Herman Holerit
Herman Holerit | |
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Lični podaci | |
Datum rođenja | 29. februar 1860. |
Mesto rođenja | Bufalo, SAD |
Datum smrti | 17. novembar 1929.69 god.) ( |
Mesto smrti | Vašington, SAD |
Obrazovanje | Univerzitet Kolambija, Gradski koledž u Njujorku, Kolumbijska škola inženjerstva i primenjenih nauka |
Herman Holerit (engl. Herman Hollerith; Bufalo, 29. februar 1860 — Vašington, 17. novembar 1929) je bio američki statističar koji je izumeo mehaničke prikaze u tabelama zasnovane na izbušenim karticama koje mogu da brzo tabelarno obrade statističke podatke iz miliona podataka.[1][2][3]
Biografija[uredi | uredi izvor]
Rođen je 29. februara 1860. godine od oca Johana Georga Holerita, i majke Franciske Brun, oboje poreklom iz Nemačke.[4] Godine 1875. se upisao na Gradski koledž u Njujorku, a diplomirao na Univerzitetu Kolumbija na odseku rudarstva, i 1879. godine dobio zvanje inženjer rudarstva. Godine 1882, Holerit se pridružio Tehnološkom institutu u Masačusetsu gde je predavao mašinstvo i izvodio svoje prve eksperimente sa bušenim karticama.[5] Godine 1890. doktorirao je na Kolumbijskom univerzitetu.[2][6] Iste godine, 15. septembra, oženio se sa Lucijom Beverli Talkot iz Verakruza u Meksiku sa kojom je imalo šestoro dece. Osim svojih izuma, voleo je još tri stvari: svoje nemačko poreklo, svoju privatnost i svoju mačku Bizmarka. Voleo je i dobre cigare, dobro vino i novac. I od svega toga je imao puno. Umro je 1929. godine od srčanog udara i sahranjen je na groblju Oak Hil, u Vašingtonu.
Posao[uredi | uredi izvor]
Po diplomiranju, odmah je dobio posao u Američkom birou za popis stanovništva kao specijalni agent za prikupljanje i analizu statističkih podataka o korišćenju pare i vodene snage u metalurškoj industriji. To je predstavljalo inspiraciju za njegovu opsesiju kao pronalazača i to za samo jedan uspešan izum, dok su mu svi ostali prošli nezapaženo.
Mada je kasnije prešao na Masačusetski tehnološki institut na mesto instruktora, nastavio je rad na istraživanju uređaja za beleženje promena u broju stanovnika. Poznavao je sistem korišćenja ubušenja u karticama za programiranje komplikovanih šema tkanja, od svog zeta koji je radio na tkanju svile u firmi Žakarov razboj (Jacquard loom). Dalju inspiraciju je našao u izbušenim pretplatnim kartama za voz, na kojima je informacije i detalje o putniku (kao što su visina, boja kose...) bušio kondukter duž ivice. Holerit je zaključio da svaki agent za popis stanovništva može da učini isto, i da se te izbušene kartice sortiraju na način kao što je to radila firma Žakarov razboj (Jacquard loom). Važan aspekt ovog izuma je da su rupice učitavane elektronski a ne mehanički, a kartica je sadržavala sve podatke o pojedincima.
Elektronski tabelarni prikaz statističkih podataka[uredi | uredi izvor]
Na insistiranje Džona Šav Bilingsa (John Shaw Billings), Herman je izumeo mehanizam za očitavanje prisustva ili odsustva ubušenja u kartici korišćenjem igala sa oprugom na vrhu, koje bi prolazile kroz ubušenja, i tako ostvarivale električnu vezu koja pokreće brojač da zabeleži svaki podatak.[7] Ključna ideja je bila da se svim ličnim podacima može dodeliti numerička šifra. Holerit je zaključio da ukoliko se brojevi mogu probušiti u određenim kolonama na karticama, onda se kartice mogu sortirati mehanički; i na taj način se odgovarajuće kolone mogu sabirati.[8][9] Iako je jedna od prednosti ovog sistema bila mogućnost sortiranja kartica po logičnom redosledu, čuvanje velikog broja ovih karica se pojavio kao problem. Kako bi ovaj problem rešio, Holerit je kartice napravio po dimenzijama jednog dolara.
Svoju ideju izložio je u patentu br. 395, 782 od 8. januara 1889. godine.[10][11]
Kompanija za proizvodnju tabelarnih mašina[uredi | uredi izvor]
Pod ugovorom sa američkim biroom za popis stanovništva, konstruisao je mašine kojima je uspešno obavljen tabelarni prikaz popisa stanovništva iz 1890. za dve i po godine.
Započeo je svoj sopstveni posao 1896. godine osnivanjem kompanije za proizvodnju tabelarnih mašina. Većina glavnih biroa za popis stanovništva, kao i osiguravajuće kompanije, koristile su njegovu opremu i kupovale njegove kartice. Kako bi obezbedio rad ovog sistema, izumeo je i prvi mehanizam za automatsko ubacivanje kartica.
