Kmerski jezik
| Kmerski jezik | |
|---|---|
| Kambodžanski | |
| ភាសាខ្មែរ, Phiasa Khmae ខេមរភាសា, Khemarak Phiasa | |
 Phéasa Khmêr („kmerski jezik”) napisan u kmerskom pismu | |
| Govori se u | Kambodža Tajland (istok i severoistok) Vijetnam (delta Mekong) |
| Etnička pripadnost | Kmeri |
Broj govornika | 160 miliona (2007)[1] |
Austroazijski
| |
Raniji oblici | Protokmerski
|
| Kmersko pismo kmersko Brajevo pismo | |
| Zvanični status | |
Službeni jezik u |  Kambodža
 ASEAN[2] |
Priznati manjinski jezik u | |
| Jezički kodovi | |
| ISO 639-1 | km |
| ISO 639-2 | khm Centralnokmerski |
| ISO 639-3 | Ili:khm – Kmerskikxm – severnokmerski |
| Glotolog | khme1253 (Kmerski)[3]cent1989 (Centralnokmerski)[4] |
| Lingosfera | 46-FBA-a |
 Khmer | |
Kmerski jezik (ភាសាខ្មែរ)[5] je zvanični jezik Kambodže. To je jezik naroda Kmer, najbrojnije etničke zajednice u zemlji. Ovaj se jezik ubraja u austroazijsku jezičku porodicu. Sa susednim tai, lao i vijetnamskim jezikom,[6] kmerski jezik sačinjava jezički savez. Za razliku od njih, kmerski nema melodijski akcenat. Najraniji zapisi kmerskog jezika potiču iz 6-7. veka nove ere. Preko budizma i hinduizma, sanskrit je uticao na kmerski jezik. Kmerski jezik se zapisuje sopstvenim, kmerskim pismom, koje je slično tai i lao pismu. Kmerskim jezikom se služi oko 13-21 milion ljudi. Oko 79% stanovništva u Kambodži može da čita kmersko pismo.[7]
Klasifikacija[uredi | uredi izvor]
Khmer is a member of the Austroasiatic language family, the autochthonous family in an area that stretches from the Malay Peninsula through Southeast Asia to East India.[8] Austroasiatic, which also includes Mon, Vietnamese and Munda, has been studied since 1856 and was first proposed as a language family in 1907.[9] Despite the amount of research, there is still doubt about the internal relationship of the languages of Austroasiatic.[10]
Diffloth places Khmer in an eastern branch of the Mon-Khmer languages.[11] In these classification schemes Khmer's closest genetic relatives are the Bahnaric and Pearic languages.[12] More recent classifications doubt the validity of the Mon-Khmer sub-grouping and place the Khmer language as its own branch of Austroasiatic equidistant from the other 12 branches of the family.[10]
Osobine[uredi | uredi izvor]
Red reči u kmerskom odgovara šablonu: subjekat-glagol-objekat. Reči se najčešće sastoje iz jedne morfeme, a za tvorbu reči povremeno služe prefiksi i infiksi. Kmerske reči najčešće imaju dva ili tri sloga. Glagoli se često povezuju u nizove. Imenice nemaju rod ni broj. Kmerski jezik razlikuje nekoliko nivoa učtivog obraćanja.
Fonetika[uredi | uredi izvor]
| slovo | izgovor | slovo | izgovor | slovo | izgovor | slovo | izgovor | slovo | izgovor |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ក | kɑɑ | ខ | khɑɑ | គ | kɔɔ | ឃ | khɔɔ | ង | ŋɔɔ |
| ច | cɑɑ | ឆ | chɑɑ | ជ | cɔɔ | ឈ | chɔɔ | ញ | ɲɔɔ |
| ដ | dɑɑ | ឋ | tɑɑ | ឌ | dɔɔ | ឍ | thɔɔ | ណ | nɑɑ |
| ត | tɑɑ | ថ | thɑɑ | ទ | tɔɔ | ធ | thɔɔ | ន | nɔɔ |
| ប | bɑɑ | ផ | pɑɑ | ព | bɔɔ | ភ | pɔɔ | ម | mɔɔ |
| យ | jɔɔ | រ | rɔɔ | ល | lɔɔ | វ | vɔɔ | ||
| ស | sɑɑ | ហ | hɑɑ | ឡ | lɑɑ | អ | ʔɑɑ |
Napomena: izgovor je označen po IPA.
Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]
- ^ Mikael Parkvall, "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in Nationalencyklopedin
- ^ „Languages of ASEAN”. Pristupljeno 7. 8. 2017.
