Uralski jezici

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uralski jezici
Geografska rasprostranjenostsrednja, istočna i severna Evropa, kao i severna Azija
Jezička klasifikacija
  • uralski jezici
Prajezikprauralski jezik
Podpodela
ISO 639-5urj
Glotologural1272[1]
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Geografska rasprostranjenost uralskih jezika:
  finski jezik
  estonski jezik
  karelski jezik
  ižorski jezik
  vepski jezik
  livonski jezik
  laponski jezici
  erzjanski jezik (mordvinski jezici)
  mokšanski jezik (mordvinski jezici)
  komski jezik
  udmurtski jezik
  marijski jezik
  mađarski jezik
  hantski jezik
  mansijski jezik
  nenecki jezik
  enecki jezik
  nganasanski jezik
  selkupski jezik
Geografska rasprostranjenost uralskih jezika
Geografska rasprostranjenost glavnih grana uralskih jezika, kao i jukagirskih jezika
  Fino-permski jezici
  Ugarski jezici
  Samojedski jezici
  Jukagirski jezici

Uralski jezici su jezička porodica koja uključuje tridesetak jezika[2] kojima govori oko 25 miliona ljudi. Ovi jezici su rasprostranjeni u severnoj Evroaziji od Skandinavije preko Urala do poluostrva Tajmir. Uralskim jezicima pripada i mađarski jezik u srednjoj Evropi.[3][4] Naučnici koji ne prihvataju tradicionalnu predstavu da se samojedski prvi odvojio od ostatka uralske porodice mogu tretirati pojmove kao sinonime.[5]

Karakteristike[uredi | uredi izvor]

Morfološki, ovi jezici su aglutinativni sa bogatim sistemom padeža (do 20). Druge karakteristične osobine su značajna upotreba pomoćnih glagola i samoglasnička harmonija.

Postojbina prauralskog jezika[uredi | uredi izvor]

Postojbina uralskih jezika (prauralski jezik), bila je verovatno u području centralne ili južne planine Ural. Po ovoj planini ime je dobila i cela jezička porodica. Proces razdvajanja uralskih jezika počeo je pre 6.000 godina. Nauka o uralskim jezicima se zove uralistika.

Veze sa drugim porodicama jezika[uredi | uredi izvor]

Neki lingvisti smatraju da je jukagirski jezik, izolovani paleosibirski jezik, u srodstvu sa uralskim jezicima. Otuda se pojavljuje termin uralsko-jukagirski jezici.

Podela[uredi | uredi izvor]

Uralski jezici se dele u dve glavne grane:

Ugro-finski jezici[uredi | uredi izvor]

Samojedski jezici[uredi | uredi izvor]

Najznačajniji uralski jezici[uredi | uredi izvor]

Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]

  1. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, ur. (2016). „Uralic”. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 
  2. ^ Simons, Gary F.; Fenning, Charles F. „Uralic”. Ethnologue. SIL International. Pristupljeno 14. 2. 2018. 
  3. ^ Simons, Gary F.; Fenning, Charles F. „Uralic”. Ethnologue. SIL International. Pristupljeno 14. 2. 2018. 
  4. ^ Tommola, Hannu (2010). „Finnish among the Finno-Ugrian languages”. Mood in the Languages of Europe. John Benjamins Publishing Company. str. 155. ISBN 978-90-272-0587-2. 
  5. ^ Aikio 2022, str. 1–4.

Literatura[uredi | uredi izvor]

