Tor (mitologija)

Tor ratuje sa divovima

Tor je jedan od glavnih nordijskih bogova. Tor je bog groma, bure, bog vitalnih sila, bog zemljoradnje. Kao bog koji je kontrolisao kišu bio je odgovoran za prinose. Takođe je bio zaštitnik ognjišta i braka. Tor je sin Odina. On je smatran za bližeg ljudima od Odina - takođe je prek, ali manje tajanstven. Uglavnom se predstavlja sa dugom, riđom bradom i čekićem u ruci. Drvo posvećeno Toru je bio hrast. Nije bio lukav kao Odin i dešavalo mu se da upadne u zamku, ali bi na kraju uvek pobeđivao. Od njegovog imena potiče ime četvrtka u danskom, švedskom i engleskom jeziku (Torsdag, Thursday = 'dan Tora'), isto tako nemačka reč za četvrtak Donnerstag dolazi iz starogermanskog naziva za tog boga Donar.

Zbog prirode germanskog korpusa, narativi sa Torom su samo potvrđeni u staronordijskom, gde se Tor pojavljuje u nordijskoj mitologiji. Nordijska mitologija, uglavnom zabeležena na Islandu od tradicionalnog materijala koji potiče iz Skandinavije, pruža brojne priče o bogu. U ovim izvorima Tor nosi najmanje petnaest imena, suprug je zlatokose boginje Sif, ljubavnik jotuna Jarnsakse i generalno je opisan da ima žestoke oči, crvenu kosu i crvenu bradu.

Ime

Srednjovekovni germanski oblici Þórr (staronordijski), Donar (starovisokonemački), Þunor (staroengleski), Thuner (starofrizijski) i Thunar (starosaksonski) su srodnici - jezička srodnici zajedničkog porekla. Oni potiču od protogermanskog teonima Þun(a)raz ('Grom'), koji je identičan imenu keltskog boga Tarana (po metatezi *Tonaros; up. opštebritsko Tanaro, galsko Tanarus) , a dalje u vezi sa latinskim epitetom Tonans (vezano za Jupitera), preko zajedničkog proto-indoevropskog korena za 'grom' *(s)tenh₂-. Prema naučniku Piteru Džeksonu, ti su se teonimi možda prvobitno pojavili kao rezultat fosilizacije izvornog epiteta (ili epikleze) proto-indoevropskog boga groma *Perk^wunos, budući da se vedski bog vremenskih prilika Parjanija takođe naziva i станајитну- ('Gromovnik').

Engleski naziv radnog dana Thursday (četvrtak) dolazi od staroengleskog Þunresdæg, što znači 'dan Þunor-a'. To je srodno sa staronordijskim Þórsdagr i sa starovisokonemačkim Donarestag. Svi ovi izrazi potiču od kasnog protogermanskog radnog dana *Þonaresdag ('Dan Þun(a)raz'), kalk latinskogIovis dies ('Dan Jupitera'; up. savremeni italijanski giovedì, francuski jeudi, španski jueves). Upotrebom prakse poznate kao interpretatio germanica tokom rimskog perioda, stari germanski narodi usvojili su latinski nedeljni kalendar i zamenili imena rimskih bogova svojim.

Počev od doba Vikinga, lična imena koja sadrže teonim Thórr zabeležena su sa velikom učestalošću, dok pre ovog perioda nisu bili poznati primeri. Moguće je da su imena zasnovana na Toru procvetala tokom vikinškog doba kao prkosan odgovor na pokušaje hristijanizacije, slično širokoj praksi nošenja privezaka u vidu torskih čekića u doba Vikinga.

