Saluen
| Saluen | |
|---|---|
 Reka Saluen u Kini kod grada Lijuku | |
 Sliv reke Saluen | |
| Opšte informacije | |
| Dužina | 3.289 km (2.044 mi)[1] km |
| Basen | 324.000 km2 |
| Pr. protok | 6.600 m3/s (230.000 cu ft/s)[2] m3⁄s |
| Plovnost | 120 km od ušća |
| Vodotok | |
| Izvor | Tibetanska visoravan |
| Koor. izvora | 32° 43′ 47″ N 92° 13′ 58″ E / 32.72972° S; 92.23278° I[3] |
| V. izvora | 5.400 m |
| Ušće | Andamansko more |
| Koor. ušća | 16° 11′ 39″ N 97° 35′ 00″ E / 16.19417° S; 97.58333° I |
| Geografske karakteristike | |
| Država/e |  Kina,  Mjanmar,  Tajland |
| Pritoke | Pai River, Moei River, Gyaing River, Nam Pang River, Teng River, Nam Hka |
| Reka na Vikimedijinoj ostavi | |
Saluen (kin: 怒江, bur. Thanlwin Myit) je reka u Kini i Mjanmaru (delom je granična reka prema Tajlandu). Sa 2.980 km dužine, to je druga najduža reka u Jugoistočnoj Aziji, posle Mekonga.[1] Dolina reke Saluen je slabo naseljena, ali je bogata biljnim i životinjskim svetom.
Reka Saluen izvire na Tibetanskoj visoravni (planine Ćinghaj), ispod glečera na 5.450 metara nadmorske visine. Potom teče ka jugoistoku kroz kinesku provinciju Junan. U Mjanmaru Saluen protiče kroz saveznu državu Šan. Uliva se u Andamansko more.
Predeo u gornjem toku reke Saluen, gde ona teče paralelno sa rekama Mekong i Jangcekjang (Tri paralelne reke Junana), zaštićeno je prirodno područje (Svetska baština).
Geografija i imenovanje[uredi | uredi izvor]
Sliv Saluena obuhvata oko 324.000 km2 (125.000 sq mi), od čega je 52 posto u Kini, 41 posto u Burmi i 7 posto u Tajlandu.[4] Sliv je izuzetno dug i uzak, nalazi se između rečnih sistema Iravadi i Bramaputra na zapadu i Mekong sistema na istoku, i deli kraću granicu sa sistemom Jangcekjang na severu.[4] Sa srednjom nadmorskom visinom od 3.515 m (11.532 ft), sliv Saluen uključuje brojne zaleđene planinske vence, i reka velikim delom teče na velikoj nadmorskoj visini.[2] U Kini se sliv Saluen nalazi u Tibetskoj autonomnoj oblasti i Junanu. U Burmi Saluen protiče kroz državu Šan, državu Kaja, državu Karen i državu Mon. U Tajlandu se Saluen graniči samo sa provincijom Mae Hong Son, sa pritokama koje se protežu u provincije Đijang Maj, Tak i Kančanaburi.
