Karl Poper

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Karl Poper
Lični podaci
Puno imeKarl Rejmund Poper
Datum rođenja(1902-07-28)28. jul 1902.
Mesto rođenjaBeč, Austrougarska
Datum smrti17. septembar 1994.(1994-09-17) (92 god.)
Mesto smrtiLondon, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo
ObrazovanjeUniverzitet u Beču
Filozofski rad
Škola filozofije

Ser Karl Rejmund Poper[4] (nem. Karl Raimund Popper) bio je britanski filozof austrijsko-jevrejskog porekla.[5][6][7] Rodio se 1902. godine u Beču, a preminuo je 1994. u Londonu. Dao je velike doprinose filozofiji nauke (kritika induktivizma, opservacionizma i pozitivizma; hipotetičko-deduktivni metod; falsifikacionizam; evoluciona epistemologija; Poperov eksperiment) i filozofiji politike (koncept i kritika istoricizma; otvoreno društvo; društveni inženjering), a bavio se i filozofijom duha i socijalnom filozofijom. Smatra se osnivačem savremene filozofije nauke i savremene liberalne demokratije.

Hipotetičko-deduktivni metod[uredi | uredi izvor]

Baveći se objašnjavanjem prirode naučnog znanja, Poper u svom glavnom delu Logika naučnog otkrića kritikuje teorije logičkih pozitivista, pre svega induktivizam i opservacionizam.

Vrativši se na Hjumovo objašnjenje problema indukcije, Poper podseća da indukcijom ne možemo doći do pouzdanog znanja i da upravo uopštavanje, kojim se služimo prilikom induktivnog zaključivanja ne garantuje da će slučajevi određene klase koje nismo iskustveno proverili, (a činjenica je da nikada ne možemo sve slučajeve iskustveno proveriti) odgovarati onome što smo zaključili o slučajevima koje smo proverili. Drugim rečima, to što iz višegodišnjeg iskustva znamo da posle noći dolazi dan, ne garantuje nam da sa sigurnošću možemo tvrditi da će sutra svanuti dan.

U vezi sa prethodno rečenim, proizilazi i kritika opservacionističkog stava po kome sve iskaze naučnog jezika možemo svesti na iskaze opažanja. Poper smatra da ne postoje čista posmatranja, već da je svako posmatranje protkano određenim teorijama. Samim tim, hipoteze koje nije moguće odmah proveriti u praksi, nužne su u procesu saznanja i služe kao ideje vodilje. To znači da se i u naučnom saznanju, pre opažanja mora poći od neke pretpostavke, koja će upravo služiti da nam ukaže na nešto što ćemo u daljem procesu istraživanja opažati.

Poper takođe kritikuje probabilizam kao stanovište po kome proizilazi da u procesu saznanja treba tragati ne za izvesnim, tj potpuno proverenim iskazima ili hipotezama, jer do njih ne možemo doći, nego za sve verovatnijim teorijama. Suprotno ovom stanovištu, Poper uvodi teoriju verovatnoće po kojoj ističe da informativni sadržaj jednog stava nije srazmeran logičkoj verovatnoći tog stava. To znači da ako imamo u potpunosti verovatan stav tipa Sutra će biti ili neće biti zemljotres, takav stav neće biti koristan u procesu naučnog istraživanja, s obzirom na to da pomoću njega nećemo dobiti nikakvo korisno saznanje o svetu oko nas. Ukoliko je smisao naučnog istraživanja da dođe do novih saznanja o svetu i čoveku, Poper ističe da će onda za naučno istraživanje biti korisnije što više neverovatne odnosno smele teorije i da ih ne treba tek tako odbaciti kao neosnovane. Iz iskustva velikih naučnika možemo videti da to zaista jeste slučaj, kao i da je to put ka novim naučnim otkrićima.

