Grad-država
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Grad-država je nezavisna ili autonomna celina, koja nije administrativno deo druge lokalne vlasti, čija se teritorija sastoji od grada i po mogućstvu i od okolnih oblasti.[1][2][3] Grad-država takođe može biti definisan i kao središnji grad sa okolnim selima, koji zajedno imaju iste zakone, oblik vladavine, dele iste jezike, religijska verovanja i načine života. Istorijski gradovi-države bili su Rim, Atina i Kartagina,[3] dok trenutno postoje suvereni gradovi-države Monako, Singapur i Vatikan, dok Hongkong i Makau uživaju veći stepen autonomije mada su pod suverenom upravom druge zemlje.
With the rise of nation states worldwide, only a few modern sovereign city-states exist, with some disagreement as to which qualify; Monaco, Singapore and Vatican City are most commonly accepted as such. Singapore is the clearest example, with full self-governance, its own currency, a robust military and a population of 5.5 million.[4]
Several non-sovereign cities enjoy a high degree of autonomy and are sometimes considered city-states. Hong Kong, Macau,[5][6] and members of the United Arab Emirates—most notably Dubai and Abu Dhabi—are often cited as such.[7][8][9]
Moderni gradovi-države[uredi | uredi izvor]
Monako[uredi | uredi izvor]
Kneževina Monako je nezavisni grad-država koja se graniči sa Francuskom. Monako Vil (drevni utvrđeni grad) i dobro poznata oblast Monaka Monte Karlo su okruzi neprekidne urbane zone, a ne različiti gradovi, iako su do 1917. godine bile tri odvojene opštine (komune). Kneževina Monako i grad Monako (svaki ima određena ovlašćenja) upravlja istom teritorijom. Iako imaju malu vojsku, i dalje bi morali da se oslone na Francusku za odbranu pred agresivnom silom.
Singapur[uredi | uredi izvor]
Singapur je ostrvski grad-država u jugoistočnoj Aziji koja se graniči sa Malezijom. Oko 5,6 miliona ljudi živi i radi na površini od 728,3 km2 (281,2 sq mi),[10] što Singapur čini 2. najgušće naseljenom zemljom na svetu posle Monaka. Singapur je bio deo Malezije dve godine pre nego što je izbačen iz federacije 1965. godine, postavši nezavisna republika, grad i suverena država. The Economist naziva naciju „jedinim gradom-državom na svetu koji u potpunosti funkcioniše“. Konkretno, ima sopstvenu valutu, veliki komercijalni aerodrom, jednu od najprometnijih pomorskih luka za pretovar na svetu, i potpuno razvijene oružane snage za zaštitu suvereniteta nacije od potencijalnih regionalnih agresora.[11][12][13]
Vatikan[uredi | uredi izvor]
Do septembra 1870. grad Rim je kontrolisao papa kao deo njegove Papske države. Kada je kralj Viktor Emanuel II zauzeo grad 1870. godine, papa Pije IX je odbio da prizna novoformiranu Kraljevinu Italiju.
Pošto nije mogao da putuje bez stvarnog priznavanja kraljeve vlasti, Pije IX i njegovi naslednici su svaki tvrdili da su „zatvorenici u Vatikanu“, onemogućeni da napuste papsku enklavu od 0,44 km2 (0,17 sq mi) nakon što su se popeli na papski presto.
Razmirica je rešena 1929. Lateranskim ugovorima koje je italijanski diktator Benito Musolini ugovorio između kralja Viktora Emanuela III i pape Pija XI. Prema ovom ugovoru, Vatikan je priznat kao nezavisna država, sa papom na čelu. Država Vatikan ima svoje državljanstvo, diplomatski kor, zastavu i poštanske marke. Sa manje od 1.000 stanovnika (uglavnom sveštenih lica), to je daleko najmanja suverena država na svetu.
