Mameluci

S Vikipedije, slobodne enciklopedije
Mamelučki konjanik, naslikano 1810.
Slika Mameluka, 1779.
Drugi maj 1808: Napad Mameluka, Fransisko Goja (1814)
minaret Kutub, primer mamelučke umetnosti
Džamija sultana Hasana(levo) zajedno sa kasnijom džamijom El Rifaj i sa dve otomanske džamije(u pozadini), Kairo
Mamelučka zastava Kaira, prema Katalanskom atlasu oko 1375.

Mameluci ili Mamluci (arap. مملوك (jedn), مماليك (množ); tur. Kölemen — „posedovan”)[1] bili su islamizovani robovi-vojnici[2][3][4] koji su služili muslimanske kalife i sultane dinastije Ajubida tokom srednjeg veka.[1][5][6][7] Vremenom su se pretvorili u veoma moćnu vojnu kastu i više puta su otimali vlast, kao na primer u Egiptu, gde su vladali u Mamelučkom sultanatu od 1250. do 1517. godine.[8]


Pregled[uredi | uredi izvor]

Prvi mameluci služili su abasidske halife u 9. veku u Bagdadu. Abasidi su uglavnom regrutovali iz područja oko Kavkaza (uglavnom Čerkeze i Gruzijce) i u području oko Crnog mora većinom turske narode. Većina zarobljenika nije bila muslimanskog porekla. Mameluke bi obično u roblje prodavale osiromašene stepske porodice ili bi ih kidnapovali trgovci robljem. Mamelučki sistem je bio bitan za vladare, jer vojska nije bila povezana ni sa jednom strukturom moći. Lokalni ratnici bi obično bili lojalni svojim šeicima, svojim porodicama ili plemićima pre nego sultanu ili halifu. Kad bi neki komandant spremao zaveru protiv vladara nije ga biloi moguće utišati, a da se ne izazove nemir među plemstvom i onima vezanim za njega. Vojnici robovi su bili stranci sa najnižim statusom i nisu mogli biti umešani u zaveru protiv vladara, a lako ih je bilo kazniti kad izazivaju nevolje.

Organizacija[uredi | uredi izvor]

Mameluci bi najpre bili prevedeni na islam. Nakon toga su bili obučavani kao konjanici. Sledili su posebna pravila ponašanja i vrednosti, u kojima je hrabrost i darežljivost bila visoko na ceni. Veoma značajna je bila taktika konjice, streljaštvo i davanje prve pomoći ranjenima. Živeli su u svojim garnizonima i uglavnom su provodili vreme zajedno. Njihova zabava su bili sportovi kao takmičenje u streljaštvu ili borba na konjima. Intenzivna i stroga obuka za svakoga novoga regruta osiguravala je kontinuitet mamelučke prakse. Tehnički gledano, nakon obuke nisu više bili robovi, ali bili su još uvek obavezni da služe sultana ili halifa. Sultan ih je držao kao spoljnu silu pod svojim direktnim zapovedništvom, da bi ih koristio u slučaju lokalnih plemenskih sukoba.[9] Sultan bi ih slao čak do Španije. Sultani su imali najviše Mameluka, ali i ostali emiri su mogli imati svoju mamelučku vojsku. Mnogi Mameluci su došli do visokih položaja, uključujući komandu vojske. U početku njihov status nije bio nasledan, ali vremenom su postali povezani sa postojećom strukturom moći.

Mameluci u Indiji[uredi | uredi izvor]

Mamlučki komandant muslimanskih snaga u Indiji Kutbudin Ajbak proglasio se 1206. sultanom i osnovao je prvu mamelučku dinastiju koja je trajala do 1290. Naziva se i robovska dinastija.