Hipotetičko-deduktivni metod, koji Poper uvodi kao alternativu teorijama logičkih pozitivista, pokazuje da priroda ljudskog saznanja nije kumulativna i da se ne može govoriti ni o kakvom ravnomernom rastu znanja, gde će nove teorije da se nadovezuju na stare i samo da ih proširuju. Primeri iz naučne prakse nam pokazuju suprotno, da upravo nove teorije logički protivreče prethodnim i da ih na taj način u potpunosti ili delimično pobijaju. Iz tog razloga možemo zaključiti da je čitavo ljudsko znanje hipotetičkog karaktera. Onog momenta kada pronađemo potvrdu u praksi da neko pravilo ne odgovara određenoj pojavi, onda dolazi do toga da pravilo koje je deduktivnim načinom zaključivanja bilo postavljeno, sada mora biti odbačeno. U tome se ogleda suština hipotetičko- deduktivnog metoda u naučnom istraživanju. U tom kontekstu, Poper naglašava da je upravo mogućnost opovrgavanja, tj ne traganje za izvesnim, nego za lažnim (opovrgljivim) hipotezama, kriterijum njihove naučnosti. Pokušaj opovrgavanja naučne hiopteze zapravo predstavlja pravi put do novih naučnih otkrića. Dužnost naučnika je da traga za smelim hipotezama i na taj način proširuje ljudsko saznanje, a smisao nauke nije u tome da nam da potpuno izvesne odgovore o svetu koji nas okružuje i da stavi tačku na svoja učenja, nego da neprestano postavlja ispred sebe nova pitanja i traga za njihovim odgovorima.[8]

Glavna dela[uredi | uredi izvor]

Grob Karla Popera u Beču
  • Logika naučnog metoda (1934)
  • Otvoreno društvo i njegovi neprijatelji (1945)
  • Beda istoricizma (1957)
  • Pretpostavke i pobijanja - rast naučnog saznanja (1963)
  • Objektivno znanje - evolucionistički pristup (1972)
  • Potraga bez kraja (1976)
  • Sopstvo i njegov mozak - argument za interakcionizam (1977), sa fiziologom Dž. Eklsom
  • Otvoreni Univerzum - argument za indeterminizam (1982)

Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]

  1. ^ „Karl Popper and Critical Rationalism”. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 
  2. ^ a b Thornton, Stephen (1. 1. 2015). Zalta, Edward N., ur. Karl Popper (Winter 2015 izd.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.  "Popper professes to be anti-conventionalist, and his commitment to the correspondence theory of truth places him firmly within the realist's camp".
  3. ^ „Karl Popper: Political Philosophy”. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 
  4. ^ Miller, D. (1997). „Sir Karl Raimund Popper, C. H., F. B. A. 28 July 1902 – 17 September 1994.: Elected F.R.S. 1976”. Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 43: 369—409. S2CID 70895112. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1997.0021. 
  5. ^ Watkins, J. (1996). „Obituary of Karl Popper, 1902–1994”. Proceedings of the British Academy. 94: 645–684. 
  6. ^ "Karl Popper (1902–94) advocated by Andrew Marr". BBC In Our Time – Greatest Philosopher. Pristupljeno January 2015.
  7. ^ Adams, I.; Dyson, R. W. (2007). Fifty Major Political Thinkers. Routledge. p. 196. "He became a British citizen in 1945".
  8. ^ Poper, Karl (1973). Logika naučnog otkrića. Beograd: Nolit. 

Literatura[uredi | uredi izvor]