Države sa sličnim karakteristikama[uredi | uredi izvor]
Brojne druge male države dele mnoge od ovih karakteristika, a ponekad se navode kao moderni gradovi-države. Džibuti,[14] Katar,[15][16] Brunej,[7] Kuvajt,[7][15][17] Bahrein,[7][15] i Malta[18][19][20] svi imaju glavni gradski centar koji čini veliki deo stanovništva i većinu BDP-a. Svaki ima više od jedne različite opštine, od kojih je jedna identifikovana kao glavni grad, što je to često bio slučaj i za istorijske gradove-države. Povremeno se navode mikrodržave sa velikom gustinom naseljenosti, kao što je San Marino, uprkos tome što nemaju veliki urbani centar.[7][8][21]
Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]
- ^ „city-state | Definition, History, & Facts”. Encyclopedia Britannica (na jeziku: engleski). Pristupljeno 19. 4. 2020.
- ^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2009. „A sovereign state consisting of an independent city and its surrounding territory.”
- ^ a b Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged. HarperCollins Publishers. 2003. „a state consisting of a sovereign city and its dependencies. Among the most famous are the great independent cities of the ancient world, such as Athens, Sparta, Carthage, and Rome.”
- ^ Brimelow, Ben. „How a tiny city-state became a military powerhouse with the best air force and navy in Southeast Asia”. Business Insider. Pristupljeno 2020-10-15.
- ^ „City-states never disappeared: Hamburg, Hong Kong, Singapore”. Tomorrow.Mag (na jeziku: engleski). 2019-09-06. Pristupljeno 2020-10-15.
- ^ „Capital Facts for Hong Kong”. World's Capital Cities (na jeziku: engleski). 2020-09-16. Arhivirano iz originala 23. 04. 2021. g. Pristupljeno 2020-10-15.
- ^ a b v g d Hansen, Mogens. 2000. "Introduction: The Concepts of City-States and City-State Culture." In A Comparative Study of Thirty City-State Cultures, Copenhagen: Copenhagen Polis Centre. Pg. 19
- ^ a b Parker, Geoffrey. 2005. Sovereign City: The City-state Through History Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9781861892195. Derudder, Ben (2007). „Sovereign City: The City-State through History . Geoffrey Parker”. Urban Geography. 28 (4): 398—399. S2CID 144985675. doi:10.2747/0272-3638.28.4.398..
- ^ Kotkin, Joel. 2010. "A New Era for the City-State?" In Forbes.
- ^ „Environment”. Base. Pristupljeno 21. 2. 2021.
- ^ „The Singapore exception”. The Economist. 18. 7. 2015. Arhivirano iz originala 31. 7. 2017. g.
- ^ Oliver, Robert T. (1989). Leadership in Asia : persuasive communication in the making of nations. Newark: University of Delaware Press. str. 200. ISBN 087413353X.
- ^ Quah, Euston (30. 7. 2015). Singapore 2065 : leading insights on economy and environment from 50 Singapore icons and beyond. Singapore. ISBN 978-9814663397.
- ^ "Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs, Volume 2." United States Congress House Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs. April 15, 1992. Page 239: "The Republic of Djibouti is in effect a city - state, with few natural resources, few trained workers, no permanent streams and very little arable land. Some 75% of the population live in the capital city, the economy of which is focused on the port, airport, railway, the French garrison, and the re-export of consumer goods."
- ^ a b v Parker, Geoffrey. 2005. Sovereign City: The City-state Through History Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 219
- ^ Roberts, David. 2014. Qatar: Securing the Global Ambitions of a City-state. London: C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd.
- ^ El-Katiri, Laura, Bassam Fattouh and Paul Segal. 2011 Anatomy of an oil-based welfare state: rent distribution in Kuwait. Kuwait City: Kuwait Programme on Development, Governance and Globalisation in the Gulf States
- ^ „The emblem of Malta, Department of Information, Official Website of President of Malta”. Doi.gov.mt. Arhivirano iz originala 22. 10. 2013. g. Pristupljeno 20. 10. 2013.
- ^ „Draft National Strategy for the Cultural and Creative Industries – Creative Malta”. Creativemalta.gov.mt. Arhivirano iz originala 28. 7. 2013. g. Pristupljeno 20. 10. 2013.
