Nihilizam

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Nihilizam (lat. nihil — „ništa”) filozofsko je uverenje da ništa u realnosti ne postoji (metafizički nihilizam) ili da se ništa ne može pouzdano spoznati (spoznajnoteorijski nihilizam ili agnosticizam). U etici se nihilizam javlja kao tvrdnja da nema objektivnog kriterijuma morala (etički nihilizam).[1] Nihilizam se može ispoljavati i kroz poricanje vrednosti bilo koje ili svih socijalnih struktura, vlasti i zakona, normi vrednosti i moralnih principa. Ovakva orijentacija može voditi ka nasilju i terorizmu prema uspostavljenom sistemu ali može rezultovati i pasivnim otporom svemu, bez ikakvih alternativa na umu.[2]

Nihilizam je filozofija ili porodica pogleda unutar filozofije koja odbacuje aspekte života ili postojanja,[3][4] posebno znanje, objektivnu istinu ili smisao.[5][6] Različiti nihilistički stavovi različito ističu da su ljudske vrednosti neutemeljene, da je život besmislen, da je znanje nemoguće ili da neki skup entiteta ne postoji ili je besmislen ili beznačajan.[7][8]

Naučnici koji proučavaju nihilizam mogu ga smatrati samo oznakom koja je primenjena na različite zasebne filozofije,[9] ili kao poseban istorijski koncept koji proizlazi iz nominalizma, skepticizma i filozofskog pesimizma, kao i verovatno iz samog hrišćanstva.[10] Savremeno shvatanje ideje u velikoj meri potiče iz ničeanske „krize nihilizma”, iz koje proizlaze dva centralna koncepta: uništavanje viših vrednosti i suprotstavljanje afirmaciji života.[11][7] Raniji oblici nihilizma, međutim, mogu biti selektivniji u negiranju specifičnih hegemonija društvenog, moralnog, političkog i estetskog mišljenja.[12]

Termin se ponekad koristi u kontekstu anomije radi objašnjavanja opšteg raspoloženja očaja zbog uočene besmislenosti postojanja ili proizvoljnosti ljudskih principa i društvenih institucija. Nihilizam je takođe opisan kao upadljiv ili sastavni deo određenih istorijskih perioda. Na primer,[13] Žan Bodrilard[14][15] i drugi su okarakterisali postmodernost kao nihilističku epohu[16] ili način mišljenja.[17] Slično, neki teolozi i verske ličnosti su izjavili da postmodernost[18] i mnogi aspekti modernosti[19] predstavljaju nihilizam negacijom verskih principa. Nihilizam se, međutim, naširoko pripisuje i verskim i nereligioznim gledištima.[10]

U popularnoj upotrebi, termin se obično odnosi na oblike egzistencijalnog nihilizma, prema kojima je život bez unutrašnje vrednosti, smisla ili svrhe.[20] Druge prominentne pozicije unutar nihilizma uključuju odbacivanje svih normativnih i etičkih pogleda (§ Moralni nihilizam), odbacivanje svih društvenih i političkih institucija (§ Politički nihilizam), stav da nikakvo znanje ne može postojati ili postoji (§ Epistemološki nihilizam), i niz metafizičkih pozicija, koje tvrde da neapstraktni objekti ne postoje (§ Metafizički nihilizam), da složeni objekti ne postoje (§ Mereološki nihilizam), ili čak da sam život ne postoji.

Vidi još[uredi | uredi izvor]

Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]