  • Poper, Karl (1973). Logika naučnog otkrića. Beograd: Nolit. 
  • Thornton, Stephen (1. 1. 2015). Zalta, Edward N., ur. Karl Popper (Winter 2015 izd.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 
  • Gattei, Stefano. Karl Popper's Philosophy of Science. 2009.
  • Miller, David. Critical Rationalism: A Restatement and Defence. 1994.
  • David Miller (Ed.). Popper Selections.
  • Watkins, John W. N.. Science and Scepticism. Preface & Princeton 1984 (Princeton University Press). Watkins, John W. N. (14. 7. 2014). Contents. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-09-158010-0. 
  • Jarvie, Ian Charles, Karl Milford, David W. Miller, ed. (2006). Karl Popper: A Centenary Assessment, Ashgate.
Volume I: Life and Times, and Values in a World of Facts. Description & Contents.
Volume II: Metaphysics and Epistemology Description & Contents.
Volume III: Science. Description & Contents.
  • Bailey, Richard, Education in the Open Society: Karl Popper and Schooling. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate 2000. The only book-length examination of Popper's relevance to education.
  • Bartley, William Warren III. Unfathomed Knowledge, Unmeasured Wealth. La Salle, IL. . Open Court Press. 1990. . A look at Popper and his influence by one of his students.
  • Berkson, William K., and Wettersten, John. Learning from Error: Karl Popper's Psychology of Learning. La Salle, IL: Open Court 1984
  • Cornforth, Maurice. The open philosophy and the open society, 2., (rev.) ed., Lawrence & Wishart. . London. 1977. ISBN 978-0-85315-384-9. . The fundamental critique from the Marxist standpoint.
  • Edmonds, D., Eidinow, J. Wittgenstein's Poker. New York: Ecco 2001. A review of the origin of the conflict between Popper and Ludwig Wittgenstein, focused on events leading up to their volatile first encounter at 1946 Cambridge meeting.
  • Feyerabend, Paul Against Method. London. . New Left Books. 1975. . A polemical, iconoclastic book by a former colleague of Popper's. Vigorously critical of Popper's rationalist view of science.
  • Hacohen, M. Karl Popper: The Formative Years, 1902–1945. Cambridge. . Cambridge University Press. 2000. .
  • Hickey, J. Thomas. History of the Twentieth-Century Philosophy of Science Book V, Karl Popper And Falsificationist Criticism. www.philsci.com . 1995
  • Kadvany, John (2001). Imre Lakatos and the Guises of Reason. Durham and London: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-2659-5. . Explains how Imre Lakatos developed Popper's philosophy into a historicist and critical theory of scientific method.
  • Keuth, Herbert. The Philosophy of Karl Popper. Cambridge. . Cambridge University Press. 2004. . An accurate scholarly overview of Popper's philosophy, ideal for students.
  • Kuhn, Thomas S. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago. . University of Chicago Press. 1962. . Central to contemporary philosophy of science is the debate between the followers of Kuhn and Popper on the nature of scientific enquiry. This is the book in which Kuhn's views received their classical statement.
  • Lakatos, Imre; Musgrave, Alan, ur. (1970). Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-07826-9. 
  • Levinson, Paul, ed. In Pursuit of Truth: Essays on the Philosophy of Karl Popper on the Occasion of his 80th Birthday. Atlantic Highlands, NJ. . Humanities Press. 1982. ISBN 978-0-391-02609-4.  A collection of essays on Popper's thought and legacy by a wide range of his followers. With forewords by Isaac Asimov and Helmut Schmidt. Includes an interview with Sir Ernst Gombrich.
  • Lindh, Allan Goddard (11. 11. 1993). „Did Popper solve Hume's problem?”. Nature. 366 (6451): 105—06. Bibcode:1993Natur.366..105G. S2CID 186244582. doi:10.1038/366105a0. 
  • Magee, Bryan. Popper. London: Fontana, 1977. An elegant introductory text. Very readable, albeit rather uncritical of its subject, by a former Member of Parliament.
  • Magee, Bryan. Confessions of a Philosopher, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1997. Magee's philosophical autobiography, with a chapter on his relations with Popper. More critical of Popper than in the previous reference.
  • Maxwell, Nicholas, Karl Popper, Science and Enlightenment, London. . UCL Press. 2017. . An exposition and development of Popper's philosophy of science and social philosophy, available free online.