- ^ „Malta”. European Central Bank. Arhivirano iz originala 7. 4. 2014. g. Pristupljeno 7. 5. 2018.
- ^ Mogens, Hansen. 2002. A Comparative Study of Six City-State Cultures: An Investigation p. 91
Literatura[uredi | uredi izvor]
- Mogens Herman Hansen (ed.), A comparative study of thirty city-state cultures : an investigation conducted by the Copenhagen Polis Centre, Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, 2000. (Historisk-filosofiske skrifter, 21). ISBN 87-7876-177-8.
- Mogens Herman Hansen (ed.), A comparative study of six city-state cultures : an investigation, Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, 2002. (Historisk-filosofiske skrifter, 27). ISBN 87-7876-316-9.
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- Jones, Philip (1997). The Italian City-State. From Commune to Signoria. Oxford: Clarendon Press
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- Jones, Philip. 1997. The Italian City-State: From Commune to Signoria. (Oxford: Oxford University Press)
- Lansing, Carol, 1992. The Florentine Magnates: Lineage and Faction in a Medieval Commune. (Princeton: Princeton University Press)
- Sella, Pietro, "The Statutes of the Commune of Bugelle (Biella)" 1904. 14th-century statutes of a Piedmontese commune (Latin and English translations), express the nature of the commune in vivid detail, productions of medieval society and the medieval personality.
- Tabacco, Giovanni, 1989. The Struggle for Power in Medieval Italy: Structures of Political Rule, 400-1400, translator, Rosalind Brown Jensen (New York: Cambridge University Press)
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- Benvenuti, Gino (2007). Le repubbliche marinare. Amalfi, Pisa, Genova, Venezia (na jeziku: italijanski). Newton Compton Editori.
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- Benvenuti, G. (1989). Le Repubbliche Marinare. Amalfi, Pisa, Genova, Venezia [The Maritime Republics. Amalfi, Pisa, Genoa, Venice] (na jeziku: italijanski). Rome: Newton & Compton editori.
- Lodolini, Armando (1967). Le repubbliche del mare [The republics of the sea] (na jeziku: italijanski). Roma: Biblioteca di storia patria.
- Pirenne, Henri (1927). Medieval Cities: Their Origins and the Revival of Trade.; Pirenne, Henri (1937). Mohammed and Charlemagne.
- Cantor, Norman F. (1994-06-03). The Civilization of the Middle Ages (na jeziku: engleski). HarperCollins. str. 231. ISBN 9780060925536 — preko Google Books.
- Lukin, Pavel V. (2017). „Novgorod: trade, politics and mentalities in the time of independence”. Ur.: Blockmans, Wim; Krom, Mikhail; Wubs-Mrozewicz, Justyna. The Routledge Handbook of Maritime Trade Around Europe 1300-1600: Commercial Networks and Urban Autonomy. Routledge History Handbooks. London: Taylor & Francis. str. 305. ISBN 9781315278568. Pristupljeno 2018-04-17 — preko Google Books.
- Voivin, Alexei; Krom, Mikhail (2017). „The city of Pskov in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries: Baltic trade and institutional growth”. Ur.: Blockmans, Wim; Krom, Mikhail; Wubs-Mrozewicz, Justyna. The Routledge Handbook of Maritime Trade Around Europe 1300-1600: Commercial Networks and Urban Autonomy. Routledge History Handbooks. London: Taylor & Francis. str. 319. ISBN 9781315278568. Pristupljeno 2018-04-17 — preko Google Books.
- Small, Graeme (2009). Late Medieval France. Macmillan International Higher Education. str. 185—192. ISBN 978-1137102157.
- Kamen, Henry (2005). Spain, 1469-1714: A Society of Conflict (illustrated izd.). Pearson/Longman. ISBN 0582784646.
Spoljašnje veze[uredi | uredi izvor]
- Mediji vezani za članak Grad-država na Vikimedijinoj ostavi