Građanski rat u Nigeriji

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Građanski rat u Nigeriji
Deo Hladnog rata, dekolonizacije Afrike i kinesko-sovjetskog raskola

Defakto nezavisna Republika Bijafra u junu 1967. godine
Vreme6. jul 1967 — 15. januar 1970
Mesto
jugoistočna Nigerija
Uzrokotcepljenje Bijafre od Nigerije
Ishod pobeda vladinih snaga: ukidanje Bijafre i ponovo uspostavljena teritorijalna celovitost Nigerije[24]
Sukobljene strane

 Nigerija

Podrška:
Egipat UAR[a]
 Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo
 Sovjetski Savez
 SAD[3]
 Izrael[4]
 Bugarska[5]
Etiopsko carstvo Etiopija[6]
 Senegal
Somalija Somalija
Sijera Leone Sijera Leone
 Kamerun
 Niger
Kongo[7][8]
 Alžir
 Sirija
 Saudijska Arabija[9]

 Bijafra

Podrška:
 Francuska[10]
 Kina[11]
 Zapadna Nemačka[10]
 Izrael[b]
Portugalija Portugalija[13][14][15]
Španija Španija[14][16]
Vatikan Vatikan[v]
 Južna Afrika
 Rodezija[19]
 Haiti[10]
 Gabon[10]
 Obala Slonovače[10]
 Tanzanija[20][21][22]
 Čehoslovačka[g]
Komandanti i vođe
Nigerija Jakubu Govon
Nigerija Murtala Mohamed
Nigerija Bendžamin Adekunle
Nigerija Olusegun Obasandžo		 Bijafra Čukvemeka Odumegvu Odžukvu
Bijafra Filip Efiong
Bijafra Albert Okonkvo
Bijafra Rolf Štajner
Jačina
120.000—200.000 30.000—80.000
Žrtve i gubici
oko 200.000 ubijenih vojnika i civila oko 1.000.000 ubijenih vojnika i civila
raseljeno od 1.000.000 do 3.000.000 civila

Građanski rat u Nigeriji (6. jul 1967 — 15. januar 1970) bio je rat između vlade Nigerije i separatističkog pokreta Bijafre.[25] Bijafra je predstavljala nacionalističke težnje naroda Igbo, čije je rukovodstvo smatralo da više ne mogu da koegzistiraju sa severno dominiranom saveznom vladom.[26] Sukob je proistekao iz političkih, ekonomskih, etničkih, kulturnih i verskih tenzija koje su prethodile britanskoj formalnoj dekolonizaciji Nigerije od 1960. do 1963. Neposredni uzroci rata 1966. godine uključuju etno-versko nasilje i anti-igbo pogrome u Severnoj Nigeriji,[27] vojni puč, protivudar i progon Igba koji su živeli u Severnoj Nigeriji. Kontrola nad unosnom proizvodnjom nafte u delti Nigera takođe je imala vitalnu stratešku ulogu.

U ovom ratu je vlada Nigerija imala veću i bolje opremljeniju vojsku od svog protivnika, te je stoga uspela da izađe kao pobednik, posle dve i po godine sukoba. Na strani Bijafre borio se i određen broj plaćenika iz Evrope.

Napomene[uredi | uredi izvor]

  1. ^ Pružao vazdušnu podršku.[1][2]
  2. ^ Pružao podršku od 1968. godine.[12]
  3. ^ Iako nije potvrđeno, postoje sumnje da je i Vatikan pružao podršku Bijafri.[16][17][18]
  4. ^ Pružala podršku do 1968. godine.[23]

Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]