Mameluci u Egiptu[uredi | uredi izvor]

Saladin je 1169. osvojio Egipat u ime zengidskog kralja Damaska. Sam Saladin je 1174, osnovao dinastiju Ajubida. Nakon osvajanja Jerusalima Saladin je sa svojom kurdskom porodicom osigurao kontrolu nad Bliskim istokom. Nakon Saladinove smrti dolazi do podele među sinovima. Saladinov brat Al Adil je 1200. uspeo nakon dugih borbi da konsoliduje vlast pobedom nad raznim rođacima. Svaki od Saladinovih sinova imao je mamelučku vojsku, tako da je tokom dinastičkog sukoba dolazilo i do sukoba mamlučkih vojski.

Al Adil je objedinio vojsku. Proces dimnastičkih borbi se ponavljao svaki put po smrti prethodnog vladara. Ajubidi su sve više postali zavisni od Mameluka i ubrzo su ih uključili u unutrašnju politiku dvora.

Francuski napad i Mamelučko preotimanje[uredi | uredi izvor]

Za vreme Sedmog krstaškog rata francuski kralj Luj IX se iskrcao u Egiptu. Egipatska vojska se najpre povukla. Sultan je bio umro. Vlast je nakratko preuzeo njegov sin, pa onda njegova žena Šajar al Dur. Šajar je poslala mamelučku vojsku da izvede kontranapad. Pobedili su krstaše 1250, a francuski kralj je dugo oklevao sa povlačenjem, pa je bio zarobljen. Morao je platiti otkup od 250.000 livri. Kasnije je rastao politički pritisak da Egipta treba imati muškog vladara, pa se Šajar al Dur udala za mamelučkog komandanta Ejbaka. Usledila je borba za vlast, pa su Ajbaka ubili, a vlast je preuzeo Kutuz, koji je osnovao prvi Mamelučki sultanat i dinastiju Bahri.

Mameluci i Mongoli[uredi | uredi izvor]

Kada je Hulagu-kan opustošio Bagdad i preuzeo Damask 1258. Iz Damaska je pobegao mamelučki general Bajbars. Pobegao je u Kairo. Hulagu je zahtevao od Kutuza da preda Kairo. Kutuz je uz pomoć Bajbarsa mobilizovao vojsku. Hulagu je morao da ode na istok, kada je umro Mogke kan. Ostavio je svom zameniku zapovedništvo nad velikom mongolskom vojskom. Kutuz je navukao mongolsku vojsku u zasedu i teško je porazio u bici kod Ajn Džaluta 1260. Kada se Kutuz vratio u Kairo Bajbars je ubio Kutuza i preuzeo je vlast. Na isti način vlast je prelazila sa jednoga na drugoga sultana. Prosečno vreme vlasti mamelučkih sultana bilo je sedam godina. Mameluci su 1260. još jednom pobedili Mongole kod Hormsa i potiskivali ih sve dok nisu preuzeli Siriju. Utvrdili su poodručje. Bajbarsova vojska je pobedila i poslednje krstaše u Svetoj Zemlji. Dinastija Burdži ili Bukri je 1382. preuzela vlast. Dinastiju su činili Čerkezi.

Osmansko carstvo[uredi | uredi izvor]

Osmansko carstvo je 1517. zauzelo Mamelučki sultanat. Mamelučke institucije su i dalje postojale i pod Turcima, ali nisu bile iste kao u doba sultanata. Ovaj sultanat je zbog svoje dobre organizovanosti poslužio kao model prema kojem je stvarano rano Osmansko Carstvo.[10] Napoleon je 1798. pobedio Mameluke kada je napao Egipat u bici kod piramida i proterao ih u gornji Egipat. Nakon povlačenja Francuza Mameluci su započeli borbu za nezavisnost protiv Osmanskog carstva i Velike Britanije. Mamelučki vođa Ibrahim beg je 1803. pisao ruskom ambasadoru tražeći da posreduje između njih i sultana, a tražili su i da se vrate u Gruziju. Ruski ambasador je odbio da posreduje. Mameluci su 1806. nekoliko puta pobedili tursku vojsku, a u junu je došlo do mirovnog sporazuma. Prema sporazumu Mamelucima se predaje vlast, a Mehmed Alija treba napustiti poziciju guvernera. Sukobi među Mamelucima sprečili su sprovođenje svega toga.

