Semitski jezici

semitski
Geografska rasprostranjenost	jugozapadna Azija, severna Afrika, severoistočna Afrika, Malta
Jezička klasifikacija	afroazijski semitski
Prajezik	prasemitski
Podpodela	istočnosemitski † zapadnosemitski
ISO 639-2 / 5	sem
Glotolog	semi1276
Približna istorijska distribucija semitskih jezika
Hronološko mapiranje semitskih jezika

Afroazijski jezici – rasprostranjenost semitskih jezika je označena narandžastom bojom

Semitski jezici, ranije takođe poznati kao siro-arabijski jezici, grupa su srodnih jezika koji vode poreklo iz zapadne Azije. Ove jezike govori preko 470 miliona ljudi u zapadnoj Aziji, severnoj Africi, Somaliji, Džibutiju, Eritreji i Etiopiji, kao i u često velikim imigrantskim zajednicama u Severnoj Americi, Evropi i Australaziji. Oni pripadaju afroazijskoj jezičkoj porodici. Najzastupljeniji semitski jezik jeste arapski, kojim govori oko 300 miliona ljudi, potom amharski sa 22 miliona govornika, zatim hebrejski kojim govori oko 7 miliona ljudi, tigrinja jezik sa 6,5 miliona govornika, aramejski koji broji približno 575.000 do jednog miliona govornika, i malteški (483.000 govornika).

Semitski jezici se pojavljuju u pisanom obliku od vrlo ranog istorijskog datuma, a istočnosemitski akadski i eblajski tekstovi (pisani alfabetom prilagođenim iz sumerskog klinopisa) javljaju se od 30. veka p. n. e. i 25. veka p. n. e. u Mesopotamiji, u severnom Levantu, respektivno. Jedini ranije atestirani jezici su sumerski, elamitski (2800. p. n. e. do 550 godine pne) (oba su jezički izolati), egipatski i nerazvrstani lulubi iz 30. veka p. n. e.

Poreklo

Diplomatsko pismo iz 14. veka p. n. e. na akadskom jeziku, pronađeno u Tel Amarni.

Semitski jezici su se u pisanoj formi pojavili veoma rano, u 3. veku pre nove ere, u Mesopotamiji i severnom Levantu sa akadskim i eblaitskim tekstovima. Naziv semitski po prvi put su upotrebili nemački orijentalisti Avgust Ludvig fon Šlecer i Johan Gotfrid Ajnhorn, krajem 18. veka kako bi označili arapski, aramejski i hebrejski jezik.

Ludvig fon Šlecer je ovaj termin izveo iz imena Sem, jednog od tri Nojeva sina. Pre Šlecera, ovi jezici su u evropskoj literaturi bili poznati kao orijentalni jezici. U 19. veku, termin semitski postaje konvencionalan, ali su poneki pisci koristili naziv sirsko-arabljanski.

Semitski jezici su korenski jezici, što znači da se u korenu svake reči nalaze tri konsonanta, a ponekad i četiri, koji su i nosioci značenja, odnosno smisla reči. Pojmovi se ređe grade dodavanjem sufiksa i prefiksa, a češće ubacivanjem kratkih i dugih vokala između korenskih konsonanata. Na primer, u arapskom jeziku koren k-t-b nosi značenje „pisati“. Od ovog korena reči se grade dodavanjem vokala, na primer: kitāb „knjiga“, kutub „knjige“, kātib „pisac“, yaktubu „on piše“, kataba „on je pisao“, itd.

Reči u semitskim jezicima dele se na glagole, imena i čestice. Semitski jezici su veoma bliski, bliži nego indoevropski jedan drugom, s obzirom na to da u nekim grupama semitskih jezika postoje ukrštanja raznih osobina, zato njihovu podelu vršimo na osnovu njihovog geografskog položaja. Zato, unutar semitskih jezika pronalazimo tri velike grupe:

• Severoistočnosemitski jezici
• Severozapadnosemitski jezici
• Jugozapadnosemitski jezici

Severoističnosemitski jezici

• Akadski jezik
• Asirski jezik
• Vavilonski jezik

Jedni od najstarijih pisanih tragova u istoriji čovečanstva sačuvani su upravo na akadskom jeziku kojim su tada govorili Asirci i Vavilonci, odnosno stanovnici drevne Mesopotamije. Oko drugog milenijuma pre nove ere, akadski jezik se razdvojio u dve grane, jezaka ili dijalekta: asirski i vavilonski.