  1. ^ „The Literary Magazine - the Biafra War and the Age of Pestilence by Herbert Ekwe Ekwe”. Arhivirano iz originala 20. 08. 2018. g. Pristupljeno 15. 03. 2021. 
  2. ^ Shadows: Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria 1967–1970, by Michael I. Draper (ISBN 1-902109-63-5)
  3. ^ United States Department of State: The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs (25. 10. 2005). „Nigerian Civil War”. 2001-2009.state.gov. 
  4. ^ „Israel, Nigeria and the Biafra Civil War, 1967–1970”. 
  5. ^ Nigeria Since Independence: The First Twenty-five Years : International Relations, 1980. Page 204
  6. ^ Sadleman, Stephen (2000). The Ties That Divide. str. 86. ISBN 9780231122290. Pristupljeno 8. 6. 2018. 
  7. ^ Stearns, Jason K. Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: The Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa (2011), p. 115.
  8. ^ Wrong, Michela. In the Footsteps of Mr. Kurtz: Living on the Brink of Disaster in Mobutu's Congo (2000), p. 266.
  9. ^ Spencer C. Tucker, The Roots and Consequences of Civil Wars and Revolutions: Conflicts that Changed World History, (ISBN 9781440842948)
  10. ^ a b v g d „The Biafran War, Nigerian History, Nigerian Civil War”. Arhivirano iz originala 12. 3. 2008. g. 
  11. ^ Diamond, Stanley (2007). „Who Killed Biafra?”. Dialectical Anthropology. 31 (1/3): 339—362. JSTOR 29790795. S2CID 144828601. doi:10.1007/s10624-007-9014-9. 
  12. ^ "Biafran Airlift: Israel’s Secret Mission to Save Lives." Press, Eitan. United With Israel. www.unitedwithisrael.org Published 13 October 2013. Accessed 13 January 2017.
  13. ^ Genocide and the Europeans, 2010, p. 71.
  14. ^ a b There's A Riot Going On: Revolutionaries, Rock Stars, and the Rise and Fall of '60s Counter-Culture, 2007. p. 213.
  15. ^ The USSR in Third World Conflicts: Soviet Arms and Diplomacy in Local Wars 1945–1980, 1986, p. 91.
  16. ^ a b Hurst, Ryan (21. 6. 2009). „Republic of Biafra (1967–1970)”. 
  17. ^ Fellows, Lawerence (14. 1. 1970). „NIGERIAN REJECTS HELP FROM GROUPS THAT AIDED BIAFRA”. The New York Times. New York City. 
  18. ^ Chukwuemeka, Kenneth (decembar 2014). „Counting the Cost: The Politics of Relief Operations in the Nigerian Civil War, A Critical Appraisal” (PDF). African Study Monographs. 35 (3&4): 138 — preko Kyoto University. 
  19. ^ Griffin, "French military policy in the Nigerian Civil War" (2015), p. 122. "Starting in October 1967, there were also direct Czech arms flights, by a network of pilots led by Jack Malloch, a Rhodesian in contact with Houphouët-Boigny and Mauricheau-Beupré."
  20. ^ Malcolm MacDonald: Bringing an End to Empire, 1995, p. 416.
  21. ^ Ethnic Politics in Kenya and Nigeria, 2001, p. 54.
  22. ^ Africa 1960–1970: Chronicle and Analysis, 2009, p. 423.
  23. ^ Griffin, "French military policy in the Nigerian Civil War" (2015), p. 122. "The most important dimension of French military assistance was the shipment of weapons to Biafra, which had severe shortages of not only heavy weapons, but also small arms and ammunition. Portugal also provided weapons to Biafra, as did Czechoslovakia, until the Soviet invasion in 1968. The Biafrans set up an office in Paris called the 'Biafran Historical Research Centre', which was Ojukwu's contact point with Mauricheau-Beupré, Falques and Denard. The Centre allowed Ojukwu to purchase arms directly from European arms dealers. Denard would purchase arms from Czechoslovakia and ship them by sea to Biafra via Libreville. Starting in October 1967, there were also direct Czech arms flights, by a network of pilots led by Jack Malloch, a Rhodesian in contact with Houphouët-Boigny and Mauricheau-Beupré."
  24. ^ Onuoha, C; Nwangwu, FC (novembar 2020). „The political economy of Biafra separatism and post-war Igbo nationalism in Nigeria”. African Affairs. 119 (477): 526—551. doi:10.1093/afraf/adaa025. „"The first generation of Igbo nationalism started immediately after the Nigerian Civil War in 1970, and it is championed and dominated by the conservative Igbo petty bourgeoisie."” 
  25. ^ „Nigeria – Independent Nigeria”. Encyclopedia Britannica (na jeziku: engleski). Pristupljeno 2020-01-22. 
  26. ^ Daly, Samuel Fury Childs (2020). „A Nation on Paper: Making a State in the Republic of Biafra”. Comparative Studies in Society and History. 62 (4): 868—894. S2CID 224852757. doi:10.1017/S0010417520000316. 
  27. ^ Plotnicov, Leonard (1971). „An Early Nigerian Civil Disturbance: The 1945 Hausa-Ibo Riot in Jos”. The Journal of Modern African Studies. 9 (2): 297—305. ISSN 0022-278X. JSTOR 159448. doi:10.1017/S0022278X00024976. 