Prosečna brzina protoka na kinesko-burmanskoj granici je 68,74 km3 (55.730.000 acre⋅ft) godišnje, ili oko 2.200 m3/s (78.000 cu ft/s).[4] Duž granice Burme i Tajlanda, Saluen nosi prosečan godišnji protok od 200 km3 (160.000.000 acre⋅ft) ili više od 6.300 m3/s (220.000 cu ft/s).[4] Procenjeni protok na ušću je 210 km3 (170.000.000 acre⋅ft) godišnje, ili 6.600 m3/s (230.000 cu ft/s).[2] Oko 89 odsto godišnjeg toka se dešava u sezoni monsuna (od sredine maja do novembra), a samo 11 odsto u ostatku godine.[5]
Stanovništvo sliva Saluena se procenjuje na 24 miliona ili 76 osoba/km2. Oko 10 miliona ljudi živi pored ili u blizini reke. Ljudi u slivu Saluena predstavljaju veliku raznolikost etničkih grupa. U Kini, sliv Saluen je dom za Blange, Derunge, Lise, Nue, Palaunge (Deang), Šane, Tibetance i Vae. U Burmi i Mjanmaru, glavne etničke grupe uključuju Aka, Lahu, Lisu, Hmong, Kačin, Karen, Kareni, Kokang, Pa'O, Šan i Jao.[6] Najveća gustina naseljenosti je u državi Mon (300 ljudi/km2) i Junanu (100 ljudi/km2), dok je najmanja gustina naseljenosti na Tibetu (5 osoba/km2).[5]
Gornji Saluen (Kina)[uredi | uredi izvor]
Saluen potiče iz planina Tangula na centralnoj Tibetanskoj visoravni. Izvorište se nalazi u blizini vrha Dengka, istočno od Tangulskog prevoja.[7] Najviši izvor je glečer Đangmejergang Galou, 5.432 m (17.822 ft) iznad nivoa mora.[3] Različiti vodotoci teku jugozapadno kroz visoke planinske doline i akumuliraju se u jezeru Kona, na 4.594 m (15.072 ft).[8] Nizvodno od jezera, tibetanski deo reke naziva se Gjalmo Nagku, „crna reka“. U Tibetu reka teče uglavnom unutar prefekture Nagku.[3]
Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]
- ^ a b Lehner, B., Verdin, K., Jarvis, A. (2008): New global hydrography derived from spaceborne elevation data. Eos, Transactions, AGU, 89(10): 93–94.
- ^ a b v Baronas, J. Jotautas; Stevenson, Emily I.; Hackney, Christopher R.; Darby, Stephen E.; Bickle, Michael J.; Hilton, Robert G.; Larkin, Christina S.; Parsons, Daniel R.; Myo Khaing, Aung; Tipper, Edward T. (2020). „Integrating Suspended Sediment Flux in Large Alluvial River Channels: Application of a Synoptic Rouse‐Based Model to the Irrawaddy and Salween Rivers”. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface. 125 (9). Bibcode:2020JGRF..12505554B. ISSN 2169-9003. doi:10.1029/2020JF005554
.
- ^ a b v „中国科学家确定雅鲁藏布江等四条国际河流源头” (na jeziku: kineski). ScienceNet. 2011-08-22. Pristupljeno 2021-02-03.
- ^ a b v g „Transboundary River Basin Overview – Salween” (PDF). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2011. Pristupljeno 3. 11. 2020.
- ^ a b „Strategic Environmental Assessment of the Myanmar Hydropower Sector” (PDF). World Bank. 2018. Pristupljeno 7. 11. 2020.
- ^ Johnston, Robyn; et al. (jul 2017). „State of Knowledge: River Health in the Salween” (PDF). CORE. Pristupljeno 7. 11. 2020.
- ^ Björnsson et al. 2011, str. 1174.
- ^ Cui, Jiangpeng; Tian, Lide; Biggs, Trent W.; Wen, Rong (2017). „Deuterium-excess determination of evaporation to inflow ratios of an alpine lake: Implications for water balance and modeling”. Hydrological Processes. 31 (5): 1034—1046. Bibcode:2017HyPr...31.1034C. ISSN 0885-6087. S2CID 132522836. doi:10.1002/hyp.11085.
Literatura[uredi | uredi izvor]
- Björnsson, Helgi; Oerlemans, Johannes; Shroder, John F.; Tranter, Martyn; Bishop, Michael P.; Haeberli, Wilfried (2011). Encyclopedia of Snow, Ice and Glaciers. Springer. ISBN 9789048126415.
- Bonington, Chris; Clarke, Charles (2020). Tibet's Secret Mountain: The Triumph of Sepu Kangri. Vertebrate Publishing. ISBN 9781912560165.
- Bridgland, David R.; Vandenberghe, Jef; Wang, Xianyan (2019). Special External Effects on Fluvial System Evolution. MDPI AG. ISBN 9783039215447.
- Buckley, Michael (2014). Meltdown in Tibet: China's Reckless Destruction of Ecosystems from the Highlands of Tibet to the Deltas of Asia. St. Martin's Publishing Group. ISBN 9781137474728.
