Istorija Indije
Prema konsenzusu u modernoj genetici, anatomski moderni ljudi prvi put su stigli na Indijski potkontinent iz Afrike pre između 73 000 i 55 000 godina.[1] Međutim, najraniji poznati ljudski ostaci u Južnoj Aziji datiraju od pre 30 000 godina. Naseljeni život, koji uključuje prelazak sa prikupljana hrana na poljoprivredu i stočarstvo, započeo je u Južnoj Aziji oko 7000. p. n. e.. Na mestu Mergar, Beludžistan u Pakistanu, može se dokumentovati prisustvo pripitomljavanja pšenice i ječma, brzo praćeno domestikacijom koza, ovaca i goveda.[2] Do 4.500. p. n. e., naseljeni život je bio širi rasprostranjen,[2] i počeo je postepeno da evoluira u Civilizaciju doline Inda, ranu civilizaciju Starog sveta, što se odvijalo istovremeno sa Drevnim Egiptom i Mezopotamijom. Ova civilizacija je procvetala između 2.500. p. n. e. i 1.900. p. n. e. u današnjem Pakistanu i severozapadnoj Indiji, a bila je poznata po urbanističkom planiranju, kućama od pečenih opeka, složenoj drenaži i snabdevanju vodom.[3]
Svoje ime Indija duguje starom persijskom nazivu reke Ind – Sindu. Po ustavu, država se može nazivati i po svom nazivu u hindi jeziku Barat (भारत). Neke grupe, naročito muslimani, koriste naziv Hindustan. Indija je imala značajnu ulogu u istoriji čovečanstva, jer je bila mesto gde se razvijala jedna od četiri najveće stare civilizacije, centar velikih trgovinskih puteva i velikih carevina. U njoj su se razvile tri velike religije – budizam, lamaizam i hinduizam, a i islam je ostavio neizbrisiv trag.
Crteži iz kamenog doba na stenama u državi Madja Pradeš su najstariji dokazi ljudske aktivnosti u Indiji. Ostaci prvih naselja stari su 9000 godina. Prva civilizacija u dolini reke Ind, Vedska civilizacija, imala je svoj vrhunac između godina 2600. p. n. e. i 1900. p. n. e. Po nekim teorijama, oko 1500. p. n. e, arijevska plemena su se iz centralne Azije preselila u Indiju i preuzela dominaciju.
Od 6. veka p. n. e., verske reforme dovode do procvata budizma i đainizma. Hinduizam se razvija iz vedske kulture.
U prvom milenijumu postojalo je mnoštvo kraljevina u Indiji. Dinastija Maurja dala je budističkog vladara Ašoka, filozofa i reformatora, koji za Indijce ima gotovo mitski status. Dinastija Gupta je dominirala u periodu poznatom kao „Zlatno doba Indije“. Nauka, umetnost, literatura, matematika, astronomija i filozofija su sve doživele veliki napredak pod pokroviteljstvom ovih vladara.
Tokom drugog milenijuma nove ere, veliki delovi Indije potpadaju pod vlast muslimana, prvo Sultanata u Delhiju, a kasnije Mogulskog carstva. Procenjuje se da je od 1000-1525 ubijeno 80 miliona Indusa.
U osamnaestom veku Indiju je kolonizovala Britanska imperija i proglasila Indijsko carstvo 1877, pod svojim monarhom kao suverenom. Francuska i Portugal su zadržale svoje manje kolonijalne ispostave. Posle duge borbe za nezavisnost, pod vođstvom Mahatme Gandija, Džavaharlal Nehrua, i drugih, Indija je 1947. godine postala nezavisna država.
Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]
- ^ Michael D. Petraglia; Bridget Allchin (2007). The Evolution and History of Human Populations in South Asia: Inter-disciplinary Studies in Archaeology, Biological Anthropology, Linguistics and Genetics. Springer Science & Business Media. str. 6. ISBN 978-1-4020-5562-1. Quote: "Y-Chromosome and Mt-DNA data support the colonization of South Asia by modern humans originating in Africa. ... Coalescence dates for most non-European populations average to between 73–55 ka."
- ^ a b Wright, Rita P. (2009), The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy, and Society, Cambridge University Press, str. 44, 51, ISBN 978-0-521-57652-9
- ^ Wright, Rita P. (2009), The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy, and Society, Cambridge University Press, str. 115—125, ISBN 978-0-521-57652-9
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