  • Abondolo, Daniel M. (editor). 1998. The Uralic Languages. . London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-08198-X. 
  • Collinder, Björn. 1955. Fenno-Ugric Vocabulary: An Etymological Dictionary of the Uralic Languages. (Collective work.) Stockholm: Almqvist & Viksell. (Second, revised edition: Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag, 1977.)
  • Collinder, Björn. 1957. Survey of the Uralic Languages. Stockholm.
  • Collinder, Björn. 1960. Comparative Grammar of the Uralic Languages. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell
  • Comrie, Bernhard. 1988. "General Features of the Uralic Languages." In The Uralic Languages, edited by Denis Sinor, pp. 451–477. Leiden: Brill.
  • Décsy, Gyula. 1990. The Uralic Protolanguage: A Comprehensive Reconstruction. Bloomington, Indiana.
  • Hajdu, Péter. 1963. Finnugor népek és nyelvek. Budapest: Gondolat kiadó.
  • Helimski, Eugene. Comparative Linguistics, Uralic Studies. Lectures and Articles. Moscow. 2000. (rus. Хелимский Е.А. Компаративистика, уралистика. Лекции и статьи. М., 2000.)
  • Laakso, Johanna. 1992. Uralilaiset kansat ('Uralic Peoples'). Porvoo – Helsinki – Juva. ISBN 951-0-16485-2.
  • Korhonen, Mikko. 1986. Finno-Ugrian Language Studies in Finland 1828-1918. . Helsinki: Societas Scientiarum Fennica. ISBN 951-653-135-0. 
  • Napolskikh, Vladimir. The First Stages of Origin of People of Uralic Language Family: Material of Mythological Reconstruction. Moscow, 1991. (rus. Напольских В. В. Древнейшие этапы происхождения народов уральской языковой семьи: данные мифологической реконструкции. М., 1991.)
  • Rédei, Károly (editor). 1986–88. Uralisches etymologisches Wörterbuch ('Uralic Etymological Dictionary'). Budapest.
  • Wickman, Bo (1988). „The History of Uralic Languages”. Ур.: Sinor, Denis. The Uralic Languages: Description, History, and Foreign Influences. Leiden: Brill. стр. 792–818. ISBN 978-90-04-07741-6. OCLC 16580570. 
  • Sauvageot, Aurélien. 1930. Recherches sur le vocabulaire des langues ouralo-altaïques ('Research on the Vocabulary of the Uralo-Altaic Languages'). Paris.
  • Künnap, A. 2000. Contact-induced Perspectives in Uralic Linguistics. LINCOM Studies in Asian Linguistics 39. München: LINCOM Europa. ISBN 3-89586-964-3.
  • Wickman, Bo. 1955. The Form of the Object in the Uralic Languages. Uppsala: Lundequistska bokhandeln.
  • „Early Indo-Iranic loans in Uralic: Sounds and strata” (PDF). Martin Joachim Kümmel, Seminar for Indo-European Studies. 
  • Syrjänen, Kaj, Lehtinen, Jyri, Vesakoski, Outi, de Heer, Mervi, Suutari, Toni, Dunn, Michael, … Leino, Unni-Päivä. (2018). lexibank/uralex: UraLex basic vocabulary dataset (Version v1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. Syrjänen, Kaj; Lehtinen, Jyri; Vesakoski, Outi; de Heer, Mervi; Suutari, Toni; Dunn, Michael; Määttä, Urho; Leino, Unni-Päivä (2018). „Linguistics”. Lexibank/Uralex: Uralex Basic Vocabulary Dataset. doi:10.5281/zenodo.1459402. 
  • Bakró-Nagy, Marianne (2012). „The Uralic Languages”. Revue Belge de Philologie et d'Histoire. 90 (3): 1001—1027. doi:10.3406/rbph.2012.8272. 
  • Petri Kallio (2015). "The Language Contact Situation in Prehistoric Northeastern Europe". The Linguistic Roots of Europe: Origin and Development of European Languages. Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European 6. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 2015. pp. 77-102.
  • Grünthal, Riho; Heyd, Volker; Holopainen, Sampsa; Janhunen, Juha; Khanina, Olga; Miestamo, Matti; Nichols, Johanna; Saarikivi, Janne; Sinnemäki, Kaius (2022-08-29). „Drastic demographic events triggered the Uralic spread”. Diachronica (na jeziku: engleski). 39 (4): 490—524. ISSN 0176-4225. S2CID 248059749. doi:10.1075/dia.20038.gru. hdl:10138/347633 Slobodan pristup. 
  • Aikio, Ante (2019). „Proto-Uralic”. Ur.: Bakró-Nagy, Marianne; Laakso, Johanna; Skribnik, Elena. Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 
  • Janhunen, Juha. 1981a. "On the structure of Proto-Uralic." Finnisch-ugrische Forschungen 44, 23–42. Helsinki: Société finno-ougrienne.
  • Janhunen, Juha. 1981b. "Uralilaisen kantakielen sanastosta ('On the vocabulary of the Uralic proto-language')." Journal de la Société Finno-Ougrienne 77, 219–274. Helsinki: Société finno-ougrienne.
  • Helimski, Eugene (1984). Problems of phonological reconstruction in modern Uralic linguistics. 
