Ramajana
Ramajana[1][2] je indijski ep, nastao između 4. veka p. n. e. i 2. veka nove ere. Sastoji se od 38.000 stihova.[3] To je jedan od dva glavna sanskritska epa drevne Indije i važan tekst hinduizma, pri čemu je drugi Mahabarata.[4]
Ramajana jedan je od najvećih antičkih epova u svetskoj književnosti. Sastoji se od skoro 24.000 stihova (uglavnom postavljenih u metru Šloka/Anuštubha), podeljenih u sedam kana, od kojih su prva i sedma kasniji dodaci.[5] Ona pripada žanru Itihasa, narativa o prošlim događajima (puravrta), isprepletenih učenjima o ciljevima ljudskog života. Procene naučnika za najraniju fazu teksta kreću se od 7. do 4. veka pre nove ere,[6][7] sa kasnijim fazama koje se protežu do 3. veka nove ere.[8]
Postoji mnogo verzija Ramajane na indijskim jezicima, pored budističkih, sikskih i džainskih adaptacija. Postoje i kambodžanska (Rimker), indonežanska, filipinska, tajlandska (Ramakin), laoska, burmanska i malajska verzija priče. Prepričavanja uključuju Kambanov Ramavataram na tamilskom jeziku (oko 11. – 12. vek), Ranganata Ramajanam Gone Bude Redija na teluškom (oko 13. vek), Madave Kandalova Saptakanda Ramajana na asamskom jeziku (oko 14. vek), Kritibas Ojhova Kritivasi Ramajan (takođe poznata kao Sri Ram Pančali) na bengalskom (oko 15. veka), Sarala Dasova Vilanka Ramajana (oko 15. vek)[9][10][11][12] i Balarama Dasova Jagamohana Ramajana (poznata i kao Dandi Ramajana) (oko 16. veka) u odiji, sant Eknatova Bavart Ramajana (oko 16. veka) u maratiju, Tulsidasov Ramčaritamanas (oko 16. veka) u avadiju (koji je istočni oblik hindustanskog jezika) i Tunčatu Ezhutačanov Adjatmaramajanam u malajalamu (oko 17. veka).
O delu[uredi | uredi izvor]
Delo je mit o spletki kojom je Rama, božanski junak i kralj, uklonjen sa prestola, a njegova verna žena Sita oteta i odvedena u Šri Lanku. Rama je otelovljenje pravednosti i smatraju ga jednim od deset avatara (otelovljenja) boga Višnua. Pojavilo se mišljenje da bogovi u svakom razdoblju šalju jednog avatara.
Značaj dela[uredi | uredi izvor]
U narodnom hinduizmu priča o Rami ne sluša se samo od ranog detinjstva, već postaje i osnova svakodnevnog života. Rama se priziva na početku svakog poduhvata i zahvaljuje mu se posle uspešno obavljenog posla. Njegova junačka dela postala su primer za ugled i podsticaj za ispravno ponašanje. Njegovo ime služi za utehu ostarelim i peva se na sahranama, dok se telo mrtvog čoveka odnosi na spaljivanje.
Ramina žena, Sita, postala je primer verne žene, pa su je veličali zbog vrlina ljubavi i odanosti.
Vidi još[uredi | uredi izvor]
Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]
- ^ "Ramayana". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
- ^ „Ramayana | Meaning of Ramayana by Lexico”. Lexico Dictionaries | English (na jeziku: engleski). Arhivirano iz originala 19. 02. 2020. g. Pristupljeno 2020-02-19.
- ^ The Rámáyan of Válmíki.
- ^ „Ramayana | Summary, Characters, & Facts”. Encyclopedia Britannica (na jeziku: engleski). Pristupljeno 2020-02-18.
- ^ „Valmiki Ramayana”. valmikiramayan.net. Arhivirano iz originala 13. 09. 2020. g. Pristupljeno 19. 5. 2020.
- ^ Goldman 1984, str. 20–22.
- ^ Pattanaik, Devdutt (8. 8. 2020). „Was Ram born in Ayodhya”. mumbaimirror.
- ^ J. L. Brockington (1998). The Sanskrit Epics. BRILL. str. 379—. ISBN 90-04-10260-4.
- ^ Mukherjee, P. (1981). The History of Medieval Vaishnavism in Orissa. Asian Educational Services. str. 74. ISBN 9788120602298. Pristupljeno 6. 1. 2017.