Kraj mamelučke vlasti u Egiptu[uredi | uredi izvor]

Muhamed Ali je 1811. pozvao sve Mameluke u svoju palatu na svečanost. Bilo je oko 600 mameluka i sve ih je pobio. Započeo je pokolj Mameluka. Na ulicama je ubijeno oko 3.000 mameluka i njihovih rođaka. Deo mameluka je uspeo da pobegne u Sudan. Tu su uspostavili bazu za trgovinu robovima. Sultan od Senara u Sudanu je 1820. zamolio Muhameda Alija da ga reši Mameluka. Ali je izvršio invaziju Sudana, rešio ga Mameluka i zauzeo ga za sebe.

Mameluci u Napoleonovoj vojsci[uredi | uredi izvor]

Napoleon je oformio vlastiti mamelučki korpus. Čak je i njegova carska garda imala Mameluka. Jedan Napoleonov čuveni telohranitelj Rustan je bio Mameluk. Jedna Gojina slika prikazuje napad mamelučke konjice protiv naroda u Madridu. Mameluci su se borili u bici kod Austerlica 1805.

Mamelučka umetnost[uredi | uredi izvor]

Iako je borba bila primarna briga mameluka njihov doprinos islamskoj umetnosti i arhitekturi je bio dosta veliki. Mnogi sultani su bili odlični graditelji, a jedan od primera je Kalavunov mauzolej u Kairu, gde postoji džamija, verska škola i bolnica. Važnost borbe i obuke podrazumevalo je i posebnu izradu vojničke opreme, pa su mamelučki oklopi i šlemovi bili složeno ukrašeni. Visoko kvalitetno oblikovanje metala je primenjivano i na druge predmete kao što su svećnjaci, lampe,bačve i drugo. Ukrasi mamelučkog staklenog posuđa se mogu videti i na lampama u džamijama.[11]

Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]