Godine 1911. njegova firma se spojila sa još dve i osnovala Computing Tabulating Recording Corporation (CTR). Pod rukovodstvom Tomasa Dž. Votsona (Thomas J. Watson), ta firma je 1924. godine promenila ime u IBM.
Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]
- ^ Cambell-Kelly, Martin; Aspray, William (2004). Computer: A History of the Information Machine (2ND izd.). Basic Books. str. 16.
- ^ a b Da Cruz, Frank (28. 3. 2011). „Herman Hollerith”. www.columbia.edu. Columbia University. Pristupljeno 28. 2. 2014.
- ^ Brooks, Frederick P.; Iverson, Kenneth E. (1963). Automatic Data Processing. Wiley. str. 94 "semiautomatic".
- ^ „Herman Hollerith (1860–1929)”. hnf.de. AUPaderborn: Heinz Nixdorf MuseumsForum. 18. 4. 2012. Arhivirano iz originala 27. 10. 2016. g. Pristupljeno 28. 2. 2014.
- ^ O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. „Herman Hollerith”. The MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, Scotland. Pristupljeno 5. 3. 2013.
- ^ Austrian 1982, str. 56.
- ^ Lydenberg, Harry Miller (1924). John Shaw Billings: Creator of the National Medical Library and its Catalogue, First Director of the New York Public Library. American Library Association. str. 32.
- ^ „AN ELECTRIC TABULATING SYSTEM.”.
- ^ Randell, Brian, ur. (1982). The Origins of Digital Computers, Selected Papers (3rd izd.). Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-11319-3.
- ^ US patent 395782, Herman Hollerith, "Art of compiling statistics", issued 1889-01-08
- ^ Austrian 1982, str. 178–179.
Literatura[uredi | uredi izvor]
- Austrian, Geoffrey D. (1982). Herman Hollerith: The Forgotten Giant of Information Processing. Columbia University Press. str. 418. ISBN 978-0-231-05146-0.
- Truesdell, Leon E. (1965). The Development of Punch Card Tabulation in the Bureau of the Census 1890-1940. US GPO. Includes extensive, detailed, description of Hollerith's first machines and their use for the 1890 census.
- Ashurst, Gareth (1983). Pioneers of Computing. Frederick Muller. str. 77—90.
- Beniger, James R. (1986/2009) The Control Revolution: Technological and Economic Origins of the Information Society, Harvard University Press. 1986. str. 390–425.
- Cortada, James W. (1993). Before the Computer: IBM, NCR, Burroughs, & Remington Rand & the Industry they created, 1865 - 1956. Princeton. str. 344. ISBN 978-0-691-04807-9.
- Essinger, James (2004). Jacquard's Web: How a Hand-Loom Led to the Birth of the Information Age. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Engelbourg, Saul (1954). International Business Machines: A Business History (Ph.D.). Columbia University. str. 385. Reprinted by Arno Press. 1976., from the best available copy. Some text is illegible.
- Heide, Lars. "Herman Hollerith". In Jeffrey Fear (ed.). Immigrant Entrepreneurship: German-American Business Biographies, 1720 to the Present. German Historical Institute, 2017.
- Heide, Lars (2009). Punched-Card Systems and the Early Information Explosion, 1880-1945. Johns Hopkins. ISBN 978-0-8018-9143-4.
- Hollerith, Herman (april 1889). „An Electric Tabulating System”. The Quarterly, Columbia University School of Mines. X (16): 238—255. From the Columbia University History site: This article is the basis for his 1890 Columbia Ph.D. Extracts reprinted in (Randell, 1982).
- Hollerith, Herman (1890). In connection with the electric tabulation system which has been adopted by U.S. government for the work of the census bureau. Ph.D. dissertation. Columbia University School of Mines.
- Hollerith, Herman (decembar 1894). „The Electrical Tabulating Machine”. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Blackwell Publishing. 57 (4): 678—682. JSTOR 2979610. doi:10.2307/2979610. From Randell (1982),"... brief... fascinating article... describes the way in which tabulators and sorters were used on ... 100 million cards ... 1890 census."
- Aspray, William, ur. (1990). Computing before Computers. Iowa State University Press. str. 266. ISBN 0-8138-0047-1.
- Brennan, Jean Ford (1971). The IBM Watson Laboratory at Columbia University: A History. IBM. str. 68.
- Cortada, James W. (1983). An Annotated Bibliography on the History of Data Processing. Greenwood. str. 215. ISBN 0-313-24001-9.
- Krawitz, Miss Eleanor (novembar 1949). „Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory: A Center for Scientific Research Using Calculating Machines”. Columbia Engineering Quarterly.
- Lars, Heide (2009). Punched-Card Systems and the Early Information Explosion, 1880--1945. Johns Hopkins U Press. str. 369. ISBN 978-0-8018-9143-4.
- Pugh, Emerson W.; Heide, Lars. IEEE STARS: Early Punched Card Equipment, 1880-1951. IEEE. Arhivirano iz originala 21. 02. 2015. g. Pristupljeno 19. 09. 2022.
- Randell, Brian (1982). The Origins of Digital Computers: Selected Papers (3 izd.). Springer-Verlag. str. 580. ISBN 0-387-11319-3. includes Hollerith (1889) reprint
- Baehne, G.W., ur. (1935). Practical Applications of the Punched Card Method in Colleges and Universities. Columbia University. str. 442. – With 42 contributors and articles ranging from Analysis of College Test Results to Uses of the Automatic Multiplying Punch this is book provides an extensive view of unit record equipment use over a wide range of applications. For details of this book see The Baehne Book..
- Linnekin, Leroy Corliss (1938). The Scope of Punched Card Accounting. Boston University, College of Business Administration - Thesis. str. 314 + Appendix. The appendix has IBM and Powers provided product detail sheets, with photo and text, for many machines.
- Ferris, Lorna; et al. (1948). Bibliography on the Uses of Punched Cards. MIT.
- Grosch, Herb (1945). Bibliography on the Use of IBM Machines in Scientific Research, Statistics, and Education. IBM. (source: Frank da Cruz (6. 2. 2010). „Herb Grosch”. Columbia University. Pristupljeno 14. 6. 2011. ) There is a 1954 edition, Ann F. Beach, et al., similar title and a 1956 edition, Joyce Alsop.
- IBM (1944). IBM Accounting Course (PDF). 25-4933-3-3M-ME-1-49. Describes several punched card applications.
- Eckert, W.J. (1940). Punched Card Methods in Scientific Computation. Columbia University. str. 136. ISBN 0-262-05030-7. Note: ISBN is for a reprint ed.
- Bureau of Naval Personnel (1971). Basic Data Processing (PDF). Dover. str. 315. ISBN 0-486-20229-1. Unabridged edition of "Data Processing Tech 3 &2", aka. "Rate Training manual NAVPERS 10264-B", 3rd revised ed. 1970
- Brooks, Jr., Frederick P.; Iverson, Kenneth E. (1963). Automatic Data Processing. Wiley. str. 494. Chapter 3 Punched Card Equipment describes American machines with some details of their logical organization and examples of control panel wiring.
- Cemach, Harry P. (1951). The Elements of Punched Card Accounting. Pitman. str. 137. The four main systems in current use - Powers-Samas, Hollerith, Findex, and Paramount - are examined and the fundamentals principles of each are fully explained.
- Fierheller, George A. (2014). Do not fold, spindle or mutilate: the 'hole' story of punched cards. Stewart Pub. ISBN 978-1-894183-86-4. Pristupljeno 19. 6. 2013. An accessible book of recollections (sometimes with errors), with photographs and descriptions of many unit record machines. The ISBN is for an earlier (2006), printed, edition.
- Friedman, Burton Dean (1955). Punched Card Primer. American Book - Stratford Press. This elementary introduction to punched card systems is unusual because unlike most others, it not only deals with the IBM systems but also illustrates the card formats and equipment offered by Remington Rand and Underwood Samas. Erwin Tomash Library
- IBM (1936) Machine Methods of Accounting, 360 p. Includes a 12-page 1936 IBM-written history of IBM and descriptions of many machines.
- IBM (1940). IBM products brochure (PDF).
- IBM. An Introduction to IBM Punched Card Data Processing (PDF). F20-0074.
- IBM (1955—56). IBM Sales Manual (unit record equipment pages only).
- IBM (1957). Machine Functions (PDF). 224-8208-3. A simplified description of common IBM machines and their uses.
- IBM (1957). IBM Equipment Summary (PDF). With descriptions, photos and rental prices.
- IBM (1959). IBM Operators Guide: Reference Manual (PDF). A24-1010-0.
- Murray, Francis J. (1961). Mathematical Machines Volume 1: Digital Computers. Columbia University Press. Has extensive descriptions of unit record machine construction.
- Ken Shirriff's blog Inside card sorters: 1920s data processing with punched cards and relays.
Spoljašnje veze[uredi | uredi izvor]
- Holeritov patent iz 1889. godine na stranici Muzeja istorije računara (jezik: engleski)
- Holeritova stranica na sajtu National Hall of Fame (jezik: engleski)
- Columbia University Computing History: Herman Hollerith Hollerith's 1890 Census Tabulator
- IBM Archives: Herman Hollerith The Tabulating Machine Co. plant
- Early Office Museum: Punched Card Tabulating Machines
- O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F. „Herman Holerit”. MacTutor History of Mathematics archive. University of St Andrews.
- The Norwegian Historical Data Center: Census 1900 Includes a description of the use of Hollerith machines ("complicated, American enumeration machines"), together with illustrations.
- Richard Hollerith Papers Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (1. април 2019) at Hagley Museum and Library. Richard Hollerith was the grandson of Herman Hollerith and part of this collection documents the sale and settlement of the Herman Hollerith estate following the death of his last remaining child, Virginia.
- Fleishman, Sandra (5. 3. 2005). „$8.5 Million And Counting”. Washington Post. Pristupljeno 4. 5. 2010.