Istorija Indije

Prema konsenzusu u modernoj genetici, anatomski moderni ljudi prvi put su stigli na Indijski potkontinent iz Afrike pre između 73 000 i 55 000 godina. Međutim, najraniji poznati ljudski ostaci u Južnoj Aziji datiraju od pre 30 000 godina. Naseljeni život, koji uključuje prelazak sa prikupljana hrana na poljoprivredu i stočarstvo, započeo je u Južnoj Aziji oko 7000. p. n. e.. Na mestu Mergar, Beludžistan u Pakistanu, može se dokumentovati prisustvo pripitomljavanja pšenice i ječma, brzo praćeno domestikacijom koza, ovaca i goveda. Do 4.500. p. n. e., naseljeni život je bio širi rasprostranjen, i počeo je postepeno da evoluira u Civilizaciju doline Inda, ranu civilizaciju Starog sveta, što se odvijalo istovremeno sa Drevnim Egiptom i Mezopotamijom. Ova civilizacija je procvetala između 2.500. p. n. e. i 1.900. p. n. e. u današnjem Pakistanu i severozapadnoj Indiji, a bila je poznata po urbanističkom planiranju, kućama od pečenih opeka, složenoj drenaži i snabdevanju vodom.

Svoje ime Indija duguje starom persijskom nazivu reke Ind – Sindu. Po ustavu, država se može nazivati i po svom nazivu u hindi jeziku Barat (भारत). Neke grupe, naročito muslimani, koriste naziv Hindustan. Indija je imala značajnu ulogu u istoriji čovečanstva, jer je bila mesto gde se razvijala jedna od četiri najveće stare civilizacije, centar velikih trgovinskih puteva i velikih carevina. U njoj su se razvile tri velike religije – budizam, lamaizam i hinduizam, a i islam je ostavio neizbrisiv trag.

Crteži iz kamenog doba na stenama u državi Madja Pradeš su najstariji dokazi ljudske aktivnosti u Indiji. Ostaci prvih naselja stari su 9000 godina. Prva civilizacija u dolini reke Ind, Vedska civilizacija, imala je svoj vrhunac između godina 2600. p. n. e. i 1900. p. n. e. Po nekim teorijama, oko 1500. p. n. e, arijevska plemena su se iz centralne Azije preselila u Indiju i preuzela dominaciju.

Od 6. veka p. n. e., verske reforme dovode do procvata budizma i đainizma. Hinduizam se razvija iz vedske kulture.

Tadž Mahal u Agri je najpoznatiji spomenik Indije

U prvom milenijumu postojalo je mnoštvo kraljevina u Indiji. Dinastija Maurja dala je budističkog vladara Ašoka, filozofa i reformatora, koji za Indijce ima gotovo mitski status. Dinastija Gupta je dominirala u periodu poznatom kao „Zlatno doba Indije“. Nauka, umetnost, literatura, matematika, astronomija i filozofija su sve doživele veliki napredak pod pokroviteljstvom ovih vladara.

Tokom drugog milenijuma nove ere, veliki delovi Indije potpadaju pod vlast muslimana, prvo Sultanata u Delhiju, a kasnije Mogulskog carstva. Procenjuje se da je od 1000-1525 ubijeno 80 miliona Indusa.

U osamnaestom veku Indiju je kolonizovala Britanska imperija i proglasila Indijsko carstvo 1877, pod svojim monarhom kao suverenom. Francuska i Portugal su zadržale svoje manje kolonijalne ispostave. Posle duge borbe za nezavisnost, pod vođstvom Mahatme Gandija, Džavaharlal Nehrua, i drugih, Indija je 1947. godine postala nezavisna država.

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Spoljašnje veze

• History of India at www.indohistory.com
• History of India Podcast