MULTICS
| Napisan u | PL/I, Asembl[1] |
|---|---|
| Radno stanje | Dostupan je zreli, istorijski, emulator |
| Izvorni model | Otvoren kod |
| Pušten u proizvodnju | 1969. god. |
| Dostupan na | Engleski |
| Platforme | GE-645 mejnfrejm, Honeywell 6180 serija mašina |
| Licenca | Originalno vlasnički, Licenca za besplatni softver Multiksa od 2007[2][3] |
| Prethodnik | Kompatibilan sistem raspodele vremena |
| Naslednik | Unix, GEORGE 3, ICL VME, PRIMOS, Domain/OS, Stratus VOS |
| Zvanični veb-sajt | www |
MULTICS (izgovor: /Малтикс/) je operativni sistem, preteča UNIX-a. Započet 1964. godine, u to vreme doneo je dosta novina, uključujući dinamično vezivanje i hijerarhijski sistem datoteka.[4][5] Bio je izuzetno moćan, i juniks se može smatrati njegovim „pojednostavljenim“ naslednikom.[6] Samo ime juniks je hak reči Multics. Poslednja instalacija Maltiksa „ugašena” je 31. oktobra 2000. godine.
Multiks je zamišljen kao komercijalni proizvod za Dženeral Elektrika, a portiran je i za Hanivel, iako ne veoma uspešno. Zbog brojnih novih i vrednih ideja, Multiks je imao značajan uticaj na informatiku uprkos svojih grešaka.[7]
Istorija projekta[uredi | uredi izvor]
Godine 1964, Multiks je prvobitno razvijen za GE-645 mejnfrejm, 36-bitni sistem. GE-jev kompjuterski posao, uključujući Multiks, preuzeo je Hanivel 1970. godine; oko 1973. godine, Multiks je bio podržan na Hanivel 6180 mašinama, što je uključivalo bezbednosna poboljšanja uključujući hardversku podršku za zaštitne prstenove.
Poslednja poznata Multiksova instalacija koja je izvorno radila na Hanivelovom hardveru je ugašena 30. oktobra 2000. u kanadskom Odeljenju za nacionalnu odbranu u Halifaksu, Nova Škotska, Kanada.[8]
Sadašnji status[uredi | uredi izvor]
Godine 2006. Bul HN je objavio izvorni kod za MR12.5, konačno izdanje Multiksa iz 1992, na MIT.[9] Većina sistema je sada dostupna kao slobodni softver sa izuzetkom nekih opcionih delova kao što je TCP/IP.[10]
Godine 2014, Multiks je uspešno pokrenut na sadašnjem hardveru koristeći emulator.[11] Izdanje 1.0 emulatora je sada dostupno.[12] Izdanje 12.6f Multiksa prati izdanje 1.0 emulatora i dodaje nekoliko novih funkcija, uključujući opoziv komandne linije i uređivanje pomoću video sistema.[13]
Komande[uredi | uredi izvor]
Sledi lista programa i komandi[14] za uobičajene računarske zadatke koje podržava Multiks interfejs komandne linije.[15][16]
Retrospektivna zapažanja[uredi | uredi izvor]
Piter H. Sajlus, autor knjige koja pokriva rane godine Juniksa,[17] izneo je jednu poziciju: „Sa Multiksom su pokušali da imaju mnogo raznovrsniji i fleksibilniji operativni sistem, i to nije bilo veoma uspešno“.[18] Ova pozicija je, međutim, široko diskreditovana u računarskoj zajednici, jer se mnoge Multiksove tehničke inovacije koriste u savremenim komercijalnim računarskim sistemima.[7]
Stalno rezidentno jezgro Multiksa, sistema koji je svojevremeno bivao ismejavan kao prevelik i složen, imao je samo 135 KB koda. Poređenja radi, Linuks sistem je 2007. mogao da zauzima i po 18 MB.[19] Prvi MIT GE-645 imao je 512 kiloreči memorije (2 MiB), zaista ogromnu količinu u to vreme, a kernel je koristio samo umereni deo Multiksove glavne memorije.
Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]
- ^ R. A. Freiburghouse, "The Multics PL/1 Compiler", General Electric Company, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1969.
- ^ „Multics License (Multics) - Open Source Initiative”. opensource.org. Pristupljeno 11. 4. 2018.
- ^ „Myths about Multics”. www.multicians.org. Pristupljeno 11. 4. 2018.
- ^ Dennis M. Ritchie, "The Evolution of the Unix Time-sharing System", Communications of the ACM, Vol. 17, 1984, pp. 365-375.
- ^ Dan Murphy (1996) [1989]. „Origins and Development of TOPS-20”.
- ^ Gregory, Nathan (maj 2018). The Tym Before. Lulu.com. str. 66. ISBN 9781387824755. Pristupljeno 29. 3. 2020.
- ^ a b „Myths about Multics”. www.multicians.org. Pristupljeno 11. 4. 2018.
- ^ „Multics History Dates”. Pristupljeno 2015-09-13. „Shutdown of DND-H (17:08Z 10/30/00)”
- ^ Van Vleck, Tom. „Open Source for Multics”. Multicians.org. Pristupljeno 11. 4. 2016.
- ^ Anthony, Charles. „(email) Re: [dps8m-developers] Multiprocessor and/or networked Multics”. Sourceforge.net. Pristupljeno 11. 4. 2016.