Vidi još

• Spisak nordijskih bogova

Литература

• Arnold, Martin (2011). Thor: Myth to Marvel. Continuum. ISBN 978-1-4411-3715-9. 
• Astås, Reidar (1993). „Óláfr, St.”. Ур.: Pulsiano, Phillip. Medieval Scandinavia, an Encyclopedia. NY and London: Garland. ISBN 0-8240-4787-7. 
• Bellows, Henry Adams (1923). The Poetic Edda. American Scandinavian Foundation. 
• Birley, Anthony R. (Trans.) (1999). Agricola and Germany. Oxford World's Classics. ISBN 978-0-19-283300-6. 
• Chrisholm, Hugh (Editor) (1910) Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 9. The Encyclopædia Britannica Co.
• Ellis Davidson, H. R. (1965). „Thor's Hammer”. Folklore. Taylor & Francis. 76 (1): 1—15. JSTOR 1258087. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1965.9716982. 
• Ellis Davidson, H. R. (1975). Scandinavian Mythology. Paul Hamlyn. ISBN 0-600-03637-5. 
• de Vries, Jan (1962). Altnordisches Etymologisches Worterbuch (1977 изд.). Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-05436-3. 
• Delamarre, Xavier (2003). Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental. Errance. ISBN 9782877723695. 
• Dumézil, Georges (1973). Gods of the Ancient Northmen. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-02044-8. 
• Greg, Robert Philips (1884). On the Meaning and Origin of the Fylfot and Swastika. Westminster: Nichols and Sons. 
• Grimm, Jacob (1882). Teutonic Mythology: Translated from the Fourth Edition with Notes and Appendix by James Stallybrass, volume I. Translated by James Steven Stallybrass. London: George Bell and Sons. 
• Hollander, Lee Milton (2007). Heimskringla: History of the Kings of Norway. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-73061-8. 
• Johnston, Richard (24. 7. 2013). „Shrew has a spine of godly strength”. Nature. S2CID 87150582. doi:10.1038/nature.2013.13440. CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)
• Larrington, Carolyne (1999). The Poetic Edda: A New Translation. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-283946-2. 
• Lindahl, Carl; McNamara, John; Lindow, John, ур. (2002). „Olaf, Saint”. Medieval Folklore: A Guide to Myths, Legends, Tales, Beliefs, and Customs. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195147711. 
• Lindow, John (1978). Swedish Folktales and Legends. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-03520-8. 
• Lindqvist, Sune (1933). „Gotlands bildstenar”. Rig (на језику: шведски). 16 (3). ISSN 0035-5267. 
• MacLeod, Mindy; Mees, Bernard (2006). Runic Amulets and Magic Objects. Boydell Press. ISBN 1-84383-205-4. 
• Matasović, Ranko (2009). Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (на језику: енглески). Brill. ISBN 9789004173361. 
• McKinnell, John; Simek, Rudolf; Düwel, Klaus (2004). Runes, Magic and Religion: A Sourcebook (PDF). Studia Medievalia Septentrionalia. 10. Vienna: Fassbaender. ISBN 978-3-900538-81-1. 
• Meulengracht Sørensen, Preben (1986). „Thor's Fishing Expedition”. Ур.: Steinsland, Gro. Words and Objects: Towards a Dialogue Between Archeology and History of Religion. Oslo: Norwegian University Press. ISBN 82-00-07751-9. 
• Morris, Christopher G. (1992). Academic Dictionary of Science and Technology. Gulf Professional Publishing. ISBN 978-0-12-200400-1. 
• Orchard, Andy (1997). Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend. Cassell. ISBN 0-304-34520-2. 
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• Reynolds, Richard (1994). Super Heroes: A Modern Mythology. University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 0-87805-694-7. 
• Robinson, George W. (Trans.) (1916). The Life of Saint Boniface by Willibald. Harvard University Press. 
• Sawyer, Birgit (2003). The Viking-Age Rune-Stones: Custom and Commemoration in Early Medieval Scandinavia. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-820643-7. 