  • Munz, Peter. Beyond Wittgenstein's Poker: New Light on Popper and Wittgenstein. Aldershot. . Hampshire, UK: Ashgate. 2004. ISBN 978-0-7546-4016-5. . Written by the only living student of both Wittgenstein and Popper, an eyewitness to the famous "poker" incident described above (Edmunds & Eidinow). Attempts to synthesize and reconcile the differences between these two philosophers.
  • Niemann, Hans-Joachim. Lexikon des Kritischen Rationalismus, (Encyclopaedia of Critical Raionalism), Tübingen (Mohr Siebeck). 2004. ISBN 978-3-16-148395-0.. More than a thousand headwords about critical rationalism, the most important arguments of K.R. Popper and H. Albert, quotations of the original wording. Edition for students in. 2006. ISBN 978-3-16-149158-0..
  • Notturno, Mark Amadeus. "Objectivity, Rationality, and the Third Realm: Justification and the Grounds of Psychologism". Boston: Martinus Nijhoff, 1985.
  • Notturno, Mark Amadeus. On Popper. Wadsworth Philosophers Series. 2003. A very comprehensive book on Popper's philosophy by an accomplished Popperian.
  • Notturno, Mark Amadeus. "Science and the Open Society". New York. . CEU Press. 2000. .
  • O'Hear, Anthony. Karl Popper. London: Routledge, 1980. A critical account of Popper's thought, viewed from the perspective of contemporary analytic philosophy.
  • Parusniková, Zuzana & Robert S. Cohen (2009). Rethinking Popper. Description and contents. Springer.
  • Radnitzky, Gerard, Bartley, W. W. III eds. Evolutionary Epistemology, Rationality, and the Sociology of Knowledge. LaSalle, IL. . Open Court Press. 1987. ISBN 978-0-8126-9039-2. . A strong collection of essays by Popper, Campbell, Munz, Flew, et al., on Popper's epistemology and critical rationalism. Includes a particularly vigorous answer to Rorty's criticisms.
  • Richmond, Sheldon. Aesthetic Criteria: Gombrich and the Philosophies of Science of Popper and Polanyi. Rodopi, Amsterdam/Atlanta, 152 pp. 1994. ISBN 978-90-5183-618-9..
  • Rowbottom, Darrell P. Popper's Critical Rationalism: A Philosophical Investigation. London: Routledge, 2010. A research monograph on Popper's philosophy of science and epistemology. It critiques and develops critical rationalism in light of more recent advances in mainstream philosophy.
  • Schilpp, Paul A., ed. The Philosophy of Karl Popper. Description and contents. Chicago, IL: Open Court Press, One of the better contributions to the Library of Living Philosophers series. Contains Popper's intellectual autobiography (v. Ialso as a 1976 book), a comprehensive range of critical essays, and Popper's responses to them. 1974. ISBN 978-0-87548-141-8. str. 2–184,. (vol.I). ISBN 978-0-87548-142-5. (Vol II)
  • Schroeder-Heister, P. "Popper, Karl Raimund (1902–94)," International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001, pp. 11727–11733. Abstract. Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (31. avgust 2008)
  • Shearmur, Jeremy. The Political Thought of Karl Popper. London and New York: Routledge, 1996. Study of Popper's political thought by a former assistant of Popper's. Makes use of archive sources and studies the development of Popper's political thought and its inter-connections with his epistemology.
  • Shearmur, Jeremy (2008). „Popper, Karl (1902–1994)”. Ur.: Hamowy, Ronald. Karl Popper (1902–1994). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE; Cato Institute. str. 380—81. ISBN 978-1-4129-6580-4. LCCN 2008009151. OCLC 750831024. doi:10.4135/9781412965811.n234. 
  • Stokes, G. Popper: Philosophy, Politics and Scientific Method. Cambridge. . Polity Press. 1998. . A very comprehensive, balanced study, which focuses largely on the social and political side of Popper's thought.
  • Stove, D.C., Popper and After: Four Modern Irrationalists. Oxford: Pergamon. 1982. A vigorous attack, especially on Popper's restricting himself to deductive logic.
  • Tausch, Arno (2015). „Towards New Maps of Global Human Values, Based on World Values Survey (6) Data” (PDF). S2CID 142706298. SSRN 2587626Slobodan pristup. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2587626. 
  • Thornton, Stephen. "Karl Popper," Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2006.
  • Weimer, W., Palermo, D., eds. Cognition and the Symbolic Processes. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 1982. See Hayek's essay, "The Sensory Order after 25 Years", and "Discussion".
  • Zippelius, Reinhold, Die experimentierende Methode im Recht, Akademie der Wissenschaften Mainz. –. . Stuttgart: Franz Steiner. 1991. ISBN 978-3-515-05901-5. 

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