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, ur. (2016). „Kmerski”. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, ur. (2016). „Centralnokmerski”. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh
- ^ David A. Smyth, Judith Margaret Jacob (1993). Cambodian Linguistics, Literature and History: Collected Articles. Routledge (UK). ISBN 978-0-7286-0218-2.
- ^ Hul, Reaksmey; Woods, Ben (3. 3. 2015). „Campaign Aims to Boost Adult Literacy”. The Cambodia Daily. Arhivirano iz originala 11. 10. 2017. g. Pristupljeno 7. 2. 2016.
- ^ Diffloth, Gerard & Zide, Norman. Austroasiatic Languages Arhivirano 2012-04-25 na sajtu Wayback Machine.
- ^ Thomas, David (1964). „A survey of Austroasiatic and Mon-Khmer comparative studies”. The Mon-Khmer Studies Journal. 1: 149—163. Pristupljeno 19. 6. 2012.
- ^ a b Sidwell, Paul (2009a). The Austroasiatic Central Riverine Hypothesis. Keynote address, SEALS, XIX.
- ^ Diffloth, Gérard (2005). "The contribution of linguistic palaeontology and Austroasiatic". in Laurent Sagart, Roger Blench and Alicia Sanchez-Mazas, eds. The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics. 77–80. London: Routledge Curzon.
- ^ Shorto, Harry L. edited by Sidwell, Paul, Cooper, Doug and Bauer, Christian (2006). A Mon–Khmer comparative dictionary. Canberra: Australian National University. Pacific Linguistics. ISBN 0-85883-570-3
Literatura[uredi | uredi izvor]
- Ferlus, Michel. (1992). Essai de phonétique historique du khmer (Du milieu du premier millénaire de notre ère à l'époque actuelle)", Mon–Khmer Studies XXI: 57–89)
- Headley, Robert and others. (1977). Cambodian-English Dictionary. Washington, Catholic University Press. ISBN 0-8132-0509-3
- Herington, Jennifer and Amy Ryan. (2013). Sociolinguistic Survey of the Khmer Khe in Cambodia Arhivirano 2021-03-10 na sajtu Wayback Machine. Chiang Mai: Linguistics Institute, Payap University.
- Huffman, F. E., Promchan, C., & Lambert, C.-R. T. (1970). Modern spoken Cambodian. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-01315-9
- Huffman, F. E., Lambert, C.-R. T., & Im Proum. (1970). Cambodian system of writing and beginning reader with drills and glossary. Yale linguistic series. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-01199-7
- Jacob, Judith. (1966). ‘Some features of Khmer versification’, in C. E. Bazell, J. C. Catford, M. A. K. Halliday, and R. H. Robins, eds., In Memory of J. R Firth, 227–41. London: Longman. [Includes discussion of the two series of syllables and their places in Khmer shymes]
- Jacob, Judith. (1974). A Concise Cambodian-English Dictionary. London, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-713574-9
- Jacob, J. M. (1996). The traditional literature of Cambodia: a preliminary guide. London oriental series, v. 40. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-713612-5
- Jacob, J. M., & Smyth, D. (1993). Cambodian linguistics, literature and history: collected articles. London: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. ISBN 0-7286-0218-0
- Keesee, A. P. K. (1996). An English-spoken Khmer dictionary: with romanized writing system, usage, and indioms, and notes on Khmer speech and grammar. London: Kegan Paul International. ISBN 0-7103-0514-1
- Meechan, M. (1992). Register in Khmer the laryngeal specification of pharyngeal expansion. Ottawa: National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada. ISBN 0-315-75016-2
- Sak-Humphry, C. (2002). Communicating in Khmer: an interactive intermediate level Khmer course. Manoa, Hawai'i: Center for Southeast Asian Studies, School of Hawaiian, Asian and Pacific Studies, University of Hawai'i at Manoa. OCLC: 56840636
- Smyth, D. (1995). Colloquial Cambodian: a complete language course. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-10006-2
- Stewart, F., & May, S. (2004). In the shadow of Angkor: contemporary writing from Cambodia. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 0-8248-2849-6
- Tonkin, D. (1991). The Cambodian alphabet: how to write the Khmer language. Bangkok: Trasvin Publications. ISBN 974-88670-2-1
- Adams, K. L. (1989). Systems of numeral classification in the Mon–Khmer, Nicobarese and Aslian subfamilies of Austroasiatic. Canberra, A.C.T., Australia: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. ISBN 0-85883-373-5
- Alves, Mark J. (2014). „Mon-Khmer”. Ur.: Rochelle Lieber; Pavel Stekauer. The Oxford Handbook of Derivational Morphology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. str. 520—544.