- Campbell, Ian Charles (2009). The Mekong: Biophysical Environment of an International River Basin. Elsevier Science. ISBN 9780080920634.
- Catling, H. David (1992). Rice in Deep Water. MacMillan and the International Rice Research Institute. ISBN 9789712200052.
- Chen, Yan (2020). The Maritime Silk Road and Cultural Communication Between China and the West. Lexington Books. ISBN 9781498544054.
- Darwall, W.R.T. (2012). The status and distribution of freshwater biodiversity in Indo-Burma. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. ISBN 9782831714240.
- Dudley, Sandra (2010). Materialising Exile: Material Culture and Embodied Experience Among Karenni Refugees in Thailand. Berghahn Books. ISBN 9781845458096.
- Gunn, John (2004). Encyclopedia of Caves and Karst Science. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781135455088.
- Haokip, TS Letkhosei (2018). Ethnicity and Insurgency in Myanmar/Burma: A Comparative Study of the Kuki-Chin and Karen Insurgencies. Educreation Publishing.
- Harwood, Russell (2013). China's New Socialist Countryside: Modernity Arrives in the Nu River Valley. University of Washington Press. ISBN 9780295804781.
- McLynn, Frank (2011). The Burma Campaign: Disaster into Triumph, 1942–45. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300178364.
- Middleton, Carl; Lamb, Vanessa (2019). Knowing the Salween River: Resource Politics of a Contested Transboundary River. SpringerOpen. ISBN 978-3-319-77439-8.
- Minahan, James (2014). Ethnic Groups of North, East and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781610690188.
- Myint-U, Thant (2006). The River of Lost Footsteps: Histories of Burma. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
- Ness, Immanuel (2014). The Global Prehistory of Human Migration. Wiley. ISBN 9781118970591.
- Schellinger, Paul (2012). Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781136639791.
- Searle, Mike (2013). Colliding Continents: A geological exploration of the Himalaya, Karakoram, & Tibet. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191652493.
- Slatyer, Will (2014). Life/Death Rhythms of Capitalist Regimes – Debt Before Dishonour. Partridge Publishing Singapore. ISBN 9781482827309.
- Surakiat, Pamaree (2005). „Thai-Burmese warfare during the sixteenth century and the growth of the First Toungoo Empire” (PDF). Journal of the Siam Society. 93.
- Swan, Lawrence W. (2000). Tales of the Himalaya: Adventures of a Naturalist. Mountain N'Air Books. ISBN 9781879415294.
- Tilt, Bryan (2014). Dams and Development in China: The Moral Economy of Water and Power. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231538268.
- Twitchett, Denis; Mote, Denis W. (1978). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 8: The Ming Dynasty (1368–1644), Part 2. Cambridge University Press.
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- Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas at whc.unesco.org
- Three Parallel Rivers Protected Area at www.eoearth.org
- Nature Conservancy: Gongshan Nature Reserve The Nature Conservancy
- Rivers Watch East and Southeast Asia Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (22. oktobar 2019)
- NuJiang River Project Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (13. avgust 2012)
- Hydrometeorological Approach to the Upper Salween River (USRB) Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (3. mart 2016) - copyright by Dr. Christophe Lienert, Geographical Institute of the University of Berne and Kunming Institute of Botany
- China Rivers Project Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (15. mart 2019)
- Last Descents River Expeditions Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (8. septembar 2019)
- A history of first raft and kayak descents of the Salween in Tibet and Yunnan, China. Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (28. oktobar 2019)
Spoljašnje veze[uredi | uredi izvor]
- Phoel, Cynthia M., "Bargaining Power", in Oxfam Exchange, Fall 2004.
- Salween River Watch NGO
- Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas
- Three Parallel Rivers Protected Area
- NuJiang River Project Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (13. avgust 2012)
- Salween First Descent
- Water Diversion from the Salween to the Chaophraya River
- Joint Statement of Concern by Shan Civil Society Organizations Regarding Public Meeting by Burmese Government and Hydrochina to Promote Dams on the Salween and Nam Ma Rivers Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (22. oktobar 2019)
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