  • Sammallahti, Pekka. 1988. "Historical phonology of the Uralic languages, with special reference to Samoyed, Ugric, and Permic." In The Uralic Languages: Description, History and Foreign Influences, edited by Denis Sinor, 478–554. Leiden: Brill.
  • „Kantauralin murteutuminen vokaalivastaavuuksien valossa”. Arhivirano iz originala 2012-05-23. g. Pristupljeno 2012-04-16. 
  • Nichols, Johanna (2021). „The Origin and Dispersal of Uralic: Distributional Typological View”. Annual Review of Linguistics. 7 (1): 351—369. S2CID 234179048. doi:10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011619-030405. 
  • Parpola, A. (2013). "Formation of the Indo-European and Uralic (Finno-Ugric) language families in the light of archaeology". In: Grünthal, R. & Kallio, P. (Eds.). A linguistic map of prehistoric northern Europe. Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, 2013. pp. 119–184.
  • Parpola, Asko (2022). "LOCATION OF THE URALIC PROTO-LANGUAGE IN THE KAMA RIVER VALLEY AND THE URALIC SPEAKERS' EXPANSION EAST AND WEST WITH THE 'SEJMA-TURBINO TRANSCULTURAL PHENOMENON’ 2200-1900 BC". In: Arheologiя evraziйskih stepeй, (2), 258–277. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/location-of-the-uralic-proto-language-in-the-kama-river-valley-and-the-uralic-speakers-expansion-east-and-west-with-the-sejma (data obraщeniя: 08.11.2022).
  • Sikora, Martin; Pitulko, Vladimir V.; Sousa, Vitor C.; Allentoft, Morten E.; Vinner, Lasse; Rasmussen, Simon; Margaryan, Ashot; de Barros Damgaard, Peter; de la Fuente, Constanza; Renaud, Gabriel; Yang, Melinda A.; Fu, Qiaomei; Dupanloup, Isabelle; Giampoudakis, Konstantinos; Nogués-Bravo, David (jun 2019). „The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene”. Nature (na jeziku: engleski). 570 (7760): 182—188. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 31168093. S2CID 174809069. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1279-z. „Most modern Siberian speakers of Neosiberian languages genetically fall on an East- West cline between Europeans and Early East Asians. Taking Even speakers as representatives, the Neosiberian turnover from the south, which largely replaced Ancient Paleosiberian ancestry, can be associated with the northward spread of Tungusic and probably also Turkic and Mongolic. However, the expansions of Tungusic as well as Turkic and Mongolic are too recent to be associable with the earliest waves of Neosiberian ancestry, dated later than ~11 kya, but discernible in the Baikal region from at least 6 kya onwards. Therefore, this phase of the Neosiberian population turnover must initially have transmitted other languages or language families into Siberia, including possibly Uralic and Yukaghir.” 
  • Tambets, Kristiina; Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Hudjashov, Georgi; Ilumäe, Anne-Mai; Rootsi, Siiri; Honkola, Terhi; Vesakoski, Outi; Atkinson, Quentin; Skoglund, Pontus; Kushniarevich, Alena; Litvinov, Sergey; Reidla, Maere; Metspalu, Ene; Saag, Lehti; Rantanen, Timo (2018-09-21). „Genes reveal traces of common recent demographic history for most of the Uralic-speaking populations”. Genome Biology. 19 (1): 139. ISSN 1474-760X. PMC 6151024 Slobodan pristup. PMID 30241495. doi:10.1186/s13059-018-1522-1. 
  • Jeong, Choongwon; Balanovsky, Oleg; Lukianova, Elena; Kahbatkyzy, Nurzhibek; Flegontov, Pavel; Zaporozhchenko, Valery; Immel, Alexander; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Ixan, Olzhas; Khussainova, Elmira; Bekmanov, Bakhytzhan; Zaibert, Victor; Lavryashina, Maria; Pocheshkhova, Elvira; Yusupov, Yuldash (jun 2019). „The genetic history of admixture across inner Eurasia”. Nature Ecology & Evolution (na jeziku: engleski). 3 (6): 966—976. ISSN 2397-334X. PMC 6542712 Slobodan pristup. PMID 31036896. doi:10.1038/s41559-019-0878-2. 
  • Tambets, Kristiina; Metspalu, Mait; Lang, Valter; Villems, Richard; Kivisild, Toomas; Kriiska, Aivar; Thomas, Mark G.; Díez del Molino, David; Crema, Enrico Ryunosuke (2019). „The Arrival of Siberian Ancestry Connecting the Eastern Baltic to Uralic Speakers further East”. Current Biology (na jeziku: engleski). 29 (10): 1701—1711.e16. ISSN 0960-9822. PMC 6544527 Slobodan pristup. PMID 31080083. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.026. 

Spoljašnje veze[uredi | uredi izvor]

Uralski jezici na Vikimedijinoj ostavi.
Preuzeto iz „https://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Уралски_језици&oldid=27554043”