- Alves, Mark J. (2015). Morphological functions among Mon-Khmer languages: beyond the basics. In N. J. Enfield & Bernard Comrie (eds.), Languages of Mainland Southeast Asia: the state of the art. Berlin: de Gruyter Mouton, 531–557.
- Bradley, David (2012). "Languages and Language Families in China", in Rint Sybesma (ed.), Encyclopedia of Chinese Language and Linguistics.
- Chakrabarti, Byomkes. (1994). A Comparative Study of Santali and Bengali.
- Chaubey, G.; et al. (2010), „Population Genetic Structure in Indian Austroasiatic Speakers: The Role of Landscape Barriers and Sex-Specific Admixture”, Mol Biol Evol, 28 (2): 1013—1024, PMC 3355372
, PMID 20978040, doi:10.1093/molbev/msq288 - Diffloth, Gérard. (2005). "The contribution of linguistic palaeontology and Austro-Asiatic". in Laurent Sagart, Roger Blench and Alicia Sanchez-Mazas, eds. The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics. 77–80. London: Routledge Curzon. ISBN 0-415-32242-1
- Filbeck, D. (1978). T'in: a historical study. Pacific linguistics, no. 49. Canberra: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. ISBN 0-85883-172-4
- Hemeling, K. (1907). Die Nanking Kuanhua. (German language)
- Jenny, Mathias and Paul Sidwell, eds (2015). The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages. Leiden: Brill.
- Peck, B. M., Comp. (1988). An Enumerative Bibliography of South Asian Language Dictionaries.
- Peiros, Ilia. 1998. Comparative Linguistics in Southeast Asia. Pacific Linguistics Series C, No. 142. Canberra: Australian National University.
- Shorto, Harry L. edited by Sidwell, Paul, Cooper, Doug and Bauer, Christian (2006). A Mon–Khmer comparative dictionary. Canberra: Australian National University. Pacific Linguistics. ISBN 0-85883-570-3
- Shorto, H. L. Bibliographies of Mon–Khmer and Tai Linguistics. London oriental bibliographies, v. 2. London: Oxford University Press, 1963.
- Sidwell, Paul (2005). „Proto-Katuic Phonology and the Sub-grouping of Mon–Khmer Languages” (PDF). Ur.: Paul Sidwell. SEALSXV: papers from the 15th meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistic Society. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. Pristupljeno 11. 3. 2020.
- Sidwell, Paul (2009). Classifying the Austroasiatic languages: history and state of the art. LINCOM studies in Asian linguistics. 76. Munich: Lincom Europa. ISBN 978-3-929075-67-0. Arhivirano iz originala 24. 03. 2019. g. Pristupljeno 10. 09. 2021.
- Sidwell, Paul (2010). „The Austroasiatic central riverine hypothesis” (PDF). Journal of Language Relationship. 4: 117—134.
- van Driem, George. (2007). Austroasiatic phylogeny and the Austroasiatic homeland in light of recent population genetic studies. Mon-Khmer Studies, 37, 1-14.
- Zide, Norman H., and Milton E. Barker. (1966) Studies in Comparative Austroasiatic Linguistics, The Hague: Mouton (Indo-Iranian monographs, v. 5.).
- Zhang; et al. (2015), „Y-chromosome diversity suggests southern origin and Paleolithic backwave migration of Austro-Asiatic speakers from eastern Asia to the Indian subcontinent”, Scientific Reports, 5: 1548, Bibcode:2015NatSR...515486Z, PMC 4611482 , PMID 26482917, doi:10.1038/srep15486
- Sidwell, Paul; Jenny, Mathias, ur. (2021). The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia. De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-055814-2. doi:10.1515/9783110558142.
- Mann, Noel, Wendy Smith and Eva Ujlakyova. 2009. Linguistic clusters of Mainland Southeast Asia: an overview of the language families. Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (24. mart 2019) Chiang Mai: Payap University.
- Mason, Francis (1854). „The Talaing Language”. Journal of the American Oriental Society. 4: 277, 279—288. JSTOR 592280.
- Sidwell, Paul (2013). „Issues in Austroasiatic Classification”. Language and Linguistics Compass. 7 (8): 437—457. doi:10.1111/lnc3.12038.
- Sidwell, Paul. 2016. Bibliography of Austroasiatic linguistics and related resources Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (24. mart 2019).
- E. K. Brown (ed.) Encyclopedia of Languages and Linguistics. Oxford: Elsevier Press.