- ^ Living Thoughts of the Ramayana. Jaico Publishing House. 2002. ISBN 9788179920022. Pristupljeno 6. 1. 2017.
- ^ Krishnamoorthy, K.; Mukhopadhyay, S.; Sahitya Akademi (1991). A Critical Inventory of Rāmāyaṇa Studies in the World: Foreign languages. Sahitya Akademi in collaboration with Union Academique Internationale, Bruxelles. ISBN 9788172015077. Pristupljeno 6. 1. 2017.
- ^ Bulcke, C.; Prasāda, D. (2010). Rāmakathā and Other Essays. Vani Prakashan. str. 116. ISBN 9789350001073. Pristupljeno 6. 1. 2017.
Literatura[uredi | uredi izvor]
- Arya, Ravi Prakash (ed.).Ramayana of Valmiki: Sanskrit Text and English Translation. (English translation according to M. N. Dutt, introduction by Dr. Ramashraya Sharma, 4-volume set) Parimal Publications: Delhi, 1998, ISBN 81-7110-156-9
- Bhattacharji, Sukumari (1998). Legends of Devi. Orient Blackswan. str. 111. ISBN 978-81-250-1438-6.
- Brockington, John (2003). „The Sanskrit Epics”. Ur.: Flood, Gavin. Blackwell companion to Hinduism. Blackwell Publishing. str. 116—128. ISBN 0-631-21535-2.
- Buck, William; van Nooten, B. A. (2000). Ramayana. University of California Press. str. 432. ISBN 978-0-520-22703-3.
- Dutt, Romesh C. (2004). Ramayana. Kessinger Publishing. str. 208. ISBN 978-1-4191-4387-8.
- Dutt, Romesh Chunder (2002). The Ramayana and Mahabharata condensed into English verse. Courier Dover Publications. str. 352. ISBN 978-0-486-42506-1.
- Fallon, Oliver (2009). Bhatti's Poem: The Death of Rávana (Bhaṭṭikāvya). New York: New York University Press, Clay Sanskrit Library. ISBN 978-0-8147-2778-2. Arhivirano iz originala 16. 03. 2021. g. Pristupljeno 15. 09. 2021.
- Goldman, Robert P (1984). The Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki: An Epic of Ancient India. Princeton University Press. ISBN 81-208-3162--4.
- Keshavadas, Sadguru Sant (1988). Ramayana at a Glance. Motilal Banarsidass. str. 211. ISBN 978-81-208-0545-3.
- Goldman, Robert P. (1990). The Ramayana of Valmiki: An Epic of Ancient India: Balakanda. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-01485-2.
- Goldman, Robert P. (1994). The Ramayana of Valmiki: An Epic of Ancient India: Kiskindhakanda. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-06661-5.
- Goldman, Robert P. (1996). The Ramayana of Valmiki: Sundarakanda. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-06662-2.
- B. B. Lal (2008). Rāma, His Historicity, Mandir, and Setu: Evidence of Literature, Archaeology, and Other Sciences. Aryan Books. ISBN 978-81-7305-345-0.
- Mahulikar, Dr. Gauri. Effect Of Ramayana On Various Cultures And Civilisations, Ramayan Institute
- Rabb, Kate Milner, National Epics, 1896 – see eText Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (14. septembar 2011) in Project Gutenberg
- Murthy, S. S. N. (novembar 2003). „A note on the Ramayana” (PDF). Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. New Delhi. 10 (6): 1—18. ISSN 1084-7561. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 8. 8. 2012. g.
- Prabhavananda, Swami (1979). The Spiritual Heritage of India. Vedanta Press. str. 374. ISBN 978-0-87481-035-6. (see also Wikipedia article on book)
- Raghunathan, N. (transl.), Srimad Valmiki Ramayanam, Vighneswara Publishing House, Madras (1981)
- Rohman, Todd (2009). „The Classical Period”. Ur.: Watling, Gabrielle; Quay, Sara. Cultural History of Reading: World literature. Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-313-33744-4.
- Sattar, Arshia (transl.) (1996). The Rāmāyaṇa by Vālmīki. Viking. str. 696. ISBN 978-0-14-029866-6.
