Vizantijsko-arapski ratovi

Vizantijsko-arapski ratovi
	; Vizantinci koriste Grčku vatru.
Vreme	629-1080. godina
Mesto	Levant, Sirija, Egipat, Severna Afrika, Anadolija, Krit, Sicilija, Južna Italija, Carigrad
Ishod	Pobeda Arapa
Teritorijalne; promene	Levant, Mesopotamija, Severna Afrika anektirane od strane Arapa
Sukobljene strane
Vizantijsko carstvo	Arapske države

Vizantijsko-arapski ratovi vođeni su između Vizantije i niza muslimanskih arapskih država. Sa prekidima su trajali od 629. do 1180. godine. Otpočeli su za vreme muslimanskih osvajanja, kada su rašidunski i omajadski kalifi osvojili dotadašnje vizantijske posede na Bliskom istoku i u Severnoj Africi (sedmi vek). Faza stalnih vizantijskih poraza završena je 718. godine nakon neuspešne avarske opsade Carigrada. Potom su muslimani poraženi i od Franačkog carstva u bici kod Poatjea. U 9. i 10. veku Vizantija gubi teritorije u Južnoj Italiji i Siciliji u sukobu sa Abasidskim kalifatom. Za vreme vladavine Makedonske dinastije, Vizantija će postepeno potiskivati Arape na istok i vraćati teritorije u Maloj Aziji. Ovaj proces je okončan u 11. veku najezdom Turaka Seldžuka koja je naterala Vizantiju da traži pomoć od pape Urbana i zapadnih zemalja. To će dovesti do početka ere krstaških ratova u kome Vizantija ne igra bitniju ulogu.^[1]^[2]
3000 in Yarmouk^[3]^[4]

Vizantijsko-arapski sukobi:

Osvajanje Sirije i Egipta: ^[5]^[6]

629. godina – Bitka kod Mu҆taha^[7]^[8]^[9]
630. godina – Bitka kod Tabuka^[10]^[11]
634. godina – Bitka kod Datina
634. godina – Bitka kod Firaza
634. godina – Bitka kod Bosre
634. godina – Opsada Damaska
636. godina – Bitka na Jarmuku
637. godina – Opsada Jerusalima
637. godina – Opsada Alepa
637. godina – Bitka na železnom mostu
640. godina – Bitka kod Heliopolisa
641. godina – Opsada Aleksandrije
642. godina – Pad Aleksandrije

Muslimansko osvajanje Magreba

Invazija na Anatoliju i napad na Carigrad

Granični sukobi

Sicilija i Južna Italija

Pomorske bitke

Vizantijska rekonkista

Ostali sukobi

Ustanak u Tiru

Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]

^ Kaegi, Walter E. Byzantium and the early Islamic conquests. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1992. pp. 90–93. ISBN 0-521-41172-6. Al-Tabari, p. 108. al-Baladhuri, pp. 167–68. Theophanes, p. 37.
^ Edward Gibbon (1788). The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. 5.
^ Akram 2004, str. 425
^ Shaw, Jeffrey M.; Demy, Timothy J. (2017). War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict [3 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. str. 201. ISBN 9781610695176. Pristupljeno 27. 8. 2019. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
^ Sharon, M. (2007). „The decisive battles in the Arab Conquest of Syria”. Studia Orientalia Electronica. 101. str. 297—358.
^ "Syria." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 20 October 2006 Syria – Britannica Online Encyclopedia Arhivirano 14 maj 2006 na sajtu Wayback Machine
^ Gil, Moshe (1997-02-27). A History of Palestine, 634-1099. Cambridge University Press. str. 23. ISBN 978-0-521-59984-9.
^ Ibn Ishaq (2004). The Life of Muhammad. A. Guillaume (trans.). Oxford University Press, USA. str. 532, 536. ISBN 0-19-636033-1. „They went on their way as far as Ma‘ān in Syria where they heard that Heraclius had come down to Ma’āb in the Balqāʾ with 100,000 Greeks joined by 100,000 men from Lakhm and Judhām and al-Qayn and Bahrāʾ and Balī commanded by a man of Balī of Irāsha called Mālik b. Zāfila.”
^ Powers, David S. (2014-05-23). Zayd. University of Pennsylvania Press. str. 58—9. ISBN 978-0-8122-4617-9.
^ George F. Nafziger; Mark W. Walton (2003), Islam at War: A History, Praeger Publishers, str. 13
^ Welch, Alford T.; Moussalli, Ahmad S. (2009). „Muḥammad”. Ur.: Esposito, John L. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford University Press.