  1. ^ Filozofijski rečnik, Matica Hrvatska, Zagreb 1984.
  2. ^ Ivan Vidanović, Rečnik socijalnog rada
  3. ^ Crosby, Donald A. (1998). „Nihilism”. Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Taylor and Francis. ISBN 9780415250696. doi:10.4324/9780415249126-N037-1. „As its name implies (from Latin nihil, 'nothing'), philosophical nihilism is a philosophy of negation, rejection, or denial of some or all aspects of thought or life.” 
  4. ^ Deleuze, Gilles (1962). Nietzsche and Philosophy. Prevod: Tomlinson, Hugh. London: The Athlone Press (objavljeno 1983). ISBN 978-0-231-13877-2. „Nietzsche calls the enterprise of denying life and depreciating existence nihilism.” 
  5. ^ Veit, Walter (2018). „Existential Nihilism: The Only Really Serious Philosophical Problem”. Journal of Camus Studies: 211—236. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.26965.24804. 
  6. ^
    • Crosby, Donald A. (1998). „Nihilism”. Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Taylor and Francis. ISBN 9780415250696. doi:10.4324/9780415249126-N037-1. „As its name implies (from Latin nihil, 'nothing'), philosophical nihilism is a philosophy of negation, rejection, or denial of some or all aspects of thought or life.” 
    • Pratt, Alan. „Nihilism”. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Arhivirano iz originala 2010-04-12. g. „Nihilism is the belief that all values are baseless and that nothing can be known or communicated. It is often associated with extreme pessimism and a radical skepticism that condemns existence.” 
    • „Nihilism”. Encyclopædia Britannica. „In the 20th century, nihilism encompassed a variety of philosophical and aesthetic stances that, in one sense or another, denied the existence of genuine moral truths or values, rejected the possibility of knowledge or communication, and asserted the ultimate meaninglessness or purposelessness of life or of the universe.” 
    • Harper, Douglas. „nihilism”. Online Etymology Dictionary. 
  7. ^ a b Pratt, Alan. "Nihilism". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. „Arhivirana kopija”. Arhivirano iz originala 12. 04. 2010. g. Pristupljeno 08. 09. 2021. 
  8. ^ „The Meaning of Life#Nihilism”. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Pristupljeno 3. 8. 2020. 
  9. ^ ter Borg, Meerten B. (1988). „The Problem of Nihilism: A Sociological Approach”. Sociological Analysis. 49 (1): 1—16. JSTOR 3711099. doi:10.2307/3711099. 
  10. ^ a b
  11. ^ Gillespie, Michael Allen (1996). Nihilism Before Nietzsche. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226293486. 
  12. ^
  13. ^ Cited in Woodward, Ashley. 2002. "Nihilism and the Postmodern in Vattimo's Nietzsche." Minerva 6. ISSN 1393-614X. Archived from the original on 2010-04-05. fn 1.
  14. ^ Baudrillard, Jean. 1993. "Game with Vestiges." In Baudrillard Live, edited by M. Gane.
  15. ^ Baudrillard, Jean. [1981] 1994. "On Nihilism." In Simulacra and Simulation, translated by S. F. Glasser.
  16. ^ See:
  17. ^ see: Rose, Gillian. 1984. Dialectic of Nihilism; Carr, Karen L. 1988. The Banalization of Nihilism; Pope John-Paul II. 1995. Evangelium vitae: Il valore e l'inviolabilita delta vita umana. Milan: Paoline Editoriale Libri."
  18. ^ Leffel, Jim; McCallum, Dennis. „The Postmodern Challenge: Facing the Spirit of the Age”. Christian Research Institute. Arhivirano iz originala 2006-08-19. g. „...the nihilism and loneliness of postmodern culture...” 
  19. ^ Phillips, Robert (1999). „Deconstructing the Mass”. Latin Mass Magazine (Winter). Arhivirano iz originala 2004-04-17. g. „For deconstructionists, not only is there no truth to know, there is no self to know it and so there is no soul to save or lose." and "In following the Enlightenment to its logical end, deconstruction reaches nihilism. The meaning of human life is reduced to whatever happens to interest us at the moment...” 
  20. ^ Pratt, Alan. "Existential Nihilism | Nihilism". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. „Arhivirana kopija”. Arhivirano iz originala 12. 04. 2010. g. Pristupljeno 08. 09. 2021. : Existential nihilism is "the notion that life has no intrinsic meaning or value, and it is, no doubt, the most commonly used and understood sense of the word today."

Literatura[uredi | uredi izvor]

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  • Deleuze, Gilles (1962). Nietzsche and Philosophy. Prevod: Tomlinson, Hugh. London: The Athlone Press (objavljeno 1983). ISBN 978-0-231-13877-2. „Nietzsche calls the enterprise of denying life and depreciating existence nihilism.” 
  • Brassier, Ray (2007) Nihil Unbound: Enlightenment and Extinction, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich, Jacobi an Fichte (1799/1816), German Text (1799/1816), Appendix with Jacobi's and Fichte's complementary Texts, critical Apparatus, Commentary, and Italian Translation, Istituto Italiano per gli Studi Filosofici, Naples (2011) ISBN 978-88-905957-5-2.
  • Heidegger, Martin (1982), Nietzsche, Vols. I-IV, trans. F.A. Capuzzi, San Francisco: Harper & Row.
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  • Carr, Karen (1992), The Banalisation of Nihilism, State University of New York Press.
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Spoljašnje veze[uredi | uredi izvor]

Nihilizam na Vikimedijinoj ostavi.
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