Demosten
Demosten (grč. Δημοσθένης, Dēmosthénēs, 384—322. godine p. n. e) bio je najveći govornik antičke Grčke i istaknuti atinski državnik. Njegovi govori odlikuju se visokom književno-umetničkom vrednošću i istovremeno pružaju temeljit uvid u politička i kulturna zbivanja u antičkoj Grčkoj tokom IV veka p. n. e.
Biografija[uredi | uredi izvor]
Demosten je govorničku veštinu naučio proučavajući govore svojih velikih prethodnika. Prve sudske govore izrekao je kada je imao dvadeset godina kada je uspešno dobio sudski postupak protiv svojih staratelja koji su proneverili njegovo nasledstvo. Jedno vreme Demosten je zarađivao za život kao profesionalni pisac govora za druge — logograf, te se i sam bavio pravom.
Upravo za vreme rada kao logograf, Demosten je pokazao interes za politiku, a 354. p. n. e. izgovorio je svoje prve političke govore. Najveći deo svog plodnog radnog veka uložio je protiveći se ekspanziji antičke Makedonije. Svoj grad, Atinu, veoma je voleo i idealizovao i celi se život borio da ona ponovo bude nadmoćna nad ostalim gradovima. Istovremeno je insistirao kod svojih sugrađana da se odupru Filipu II Makedonskom. Mogućnost za ostvarenje tih ciljeva video je u očuvanju slobode Atine i sklapanju saveza sa drugim gradovima protiv Makedonije. Ipak, nije uspio preduprediti Filipove planove, širenje njegovog uticaja na jug i osvajanje grčkih polisa.
Nakon Filipove smrti, Demosten je odigrao vodeću ulogu i u atinskom ustanku protiv novog makedonskog kralja, Aleksandra Velikog, Filipovog sina. Ipak, njegovi napori nisu uspeli i ustanak je provocirao žestoku reakciju Makedonaca. Kako bi sprečio slične probleme, Antipater, Aleksandrov general, poslao je poteru za Demostenom. Demosten nije dozvolio da ga uhvate oduzevši sebi život.
O Demostenu[uredi | uredi izvor]
Aristofan iz Vizantije (oko 257-185. godine p. n. e, grčki učenjak, kritičar i gramatičar) i njegov učenik, Aristarh sa Samotrake (oko 220–143. godine p. n. e, smatra se za najuticajnijeg poznavaoca Homerovih djela, bio je bibliotekar u Aleksandriji) uvrstili su Demostena među deset najvećih atičkih govornika i logografa. Longinus (grčki učitelj retorike ili književni kritičar) za Demostena je rekao da je usavršio sve karakteristike odličnog govora. A Ciceron ga je smatrao savršenim govornikom kome ništa ne nedostaje.
Radovi[uredi | uredi izvor]
Demosten je verovatno sam zapisao i stavio na raspolaganje veći deo svojih govora.[1] Nakon njegove smrti, tekstovi njegovih govora sačuvani su na barem dva mesta; u Atini i aleksandrijskoj biblioteci (oko polovine III veka p. n. e.). Tada je Kalimah (Καλλίμαχος, oko 305-240. godine p. n. e, zapaženi pjesnik, kritičar i učenjak) bio zadužen za izradu kataloga svih spisa u aleksandrijskoj bibiloteci. Demostenovi govori su uvršteni u korpus djela klasične grčke književnosti i oni su ostali sačuvana, katalogizovani i proučavani kasnije, u doba helenizma. Od tada pa do IV veka n. e. napravljene su brojne kopije Demostenovih govora, a posebno jer je Demosten smatran za najvažnijeg autora — govornika i jer je svaki ozbiljan student koji je želio postati dobar govornik morao imati pristup Demostenovim radovima[2]
Stručnjaci su izbrojali 258 vizantijskih rukopisa Demostenovih govora i 21 izvod. Savremena izdanja njegovih govora uglavnom sadrže četiri glavna stara rukopisa (prepisa):
- Venetus Marcianus 416, (označeno F), iz X veka, uključujući i 61 govor koji su preživeli do današnjeg vremena.
- Monacensis Augustanus 485 (A), oko X ili XI veka, sa 44 govora. Nedostaju 12, 45, 46, 52, 60 i 61[3]
- Parisinus 2935 (Y), takođe X ili XI vek, sa 29 govora (1-24, 26, 59-61)[3].
- Parisinus 2934 (S), X ili XI vek, smatra se za najpouzdanije[4]. Nedostaje spis 12 (Filipovo pismo) ali sadrži 60 govora.
Autorstvo[uredi | uredi izvor]
Autorstvo nad barem devet od 61 govora je sporno. Istraživač Fridrih Blas smatra spornim autorstvo nad govorima: IV Filipike, Pogrebni govor, Erotski esej, Protiv Stefanusa II i Protiv Evergusa i Mnesibulusa[5]. Arnold Šefer smatra da je Demostenovih samo 29, pa spornim smatra, između ostalih, i Odgovor Filipu, Protiv Leoharesa, Protiv Stefanusa I i Protiv Eubilida[6].