• Simek, Rudolf (2007). Dictionary of Northern Mythology. Translated by Angela Hall. D.S. Brewer. ISBN 978-0-85991-513-7. 
• Thorpe, Benjamin (1851). Northern Mythology, Compromising the Principal Traditions and Superstitions of Scandinavia, North Germany, and the Netherlands: Compiled from Original and Other Sources: Volume II: Scandinavian Popular Traditions and Superstitions. Lumley. 
• Thorpe, Benjamin (1907). The Elder Edda of Saemund Sigfusson. Norrœna Society. 
• Turville-Petre, E. O. G. (1964). Myth and Religion of the North: The Religion of Ancient Scandinavia. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. OCLC 460550410. 
• De Vries, Jan (1957). Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte Volume 2. 2nd ed. (repr. 1970). Grundriß der germanischen Philologie, Volume 12/II. De Gruyter.
• Worsaae, J. J. A. (1882). The Industrial Arts of Denmark. Chapman and Hall. 
• Beard, Katherine Suzanne. 2019. Hamarinn Mjǫllnir:The Eitri Database and the Evolution of the Hammer Symbol in Old Norse Mythology. MA database project. University of Iceland. Online. Last accessed January 18, 2021.
• Bellows, Henry Adams. Tarns. 1923. The Poetic Edda. New York: The American-Scandinavian Foundation.
• Blain, Jenny & Robert J. Wallace. 2006. "Representing Spirit: Heathenry, New-Indigenes and the Imaged Past" in Ian Russell, editor. Images, Representations and Heritage, p. 89-108. Springer. ISBN 0-387-32215-9
• Ellis Davidson, H. R.. 1964. Gods and Myths of Northern Europe. Penguin. ISBN 9780141941509
• Davidson, Hilda Ellis & Peter Fisher. 1996. Saxo Grammaticus: The History of the Danes, Books I-IX. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. ISBN 0-85991-502-6
• Faulkes, Anthony. 1987. Trans. Edda. Everyman. ISBN 0-460-87616-3
• Imer, Lisbeth M. 2017. „Gamle fund – nye opdagelser”.  [Old finds – new discoveries]. Die Faszination des Verborgenen und seine Entschlüsselung – Raði sāʀ kunni (in Danish). De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-054738-2
• Larrington, Carolyne. 2014. The Poetic Edda. Revised edition. Oxford World's Classics. ISBN 978-0-19-967534-0
• MacLeod, Mindy & Bernard Mees. 2006. Runic Amulets and Magic Objects. Boydel & Brewer Ltd. ISBN 978-1-84383-205-8
• McKinnell, John; Simek, Rudolf; Düwel, Klaus (2004). „Gods and Mythological Beings in the Younger Futhark” (PDF). Runes, Magic and Religion: A Sourcebook. Studia Medievalia Septentrionalia. 10. Vienna: Fassbaender. ISBN 978-3-900538-81-1. 
• "Runer bekræfter: Thors hammer er en hammer" [Runes confirm: Thor's hammer is a hammer]. Natmus.dk (in Danish and English). 12 June 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
• Nordeide, Sæbjørg Walaker. 2006. "Thor's hammer in Norway" in Anders Andrén, editor. Old Norse Religion in Long-term Perspectives. Nordic Academic Press.
• Orchard, Andy. 1997. Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend. Cassell. ISBN 0-304-34520-2
• Sawyer, Birgit. 2003. The Viking-Age Rune-Stones: Custom and Commemoration in Early Medieval Scandinavia. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-820643-7.
• Simek, Rudolf. 2007 [1993]. Translated by Angela Hall. Dictionary of Northern Mythology. D.S. Brewer.
• Thorpe, Benjamin. Trans. 1866. Edda Sæmundar Hinns Frôða: The Edda of Sæmund the Learned. Part I. London: Trübner & Co.
• Williams, Howard. 2013. „Death, Memory, and Material Culture: Catalytic Commemoration and the Cremated Dead”.  in Sarah Tarlow and Liv Nilsson Stutz, editors. The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Death and Burial. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-956906-9

Spoljašnje veze

• MyNDIR (My Norse Digital Image Repository) Illustrations of Þórr from manuscripts and early print books. Clicking on a thumbnail brings up the full image and information concerning it.