Literatura[uredi | uredi izvor]

  • Achebe, Chinua. There Was a Country, by Chinua Achebe; Penguin Press, 2012. (ISBN 978-1-59420-482-1)
  • Chant, Christopher. Warfare of the 20th Century. Chartwell Books, 1988. Ibadan University Press, 1974.
  • Diamond, Larry. Class, Ethnicity and Democracy in Nigeria: The Failure of the First Republic. Basingstroke, UK: Macmillan Press, 1988. ISBN 0-333-39435-6
  • Draper, Michael I. Shadows : Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria 1967–1970. ISBN 1-902109-63-5
  • Dudley, Billy. Instability and Political Order: Politics and Crisis in Nigeria
  • Ejibunu, Hassan Tai: Nigeria´s Delta Crisis: Root Causes and Peacelessness – EPU Research Papers: Issue 07/07, Stadtschlaining 2007
  • Ekwe-Ekwe, Herbert. The Biafra War: Nigeria and the Aftermath. African Studies, Volume 17. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 1990. ISBN 0-88946-235-6
  • Griffin, Christopher (2015). „French military policy in the Nigerian Civil War, 1967–1970”. Small Wars & Insurgencies. 26 (1): 114—135. S2CID 143967690. doi:10.1080/09592318.2014.959766. 
  • Heerten, Lasse; Moses, A. Dirk (2014). „The Nigeria–Biafra war: postcolonial conflict and the question of genocide”. Journal of Genocide Research. 16 (2–3): 169—203. doi:10.1080/14623528.2014.936700 Slobodan pristup. 
  • Kirk-Greene, A.H.M. The Genesis of the Nigerian Civil War and the Theory of Fear. Scandinavian Institute of African Studies. Research Report No. 27. Uppsala Offset Centre AB, 1975. ISBN 91-7106-085-5
  • Levey, Zach. "Israel, Nigeria and the Biafra civil war, 1967–70". Journal of Genocide Research 2–3, 2014.
  • Madiebo, Alexander A. The Nigerian Revolution and the Biafran War. Fourth Dimension Publishers, 1980.
  • Njoku, H. M. A Tragedy Without Heroes: The Nigeria—Biafra War. Enugu: Fourth Dimension Publishing Co., Ltd., 1987. ISBN 978-156-238-2
  • Ojiaku, Chief Uche Jim. Surviving the Iron Curtain: A Microscopic View of What Life Was Like, Inside a War-Torn Region. 2007. ISBN 1-4241-7070-2; ISBN 978-1-4241-7070-8
  • Olawoyin, James Alabi Olabisi. "Historical Analysis of Nigeria–Biafra Conflict". Master of Laws thesis accepted at York University (Toronto, Ontario), October 1971.
  • O'Sullivan, Kevin (2014). „Humanitarian encounters: Biafra, NGOs and imaginings of the Third World in Britain and Ireland, 1967–70”. Journal of Genocide Research. 16 (2–3): 299—315. S2CID 71299457. doi:10.1080/14623528.2014.936706. hdl:10379/6616 Slobodan pristup. 
  • Pierri, Bruno (2013). „A New Entry into the World Oil Market: Nigeria and Its Relations with the Atlantic Powers, 1967–1973”. Eunomia. Rivista Semestrale di Storia e Politica Internazionali. 1 (2). 
  • Stevenson, John Allen. "Capitol Gains: How Foreign Military Intervention and the Elite Quest for International Recognition Cause Mass Killing in New States". Political science PhD dissertation, accepted at University of Chicago, December 2014.
  • Uche, Chibuike. "Oil, British Interests and the Nigerian Civil War". Journal of African History 49, 2008.
  • Vidal, João M. (1996). „Texans in Biafra: T-6Gs in Use in the Nigerian Civil War”. Air Enthusiast (65): 40—47. ISSN 0143-5450. 
  • Zumbach, Jan. On Wings of War: My Life as a Pilot Adventurer.

Spoljašnje veze[uredi | uredi izvor]

Građanski rat u Nigeriji na Vikimedijinoj ostavi.

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