  1. ^ a b „Warrior kings: A look at the history of the Mamluks”. The Report – Egypt 2012: The Guide. Oxford Business Group. Oxford Business Group. 2012. str. 332—334. Arhivirano iz originala 25. 9. 2020. g. Pristupljeno 1. 3. 2021. „The Mamluks, who descended from non-Arab slaves who were naturalised to serve and fight for ruling Arab dynasties, are revered as some of the greatest warriors the world has ever known. Although the word mamluk translates as "one who is owned", the Mamluk soldiers proved otherwise, gaining a powerful military standing in various Muslim societies, particularly in Egypt. They would also go on to hold political power for several centuries during a period known as the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt. [...] Before the Mamluks rose to power, there was a long history of slave soldiers in the Middle East, with many recruited into Arab armies by the Abbasid rulers of Baghdad in the ninth century. The tradition was continued by the dynasties that followed them, including the Fatimids and Ayyubids (it was the Fatimids who built the foundations of what is now Islamic Cairo). For centuries, the rulers of the Arab world recruited men from the lands of the Caucasus and Central Asia. It is hard to discern the precise ethnic background of the Mamluks, given that they came from a number of ethnically mixed regions, but most are thought to have been Turkic (mainly Kipchak and Cuman) or from the Caucasus (predominantly Circassian, but also Armenian and Georgian). The Mamluks were recruited forcibly to reinforce the armies of Arab rulers. As outsiders, they had no local loyalties, and would thus fight for whoever owned them, not unlike mercenaries. Furthermore, the Turks and Circassians had a ferocious reputation as warriors. The slaves were either purchased or abducted as boys, around the age of 13, and brought to the cities, most notably to Cairo and its Citadel. Here they would be converted to Islam and would be put through a rigorous military training regime that focused particularly on horsemanship. A code of behaviour not too dissimilar to that of the European knights' Code of Chivalry was also inculcated and was known as Furusiyya. As in many military establishments to this day the authorities sought to instil an esprit de corps and a sense of duty among the young men. The Mamluks would have to live separately from the local populations in their garrisons, which included the Citadel and Rhoda Island, also in Cairo. 
  2. ^ Ayalon, David (2012) [1991]. „Mamlūk”. Ur.: Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E. J.; Heinrichs, W. P.; Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch. Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. 6. Leiden: Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-08112-3. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0657. 
  3. ^ „Mamluk Period”, met museum.com 
  4. ^ „Mamluk dynasty”, britishmuseum.com 
  5. ^ Freamon, Bernard K. (2019). „The "Mamluk/Ghulam Phenomenon" — Slave Sultans, Soldiers, Eunuchs, and Concubines”. Ur.: Freamon, Bernard K. Possessed by the Right Hand: The Problem of Slavery in Islamic Law and Muslim Cultures. Studies in Global Slavery. 8. Leiden: Brill Publishers. str. 219—244. ISBN 978-90-04-36481-3. S2CID 191690007. doi:10.1163/9789004398795_006. „Ibn Khaldun argued that in the midst of the decadence that became the hallmark of the later Abbasid Caliphate, providence restored the "glory and the unity" of the Islamic faith by sending the Mamluks: "loyal helpers, who were brought from the House of War to the House of Islam under the rule of slavery, which hides in itself a divine blessing." His expression of the idea that slavery, considered to be a degrading social condition to be avoided at all costs, might contain "a divine blessing", was the most articulate expression of Muslim thinking on slavery since the early days of Islam. Ibn Khaldun's general observation about the paradoxical nature of slavery brings to mind Hegel's reflections on the subject some five hundred years later. The great philosopher observed that, in many instances, it is the slave who ultimately gains the independent consciousness and power to become the actual master of his or her owner. The Mamluk/Ghulam Phenomenon is a good historical example of this paradox. 
  6. ^ Stowasser, Karl (1984). „Manners and Customs at the Mamluk Court”. Muqarnas. Leiden: Brill Publishers. 2 (The Art of the Mamluks): 13—20. ISSN 0732-2992. JSTOR 1523052. S2CID 191377149. doi:10.2307/1523052. „The Mamluk slave warriors, with an empire extending from Libya to the Euphrates, from Cilicia to the Arabian Sea and the Sudan, remained for the next two hundred years the most formidable power of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean – champions of Sunni orthodoxy, guardians of Islam's holy places, their capital, Cairo, the seat of the Sunni caliph and a magnet for scholars, artists, and craftsmen uprooted by the Mongol upheaval in the East or drawn to it from all parts of the Muslim world by its wealth and prestige. Under their rule, Egypt passed through a period of prosperity and brilliance unparalleled since the days of the Ptolemies. [...] They ruled as a military aristocracy, aloof and almost totally isolated from the native population, Muslim and non-Muslim alike, and their ranks had to be replenished in each generation through fresh imports of slaves from abroad. Only those who had grown up outside Muslim territory and who entered as slaves in the service either of the sultan himself or of one of the Mamluk emirs were eligible for membership and careers within their closed military caste. The offspring of Mamluks were free-born Muslims and hence excluded from the system: they became the awlād al-nās, the "sons of respectable people", who either fulfilled scribal and administrative functions or served as commanders of the non-Mamluk ḥalqa troops. Some two thousand slaves were imported annually: Qipchaq, Azeris, Uzbec Turks, Mongols, Avars, Circassians, Georgians, Armenians, Greeks, Bulgars, Albanians, Serbs, Hungarians. 
  7. ^ Poliak, A. N. (2005) [1942]. „The Influence of C̱ẖingiz-Ḵẖān's Yāsa upon the General Organization of the Mamlūk State”. Ur.: Hawting, Gerald R. Muslims, Mongols, and Crusaders: An Anthology of Articles Published in the "Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 10. London and New York: Routledge. str. 27—41. ISBN 978-0-7007-1393-6. JSTOR 609130. S2CID 155480831. doi:10.1017/S0041977X0009008X. 
  8. ^ Enciklopedija
  9. ^ Mameluci
  10. ^ Vojna istorija
  11. ^ Nacionalna Geografija

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Spoljašnje veze[uredi | uredi izvor]

Mediji vezani za članak Mameluci na Vikimedijinoj ostavi