Severozapadnosemitski jezici

Hebrejska biblija iz 12. veka

U ovu grupu spadaju jezici današnje Palestine i Sirije, a čine je:

• Kanaanski jezici
• Aramejski jezici

Kanaanski jezici nastali su krajem 2. milenijuma pre nove ere, a dele se na:

• Hebrejski jezik
• Fenički jezik, koji je bio u upotrebi od 10. do 1. veka pre nove ere
• Moabitski jezik, koji se upotrebljavao u 9. veku

Hebrejski jezik je jezik Jevreja, uobličio se iz starojevrejskih plemenskih dijalekata krajem 2. milenijuma pre nove ere. Klasičnim hebrejskim jezikom napisan je najveći deo Starog Zaveta, a Deborina pesma jeste najstariji spomenik na hebrejskom jeziku. U 19. veku nastao je novohebrejski jezik, i on postaje službeni jezik države Izrael nakon njenog formiranja 1948. godine.

Aramejske jezike delimo na tri grupe:

• Aramejski jezik
• Zapadnoarmejski jezik
• Istočnoarmejski jezik

Aramejski jezik grubo možemo podeliti na tri vremenske etape: staroaramejski (10–8. vek pre nove ere), klasični ili carski aramejski (7–5. veka p. n. e.) i biblijsko-aramejski (5–2. vek p. n. e.), na kojem je napisan i deo Starog Zaveta. Godine 500. nove ere, persijski imperator Darije proglašava aramejski jezik službenim jezikom zapadnog dela svog carstva. Od tada pa do 7. veka n. e., aramejski jezik će suvereno vladati Levantom i Mesopotamijom.

Zapadnoaramejski jezik delimo na:

• Nabatejski jezik (1. vek pre nove ere – 3. vek nove ere)
• Palmirski (1. vek p. n. e. – 3. vek n. e.)
• Judeopalestinski jezik (1. vek n. e.)
• Samarićanski jezik (4. vek n. e.)
• Hrišćanskopalestinski jezik (5–8. vek n. e.)

Istočnoaramejski jezik delimo na:

• Sirijački jezik (3–13. vek n. e.)
• Vavilonski aramejski jezik (5–6. vek n. e.)
• Mandejski jezik (3–8. vek n. e.)

Jugozapadnosemitski jezici

Područje nastanka jugozapadnih semitskih jezika je Arabljansko poluostrvo i oni se dele na:

• Arapski jezik
• Etiopski jezik

Arapske jezike delimo na južne arapske jezike (sabejski, minejski, hadramautski i asuanski jezik) i severnoarapski jezik, odnosno arapski jezik. Etiopski jezici se dele na jezik geez, koji je bio u upotrebi oko prvog veka nove ere i moderne semitske jezike Etiopije, a to su jezik harari, jezik tigrinja i amharski jezik.

Živi semitski jezici i broj njihovih govornika

jezik	govornici
Arapski	206,000,000
Amharski	27.000.000
Tigrinja	6.700.000
Hebrejski	5.000.000
Novoaramejski	2.105.000
Silte	830.000
Tigre	800.000
Sebat bet gurage	440.000
Malteški	371.900
Savremeni južno arabljanski	360.000
Inor	280.000
Sodo	250.000
Harari	21.283

Literatura

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• Kiraz, George Anton (2001). Computational Nonlinear Morphology: With Emphasis on Semitic Languages. Cambridge University Press. str. 25. ISBN 9780521631969. „The term "Semitic" is borrowed from the Bible (Gene. x.21 and xi.10–26). It was first used by the Orientalist A. L. Schlözer in 1781 to designate the languages spoken by the Aramæans, Hebrews, Arabs, and other peoples of the Near East (Moscati et al., 1969, Sect. 1.2). Before Schlözer, these languages and dialects were known as Oriental languages.” 
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• Phillipson, David (2012). Foundations of an African Civilization, Aksum and the Northern Horn 1000 BC-AD 1300. Boydell & Brewer. ISBN 9781846158735. Pristupljeno 6. 5. 2021. „The former belief that this arrival of South-Semitic-speakers took place in about the second quarter of the first millennium BC can no longer be accepted in view of linguistic indications that these languages were spoken in the northern Horn at a much earlier date.” CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
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Spoljašnje veze

• Semitic genealogical tree (as well as the Afroasiatic one), presented by Alexander Militarev at his talk "Genealogical classification of Afro-Asiatic languages according to the latest data" (at the conference on the 70th anniversary of Vladislav Illich-Svitych, Moscow, 2004; short annotations of the talks given there
• Pattern-and-root inflectional morphology: the Arabic broken plural
• Ancient snake spell in Egyptian pyramid may be oldest Semitic inscription
• Swadesh vocabulary lists of Semitic languages Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (9. јануар 2019) (from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix)