Turakovi

Turakovi i srodinici Vremenski raspon: Oligocene - Holocene, Possible Early Eocene record
Guinea turaco (Tauraco persa) at Birds of Eden aviary, South Africa
Naučna klasifikacija
Domen:	Eukaryota
Carstvo:	Animalia
Tip:	Chordata
Klasa:	Aves
Kladus:	Otidimorphae
Red:	Musophagiformes Seebohm, 1890
Porodica:	Musophagidae Lesson, 1828
Rodovi
Corythaeola Corythaixoides Crinifer Ruwenzorornis Musophaga Tauraco
Sinonimi
Apopempsidae Brodkorb, 1971b Veflintornithidae Kašin, 1976

Turakovi sačinjavaju ptičiju familiju Musophagidae (doslovno „jedači banana”), koja obuhvata plantain-eaters and go-away-birds. In southern Africa both turacos and go-away-birds are commonly known as loeries. They are semi-zygodactylous – the fourth (outer) toe can be switched back and forth. The second and third toes, which always point forward, are conjoined in some species. Musophagids often have prominent crests and long tails; the turacos are noted for peculiar and unique pigments giving them their bright green and red feathers.

Traditionally, this group has been allied with the cuckoos in the order Cuculiformes, but the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy raises this group to a full order Musophagiformes. They have been proposed to link the hoatzin to the other living birds, but this was later disputed. Recent genetic analysis have strongly supported the order ranking of Musophagiformes.

Musophagidae is one of very few bird families endemic to Africa, one other being the mousebirds, Colliidae. All species are frugivorous, but they also eat leaves, buds, and flowers. Figs are an important part of their diet. They have rounded wings and long tails and strong legs, making them poor fliers, but good runners.

Morfologija

Female white-bellied go-away-bird, Corythaixoides leucogaster

Most turacos are medium-sized birds – an exception being the large great blue turaco – with long tails and short, rounded wings. They range in length from 40 to 75 cm (16—30 in). Their flight is weak, but they are strong climbers and are able to move nimbly on branches and through vegetation. Juveniles have claws on the wings that help them climb. They have a unique foot arrangement, where the fourth toe can be brought around to the back of the foot where it almost touches the first toe, or brought around so that it is near the second and third. In spite of this flexibility the toe is actually usually held at right angles to the axis of the foot.

Evolucija i sistematika

Fosilni rod Veflintornis is known from the Middle Miocene of Grive-Saint-Alban (France). It was established as Apopempsis by Pierce Brodkorb in 1971, but this is preoccupied by Schenkling's 1903 use of the name for some beetles. "Apopempsis" africanus (Early Miocene of Kenya) might also belong there.

Great blue turaco
Corythaeola cristata

The Early Eocene Promusophaga was initially believed to be the oldest record of the turacos; it was eventually reconsidered a distant relative of the ostrich and is now in the ratite family Lithornithidae. Filholornis from the Late Eocene or Early Oligocene of France is occasionally considered a musophagid, but its relationships have always been disputed. It is not often considered a turaco anymore in more recent times and has been synonymised with the presumed gruiform Talantatos, though it is not certain whether this will become widely accepted.

The phylogenetic analysis conducted by Field & Hsiang (2018) indicated that Eocene (Wasatchian) species Foro panarium known from the Fossil Butte Member of the Green River Formation (Wyoming, United States) was a stem-turaco.

Filogenija

The IOC World Bird List (version 10.1) recognises 23 species of turaco in six genera. However, a phylogenetic analysis by Perktaş et al (2020) found genus Tauraco polyphyletic and a revised classification has been proposed based on molecular, morphological and biogeographic analysis.. This study recognised 33 species-level taxa in seven genera corresponding to the major clades. The following phylogenetic tree is based on this proposal and uses their proposed genus and species names.

Corythaeolinae   Corythaeola cristata     Criniferinae     Crinifer leucogaster   Krinifer   Crinifer piscator     Crinifer zonurus   ‑{sensu stricto}‑       Crinifer personatus     Crinifer concolor     (krinifer sensu lato)   Musophaginae Gallirex     Gallirex porphyreolophus     Gallirex chlorochlamys         Gallirex kivuensis     Gallirex johnstoni         Menelikornis   Menelikornis ruspolii       Menelikornis leucotis     Menelikornis donaldsoni         Musophaga     Musophaga macrorhynchus     Musophaga verreauxii         Musophaga violacea     Musophaga rossae       Tauraco Proturacus   Proturacus bannermani       Proturacus erythrolophus     Proturacus leucolophus       Tauraco     Tauraco emini     Tauraco hartlaubi       Tauraco persa     Tauraco buffoni           Tauraco fischeri     Tauraco reichenowi         Tauraco corythaix     Tauraco livingstonii             Tauraco schuettii       Tauraco chalcolophus       Tauraco schalowi       Tauraco marungensis     Tauraco loitanus           ‑{sensu stricto}‑ ‑{sensu lato}‑

Notes:

Literatura

• Ballmann, Peter (1969). „Les Oiseaux miocènes de la Grive-Saint-Alban (Isère) [The Miocene birds of Grive-Saint-Alban, Isère]”. Geobios. 2: 157—204. doi:10.1016/S0016-6995(69)80005-7.  (French with English abstract)
• International Turaco Society (Magazines 1993–2012), also website 2001, www.turacos.org
• Mlíkovský, Jirí (2002): Cenozoic Birds of the World, Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press, Prague. ISBN 80-901105-3-8 PDF fulltext
• Hughes, Janice M.; Baker, Allan J. (1999). „Phylogenetic relationships of the enigmatic hoatzin (Opisthocomus hoazin) resolved using mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences” (PDF). Molecular Biology and Evolution. 16 (9): 1300—1307. PMID 10486983. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026220. 
• Sorenson, Michael D.; Oneal, Elen; García-Moreno, Jaime; Mindell, David P. (2003). „More Taxa, More Characters: The Hoatzin Problem is Still Unresolved”. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 20 (9): 1484—1499. PMID 12777516. doi:10.1093/molbev/msg157.  Supplementary Material
• Marchant, S. (1991). Forshaw, Joseph, ур. Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds. London: Merehurst Press. стр. 125. ISBN 978-1-85391-186-6. 

Spoljašnje veze

• International Touraco Society
• Turaco videos on the Internet Bird Collection