- ^ „RingZero - Multics reborn”. WikidotCom. Pristupljeno 11. 4. 2015.
- ^ „Multics Simulator”. Pristupljeno 9. 7. 2017.
- ^ „Installing Multics”. Pristupljeno 19. 5. 2020.
- ^ Honeywell Bull, Inc. (februar 1985). Multics Commands and Active Functions (AG92-06) (PDF). Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 06. 06. 2022. g. Pristupljeno 10. 1. 2021.
- ^ „Unix and Multics”.
- ^ „Multics Commands”.
- ^ Salus, Peter H. (1994). A quarter century of UNIX (Reprinted with corrections Jan. 1995. izd.). Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co. ISBN 978-0-201-54777-1.
- ^ Ward, Mark (20. 8. 2009). „40 years of Unix”. BBC News. Pristupljeno 27. 4. 2010. Quoting Peter Salus.
- ^ Collings, Terry; Wall, Kurt (10. 4. 2007). Red Hat Linux Networking and System Administration (3rd izd.). John Wiley & Sons. str. 668. ISBN 978-0-7645-9949-1. Pristupljeno 4. 2. 2017.
Literatura[uredi | uredi izvor]
- Multics Bibliography
- 1994 Multics bibliography
- Maltiks otvorio izvorni kod, GNUzilla 36
- F. J. Corbató, V. A. Vyssotsky, Introduction and Overview of the Multics System (AFIPS 1965) is a good introduction to the system.
- F. J. Corbató, C. T. Clingen, J. H. Saltzer, Multics – The First Seven Years (AFIPS, 1972) is an excellent review, written after a considerable period of use and improvement over the initial efforts.
- J. J. Donovan, S. Madnick, Operating Systems, is a fundamental read on operating systems.
- J. J. Donovan, Systems Programming, is a good introduction into systems programming and operating systems.
- Jerome H. Saltzer, Introduction to Multics (MIT Project MAC, 1974) is a considerably longer introduction to the system, geared towards actual users.
- Elliott I. Organick, The Multics System: An Examination of Its Structure (MIT Press, 1972) is the standard work on the system, although it documents an early version, and some features described therein never appeared in the actual system.
- V. A. Vyssotsky, F. J. Corbató, R. M. Graham, Structure of the Multics Supervisor (AFIPS 1965) describes the basic internal structure of the Multics kernel.
- Jerome H. Saltzer, Traffic Control in a Multiplexed Computer System (MIT Project MAC, June 1966) is the original description of the idea of switching kernel stacks; one of the classic papers of computer science.
- R. C. Daley, P. G. Neumann, A General Purpose File System for Secondary Storage (AFIPS, 1965) describes the file system, including the access control and backup mechanisms.
- R. J. Feiertag, E. I. Organick, The Multics Input/Output System. Describes the lower levels of the I/O implementation.
- A. Bensoussan, C. T. Clingen, R. C. Daley, The Multics Virtual Memory: Concepts and Design, (ACM SOSP, 1969) describes the Multics memory system in some detail.
- Paul Green, Multics Virtual Memory – Tutorial and Reflections is a good in-depth look at the Multics storage system.
- Roger R. Schell, Dynamic Reconfiguration in a Modular Computer System (MIT Project MAC, 1971) describes the reconfiguration mechanisms.
- Paul A. Karger, Roger R. Schell, Multics Security Evaluation: Vulnerability Analysis Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (9. jul 2011) (Air Force Electronic Systems Division, 1974) describes the classic attacks on Multics security by a "tiger team".
- Jerome H. Saltzer, Michael D. Schroeder, The Protection of Information in Computer Systems (Proceedings of the IEEE, September 1975) describes the fundamentals behind the first round of security upgrades; another classic paper.
- M. D. Schroeder, D. D. Clark, J. H. Saltzer, D. H. Wells. Final Report of the Multics Kernel Design Project (MIT LCS, 1978) describes the security upgrades added to produce an even more improved version.
- Paul A. Karger, Roger R. Schell, Thirty Years Later: Lessons from the Multics Security Evaluation (IBM, 2002) is an interesting retrospective which compares actual deployed security in today's hostile environment with what was demonstrated to be possible decades ago. It concludes that Multics offered considerably stronger security than most systems commercially available in 2002.
Spoljašnje veze[uredi | uredi izvor]
- multicians.org is a comprehensive site with a lot of material
- Multics papers online
- Multics glossary
- Myths discusses numerous myths about Multics in some detail, including the myths that it failed, that it was big and slow, as well as a few understandable misapprehensions
- Multics security
- Unix and Multics
- Multics general info and FAQ Includes extensive overview of other software systems influenced by Multics
- Honeywell, Inc., MULTICS records, 1965–1982. Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. Multics development records include the second MULTICS System Programmers Manual; MULTICS Technical Bulletins that describe procedures, applications, and problems, especially concerning security; and returned "Request for Comments Forms" that include technical papers and thesis proposals.
- Official source code archive at MIT
- Link page to various Multics information na sajtu Library of Congress Web Archives|Web Archives (arhivirano 2001-11-30)
- Multics repository at Stratus Computer
- Multics at Universitaet Mainz
- Active project to emulate the Honeywell dps-8/m Multics CPU
- Various scanned Multics manuals Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (21. jun 2011)
- Multicians.org and the History of Operating Systems, a critical review of Multicians.org, plus a capsule history of Multics.
| Državne | |
|---|---|
| Ostale | |