Prolozi[uredi | uredi izvor]
Preostalo je pedeset i pet pasusa pod zajedničkim nazivom prooimia (ili prooimia dēmēgorika). To su bili uvodi u Demostenove govore koje je Kalimah sakupio za aleksandrijsku biblioteku, a sačuvani su u nekoliko rukopisa koji sadrže Demostenove govore[7]. Dužina im varira, ali su svi dugi oko jedne stranice teksta ili kraći[8]. Većina prologa nisu u vezi sa drugim Demostenovim govorima (samo je pet blisko počecima pet Demostenovih skupštinskih govora) ali ipak, poznato je tek sedamnaest Demostenovih javnih govora. Takođe im je i tema različita i ne čini se da postoji nekakav redosled[9]. Prolozi daju uvid u odnos Atinjana prema njihovoj demokratiji i reakcije, pa čak i očekivanja prisutnih u skupštini[10]. Kalimah je bio uvjeren da ih je sastavio Demosten kao i još par antičkih autora[11] a savremeni učenjaci su podijeljeni; neki to opovrgavaju[12] a drugi potvrđuju[13].
Pisma[uredi | uredi izvor]
Šest pisama nosi Demostenov potpis ali je njihovo autorstvo predmet žučnih debata[14]. Goldstin smatra Demostenova pisma autentičnim apologetskim pismima koja su bila upućena atinskoj skupštini i tvrdi da bilo da su „pisma bila napisana kao propaganda ili retorička fikcija, namjera autora bila je odbrana Demostenove karijere, simulirana samoodbrana“.[15] Pretpostavlja se da je Demosten prva četiri pisma napisao tokom egzila 323. godine p. n. e, peto u vreme mladosti, a šesto tokom lamijskog rata[3].
Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]
- ^ H. Weil, Biography of Demosthenes, 66
- ^ H. Yunis, Demosthenes: On the Crown, 28
- ^ a b v R. Sealey, Demosthenes and His Time, 222
- ^ I. Kalitsounakis, Demosthenes, 958; C.A. Gibson, Interpreting a Classic, 1; K.A. Kapparis, Apollodoros against Neaira, 62. The preference for S has been challenged by Dieter Irmer (Zur Genealogie, 95-99) and defended by Hermann Wankel (R. Sealey, Demosthenes and His Time, 222).
- ^ F. Blass, Die attische Beredsamkeit, III, 1, 404-406 and 542-546
- ^ A. Schaefer, Demosthenes und seine Zeit, III, 111, 178, 247 and 257
- ^ I. Worthington, Demosthenes, 57
- ^ H. Yunis, Taming Democracy, 287
- ^ I. Worthington, Demosthenes, 57; H. Yunis, Taming Democracy, 287
- ^ I. Worthington, Demosthenes, 56
- ^ I. Worthington, Oral Performance, 135
- ^ I. Kalitsounakis, Demosthenes, 957. In prologu 54-55, Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff je prepoznao dijelove atenskih govora iz III stoljeća p.n.e. (R. Sealey, Demosthenes and His Time, 221).
- ^ F. Blass, Die Attische Beredsamkeit, 3.1, 281-287; H. Yunis, Taming Democracy, 289: "Nijedan ... ne bi mogao tako savršeno oponašati Demostenov stil i sadržinu istovremeno isključujući sve nepotrebne ili anahrone elemente"
- ^ F.J. Long, Ancient Rhetoric and Paul's Apology, 102; M. Trap, Greek and Latin Letters, 12
- ^ J.A. Goldstein, The Letters of Demosthenes, 93
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|date=
(pomoć) - Worman, Nancy (proleće 2004). „Insult and Oral Excess in the Disputes between Aeschines and Demosthenes”. The American Journal of Philology. 125 (1): 1—25. JSTOR 1562208. S2CID 163140669. doi:10.1353/ajp.2004.0011.
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Spoljašnje veze[uredi | uredi izvor]
Bibliotečki resursi o Demosthenes |
- Demosten na sajtu Enciklopedija Britanika
- Art of Speech Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (11. mart 2007)
- Britannica, 11th Edition
- Lendering, Jona Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (22. maj 2013)
- Pickard A. W.
- Works by and about Demosthenes at Perseus Digital Library
- Demosten na sajtu Projekat Gutenberg (jezik: engleski)
- Demosten na sajtu Internet Archive (jezik: engleski)
- Demosten na sajtu LibriVox (jezik: engleski)
- Beck, Sanderson: Philip, Demosthenes, and Alexander
- Blackwell, Christopher W.: The Assembly during Demosthenes' era Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (6. decembar 2008)
- Britannica online: Macedonian supremacy in Greece
- Smith, William: A Smaller History of Ancient Greece-Philip of Macedon
- SORGLL: Demosthenes, On the Crown 199–208; read by Stephen Daitz
- Libanius, Hypotheses to the Orations of Demosthenes Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (12. mart 2007)