diminutionem) notne vrednosti u risposti su kraće.

Kružni kanon je vid kanona koji, sa svakim nastupom sledećeg glasa, modulira po kvintnom ili kvartnom krugu. Ovo se događa zbog toga što glasovi nastupaju u intervalu kvarte ili kvinte. Takav kanon se naziva još i modulirajući (canon per tonos). (Primer: Mocart, Rekvijem, stav Domine Jesu, kvartet solista, takt 32.)

U zagonetnom kanonu, koji je bio naročito omiljen kao vrsta zabave kod flamanskih polifoničara u XV i XVI veku, način realizacije kanona trebalo je pronaći dešifrujući neku izreku ili poslovicu, npr. "Noctem in diem vertere" (pretvoriti noć u dan – pevati crne note kao bele, dakle, augmentacija) ili "Qui se exaltat, humiliabitur, qui se humiliat, exaltabitur" ("ko se uzdigne, poniziće se, ko se ponizi, uzdignuće se“, dakle, u pitanju je kanon u inverziji).

Kanon kao muzička forma bio je naročito popularan u epohi Renesanse i Baroka, a u epohama koje su sledile korišćen je samo sporadično. U XX veku interesovanje za kanon je obnovljeno, kako u formi prethodnih epoha, tako i kao posledica korišćenja serijalizma. Zbog strogosti forme i tehnike, izrada kanona se u prethodnim vekovima, kao i danas, smatrala neophodnom pedagoškom disciplinom za obrazovanje budućeg kompozitora, kao i sredstvom provere njegove veštine.

Istorija

Srednji vek i renesansa

Tokom srednjeg veka, renesanse i baroka — to jest, tokom ranog 18. veka — svaka vrsta imitativnog muzičkog kontrapunkta nazivala se fugom, sa striktnom imitacijom koja je sada poznata kao kanon kvalifikovana kao fuga ligata, što znači „okovana fuga“. Tek u 16. veku reč „kanon“ počinje da se koristi za opisivanje stroge, imitativne teksture stvorene takvim postupkom. Reč je izvedena od grčkog „κανών“, latinizovanog kao kanon, što znači „zakon“ ili „norma“. U kontrapunktnoj upotrebi, reč se odnosi na „pravilo“ koje objašnjava broj delova, mesta ulaska, transpozicije i tako dalje, prema kojem jedan ili više dodatnih delova može biti izveden iz jedne pisane melodijske linije. Ovo pravilo se obično davalo usmeno, ali je takođe moglo biti dopunjeno posebnim znacima u partituri, koji se ponekad i sami nazivaju kanonima. Najraniji poznati nereligijski kanoni su engleske runde, oblik komi je Volter Odington prvi dao ime rondellus početkom 14. veka; najpoznatiji je „Sumer is icumen in“ (sastavljen oko 1250), nazvan rota („točak”) u izvoru rukopisa. Termin „round“ je prvi put upotrebljen u engleskim izvorima u 16. veku.

Muzički primer

•  Kanon i žiga u De-duru za solo klavir  (Johan Pahelbel)

Literatura

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Spoljašnje veze

• Analiza Bahovih kanona
• Anatomy of a Canon Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (18. jun 2012)
• The Musical Offering – A Musical Pedagogical Workshop by J. S. Bach, or, The Musical Geometry of Bach's Puzzle Canons, schillerinstitut.dk (in English)
• Visualization of J. S. Bach's crab canon (requires Adobe Flash)
• Software SonneLematine to produce canons
• Electro-Acoustic Music Dartmouth.edu: Larry Polansky's Four Voice Canons
• Video canon na sajtu YouTube, on "My Favorite Things"