- Gregory D. S. Anderson and Norman H. Zide. 2002. Issues in Proto-Munda and Proto-Austroasiatic Nominal Derivation: The Bimoraic Constraint. In Marlys A. Macken (ed.) Papers from the 10th Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. Tempe, AZ: Arizona State University, South East Asian Studies Program, Monograph Series Press. pp. 55–74.
- Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella, ur. The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1.
- Diffloth, Gérard (1990). A History of the Khmer Language. Cornell University Library, Ithaca, NY: Unpublished manuscript.
- Headley, Robert K (1998). „Cham evidence for Khmer sound changes” (PDF). Papers in Southeast Asian Linguistics. 15: 21—29. Pristupljeno 9. 1. 2016.
- Jacob, Judith M (1968). Introduction to Cambodian
. London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0197135563. - Jacob, Judith M (1976). „An Examination of the Vowels and final Consonants in Correspondences between pre-Angkor and modern Khmer” (PDF). Pacific Linguistics. 42 (19): 19—38. Pristupljeno 3. 1. 2016.
- Lewitz, Saveros (1967). „La toponymie khmère”. Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient (na jeziku: French). 53 (2): 375—451. doi:10.3406/befeo.1967.5052.
- Jenner, Philip N (1974). „The Development of the Registers in Standard Khmer” (PDF). Canberra: PL. 31: 47—60. Pristupljeno 6. 1. 2016.
- Jenner, Philip N (1975). „The final liquids of middle Khmer”. STUF - Language Typology and Universals. 28 (1–6): 599—609. S2CID 131639485. doi:10.1524/stuf.1975.28.16.599.
- Jenner, Philip N (1976). „The Relative Dating of Some Khmer CPĀ'PA*”. Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications (13): 693—710. JSTOR 20019179.
- Keat, Gin Ooi, ur. (2004). Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Volume 1 (illustrated izd.). ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1576077702. Pristupljeno 31. 1. 2016.
- Sidwell, Paul (2009). „Classifying the Austroasiatic languages: history and state of the art”. 76. Lincom Europa. Arhivirano iz originala 24. 03. 2019. g. Pristupljeno 3. 1. 2016.
- Vickery, Michael (1992). „Loan words and devoicing in Khmer” (PDF). Mon Khmer Studies. 18: 240—250. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 25. 02. 2016. g. Pristupljeno 12. 1. 2016.
- Vickery, Michael (2003). „Funan reviewed: Deconstructing the ancients”. Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient. 90 (1): 101—143. doi:10.3406/befeo.2003.3609.
- Wayland, Ratree; Jongman, Allard (2001). „Chanthaburi Khmer vowels: phonetic and phonemic analyses” (PDF). Mon-Khmer Studies. 31: 65—82. Pristupljeno 14. 1. 2016.
- Wayland, Ratree; Jongman, Allard (2002). „Registrogenesis in Khmer: A Phonetic Account”. Mon-Khmer Studies. 32: 101—114. Pristupljeno 3. 1. 2016.
- Bauer, Christian (1989). „Recovering extracted infixes in Middle Khmer” (PDF). Mon-Khmer Studies. 15 (155–164).
- Jacob, Judith M (1965). „Notes on the numerals and numeral coefficients in Old, Middle and Modern Khmer” (PDF). Lingua. 15: 143—162. doi:10.1016/0024-3841(65)90011-2.
- Jacob, Judith M (1976). „Affixation in Middle Khmer with Old and Modern Comparisons” (PDF). Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications: 591—623.
- Jenner, Philip N (1974). „The value of 'au' and 'ai' in Middle Khmer” (PDF). Southeast Asian Linguistic Studies. 1: 157—173.
- Jenner, Philip N (1977). „The value of i, ī, u and ū in Middle Khmer” (PDF). Mon-Khmer Studies. 5: 101—133. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 04. 03. 2016. g. Pristupljeno 10. 09. 2021.
- Miyake, Marc. 2012. Khmer Cʔ-lusters.
Spoljašnje veze[uredi | uredi izvor]
- Etnološki izveštaj o kmerskom jeziku
- Uvod u kmerski jezik
- englesko-kmersko-engleski rečnik
- Kheng.info—An online audio dictionary for learning Khmer, with thousands of native speaker recordings and text segmentation software.
- SEAlang Project: Mon–Khmer languages. The Khmeric Branch
- Khmer Swadesh vocabulary list (from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix)
- Dictionary and SpellChecker open sourced and collaborative project based on Chuon Nath Khmer Dictionary
- How to install Khmer script on a Windows 7 computer
- How to install Khmer script on a Windows XP computer
- Khmer at UCLA Language Materials project
- Online Khmer & English dictionary
- Khmer Online Dictionaries
- Khmer audio lessons at Wikiotics
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