Literatura[uredi | uredi izvor]

Norič, Dž. Dž. Vizantija, rani vekovi. ISBN 978-86-505-1428-3.
Ahmad ibn Yahya al-Baladhuri. Futuh al-Buldan. See a translated excerpt ("The Battle of Yarmouk and after") in Medieval Sources Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (11. oktobar 2013).
Michael the Syrian (1899). Chronique de Michel le Syrien Patriarche Jacobite d'Antioche (na jeziku: francuski i sirijski). Prevod: J.–B. Chabot. Paris.
Theophanes the Confessor. Chronicle. See original text in Documenta Catholica Omnia (PDF).
Zonaras, Joannes, Annales. See the original text in Patrologia Graeca.
Baynes, Norman H. (1912). „The restoration of the Cross at Jerusalem”. The English Historical Review. 27 (106): 287—299. doi:10.1093/ehr/XXVII.CVI.287.
Akram, A.I. (2004), The Sword of Allah: Khalid bin al-Waleed – His Life and Campaigns, third edition, ISBN 0-19-597714-9
Blankinship, Khalid Yahya (1994). The End of the Jihâd State: The Reign of Hishām ibn ʻAbd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-1827-7.
Brooks, E. W. (1923). „Chapter V. (A) The Struggle with the Saracens (717–867)”. The Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. IV: The Eastern Roman Empire (717–1453). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. str. 119—138.
Butler, Alfred J. (2007). The Arab Conquest of Egypt – And the Last Thirty Years of the Roman. Read Books. ISBN 978-1-4067-5238-0.
Crawford, Peter (2013). The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam. Pen and Sword.
Davies, Norman (1996). „The Birth of Europe”. Europe. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-820171-0.
El-Cheikh, Nadia Maria (2004). Byzantium viewed by the Arabs. Harvard Center of Middle Eastern Studies. ISBN 978-0-932885-30-2.
El-Hibri, Tayeb (2010). „The empire in Iraq, 763–861”. Ur.: Robinson, Chase F. The New Cambridge History of Islam, Volume 1: The Formation of the Islamic World, Sixth to Eleventh Centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. str. 269—304. ISBN 978-0-521-83823-8.
Foss, Clive (1975). „The Persians in Asia Minor and the End of Antiquity”. The English Historical Review. 90: 721—47. doi:10.1093/ehr/XC.CCCLVII.721.
Greatrex, Geoffrey; Lieu, Samuel N. C. (2002). The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars (Part II, 363–630 AD). Routledge. ISBN 0-415-14687-9.
Haldon, John (1997). „The East Roman World: the Politics of Survival”. Byzantium in the Seventh Century: the Transformation of a Culture. Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-31917-X.
Haldon, John (1999). „The Army at Wars: Campaigns”. Warfare, State and Society in the Byzantine World, 565–1204. London: UCL Press. ISBN 1-85728-495-X.
Howard-Johnston, James (2006). East Rome, Sasanian Persia And the End of Antiquity: Historiographical And Historical Studies. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 0-86078-992-6.
Kaegi, Walter Emil (1995). Byzantium and the early Islamic conquests. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-48455-3.
Kennedy, Hugh (1998). „Egypt as a Province in the Islamic Caliphate, 641–868”. Ur.: Daly, M.W.; Petry, Calf. F. The Cambridge History of Egypt. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-47137-0.
Kennedy, Hugh (2001). The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-25093-5.
Kennedy, Hugh (2000). „Syria, Palestine, and Mesopotamia”. Ur.: Cameron, Averil; Ward-Perkins, Bryan; Whitby, Michael. The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume XIV: Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors, A.D. 425–600. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521325912.
Kennedy, Hugh (2016). The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century (2nd izd.). Oxford and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-78761-2.
Kennedy, Hugh (2006). „Antioch: from Byzantium to Islam”. The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 0-7546-5909-7.
Liska, George (1998). „Projection contra Prediction: Alternative Futures and Options”. Expanding Realism: The Historical Dimension of World Politics. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-8476-8680-9.
Warren Bowersock, Glen; Brown, Peter; Robert Lamont Brown, Peter; Grabar, Oleg, ur. (1999). „Muhammad”. Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-51173-5.
Nicolle, Davis (1994). Yarmuk AD 636. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-85532-414-8. ^{[mrtva veza]}
Norwich, John Julius (1990). Byzantium: The Early Centuries. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-011447-8.
Omrčanin, Ivo (1984). Military history of Croatia. Dorrance. ISBN 978-0-8059-2893-8.
Pryor, John H.; Jeffreys, Elizabeth M. (2006). The Age of the ΔΡΟΜΩΝ: The Byzantine Navy ca. 500–1204. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-15197-0.
Rački, Franjo (1861). Odlomci iz državnoga práva hrvatskoga za narodne dynastie (na jeziku: hrvatski). F. Klemma.
Read, Piers Paul (1999). The Templars. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, Orion Publishing Group. ISBN 0-297-84267-6.
Runciman, Steven (1987). A History of the Crusades. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-34770-X.
Sahas, Daniel J. (1972). „Historical Considerations”. John of Damascus on Islam. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-03495-1.
Speck, Paul (1984). „Ikonoklasmus und die Anfänge der Makedonischen Renaissance”. Varia 1 (Poikila Byzantina 4). Rudolf Halbelt. str. 175—210.
Stathakopoulos, Dionysios (2004). Famine and Pestilence in the Late Roman and Early Byzantine Empire. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 0-7546-3021-8.
Treadgold, Warren (1997). A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-2630-2.
Vasiliev, A.A. (1923), „Chapter V. (B) The Struggle with the Saracens (867–1057)”, The Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. IV: The Eastern Roman Empire (717–1453), Cambridge University Press, str. 138—150
Vasiliev, A.A. (1935), Byzance et les Arabes, Tome I: La Dynastie d'Amorium (820–867) (na jeziku: francuski), French ed.: Henri Grégoire, Marius Canard, Brussels: Éditions de l'Institut de Philologie et d'Histoire Orientales
Vasiliev, A.A. (1968), Byzance et les Arabes, Tome II, 1ére partie: Les relations politiques de Byzance et des Arabes à L'époque de la dynastie macédonienne (867–959) (na jeziku: francuski), French ed.: Henri Grégoire, Marius Canard, Brussels: Éditions de l'Institut de Philologie et d'Histoire Orientales
Kennedy, Hugh N. (2006). The Byzantine And Early Islamic Near East. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 0-7546-5909-7.
Betts, Robert B. (1978). Christians in the Arab East: A Political Study (2nd rev. izd.). Athens: Lycabettus Press. ISBN 9780804207966.
Charles, Robert H. (2007) [1916]. The Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu: Translated from Zotenberg's Ethiopic Text. Merchantville, NJ: Evolution Publishing. ISBN 9781889758879.
Meyendorff, John (1989). Imperial unity and Christian divisions: The Church 450–680 A.D. The Church in history. 2. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. ISBN 9780881410563.
Ostrogorsky, George (1956). History of the Byzantine State. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Spoljašnje veze[uredi | uredi izvor]