- Sachithanantham, Singaravelu (2004). The Ramayana Tradition in Southeast Asia. Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Press. ISBN 9789831002346.
- Sundararajan, K.R. (1989). „The Ideal of Perfect Life : The Ramayana”. Ur.: Krishna Sivaraman; Bithika Mukerji. Hindu spirituality: Vedas through Vedanta. The Crossroad Publishing Co. str. 106—126. ISBN 978-0-8245-0755-8.
- A different Song – Article from "The Hindu" 12 August 2005 – „The Hindu : Entertainment Thiruvananthapuram / Music : A different song”. Hinduonnet.com. 12. 8. 2005. Arhivirano iz originala 27. 10. 2010. g. Pristupljeno 1. 9. 2010.
- Valmiki's Ramayana illustrated with Indian miniatures from the 16th to the 19th century, 2012, Editions Diane de Selliers, ISBN 9782903656768
- Electronic version of the Sanskrit text, input by Muneo Tokunaga
- Sanskrit text on GRETIL
- Valmiki Ramayana Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (22. април 2021) verse translation by Desiraju Hanumanta Rao, K. M. K. Murthy et al.
- [1] translation of valmiki ramayana including Uttara Khanda
- Valmiki Ramayana translated by Ralph T. H. Griffith (1870–1874) (Project Gutenberg)
- Prose translation of the complete Ramayana by M. N. Dutt (1891–1894): Balakandam, Ayodhya kandam, Aranya kandam, Kishkindha kandam, Sundara Kandam, Yuddha Kandam, Uttara Kandam
- Jain Ramayana of Hemchandra English translation; seventh book of the Trishashti Shalaka Purusha Caritra; 1931
- Summary of The Ramayana Summary of Maurice Winternitz, A History of Indian Literature, trans. by S. Ketkar.
- The Ramayana condensed into English verse by R. C. Dutt (1899) at archive.org
- Rāma the Steadfast: an early form of the Rāmāyaṇa translated by J. L. Brockington and Mary Brockington. Penguin, 2006. ISBN 0-14-044744-X.
- Jain, Meenakshi. (2013). Rama and Ayodhya. Aryan Books International, 2013.
- M. Srinivasachariar (1989). History of Classical Sanskrit Literature: Being an Elaborate Account of All Branches of Classical Sanskrit Literature, with Full Epigraphical and Archaeological Notes and References, an Introduction Dealing with Language, Philology, and Chronology, and Index of Authors & Works. Motilal Banarsidass Publishe. str. 74. ISBN 9788120802841.
- Jain, Jagdishchandra (1979). „Some Old Tales and Episodes in the Vasudevahindi” (PDF). Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. 60 (1/4): 167—173. ISSN 0378-1143.
- Mahabharata. Parimal Publications. 2006.
- Srimad Bhagavata Mahapurana. Gita Press, Gorakhpur. ISBN 81-293-0155-5.
- Schuyler, Montgomery (1877). A bibliography of the Sanskrit drama: with an introductory sketch of the dramatic literature of India. Columbia University Press, the Macmillan Company, agents.
- Saradesāya, Manohararāya (2000). A history of Konkani literature: from 1500 to 1992. Sahitya Akademi. str. 317. ISBN 9788172016647.
- Bhembre, Uday (septembar 2009). Konkani bhashetalo paylo sahityakar:Krishnadas Shama. Sunaparant Goa. str. 55—57.
- Ray, D. (2007). Prataparudradeva, the Last Great Suryavamsi King of Orissa (A.D. 1497 to A.D. 1540). Northern Book Centre. str. 131. ISBN 978-81-7211-195-3. Pristupljeno 2020-08-13. „He had already completed his Jagamohan Ramayana in Oriya before coming Shri Chaitanya to Orissa . " He completed this epic at the age of thirty ( i . e . in AD 1503 )”
Spoljašnje veze[uredi | uredi izvor]
- The Ramayana of Valmiki English translation by Hari Prasad Shastri, 1952 (revised edition with interwoven glossary)
- A condensed verse translation by Romesh Chunder Dutt sponsored by the Liberty Fund
- The Ramayana as a Monomyth from UC Berkeley (archived)
- Collection: Art of the Ramayana from the University of Michigan Museum of Art
- „Archived copy”. Arhivirano iz originala 9. 10. 2009. g. Pristupljeno 13. 12. 2009.