Mediji vezani za članak Vizantijsko-arapski ratovi na Vikimedijinoj ostavi
Multimedia History Tutorials by the Applied History Group, The Islamic World to 1600, University of Calgary. The Islamic World to 1600: Tutorial Outline
Edward Gibbon, History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Chapter 51
Bishop John Nikiou The Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu Chapters CXVI-CXXI

[1] Kaegi, Walter E. Byzantium and the early Islamic conquests. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1992. pp. 90–93. ISBN 0-521-41172-6. Al-Tabari, p. 108. al-Baladhuri, pp. 167–68. Theophanes, p. 37.

[ReferenceA-2] Edward Gibbon (1788). The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. 5.

[akram-3] Akram 2004, str. 425

[4] Shaw, Jeffrey M.; Demy, Timothy J. (2017). War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict [3 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. str. 201. ISBN 9781610695176. Pristupljeno 27. 8. 2019. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)

[5] Sharon, M. (2007). „The decisive battles in the Arab Conquest of Syria”. Studia Orientalia Electronica. 101. str. 297—358.

[Britannica_Syria2-6] "Syria." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 20 October 2006 Syria – Britannica Online Encyclopedia Arhivirano 14 maj 2006 na sajtu Wayback Machine

[waqidi-7] Gil, Moshe (1997-02-27). A History of Palestine, 634-1099. Cambridge University Press. str. 23. ISBN 978-0-521-59984-9.

[ishaq-8] Ibn Ishaq (2004). The Life of Muhammad. A. Guillaume (trans.). Oxford University Press, USA. str. 532, 536. ISBN 0-19-636033-1. „They went on their way as far as Ma‘ān in Syria where they heard that Heraclius had come down to Ma’āb in the Balqāʾ with 100,000 Greeks joined by 100,000 men from Lakhm and Judhām and al-Qayn and Bahrāʾ and Balī commanded by a man of Balī of Irāsha called Mālik b. Zāfila.”

[zayd-9] Powers, David S. (2014-05-23). Zayd. University of Pennsylvania Press. str. 58—9. ISBN 978-0-8122-4617-9.

[Nafziger13-10] George F. Nafziger; Mark W. Walton (2003), Islam at War: A History, Praeger Publishers, str. 13

[OxfordIslam-11] Welch, Alford T.; Moussalli, Ahmad S. (2009). „Muḥammad”. Ur.: Esposito, John L. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford University Press.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]