Mikenska civilizacija

Mikenska civilizacija (oko 1600. p. n. e. — 1100. p. n. e.) je kultura bronzanog doba koja je dobila naziv po arheološkom lokalitetu Mikeni. Za njeno otkriće zaslužan je nemački arheolog amater Hajnrih Šliman, čijom inicijativom i zalaganjem je pokrenut ceo poduhvat 70-ih godina 19. veka. Arheološkim iskopavanjem Mikene otkrilo se da je ona posedovala znatno bogatstvo i moć još negde početkom 18. veka p. n. e, mada je bilo sličnih mesta u kopnenom delu Grčke (uglavnom na Peloponezu) iz tog perioda za koje se isto to može reći. Isto tako, ne postoji dovoljno ubedljiv dokaz da je Grčka tada bila politički ujedinjena, pri čemu bi Mikena bila njen centar, i čime bi bilo opravdano ime pomenute kulture. Ono što se pouzdano zna jeste da su nosioci ove kulture, koje je Šliman prozvao Mikenjanima, bili deo velike indoevropske porodice naroda, koja se iselila iz prapostojbine i raširila po južnoj i zapadnoj Evropi, Indiji i Persiji. Jedna takva grupa došla je sa severa na teritoriju kopnene Grčke oko 1900. godine p. n. e, uspela da zavlada njome prethodno pokorivši autohtono stanovništvo. Prema grčkoj tradiciji, ta novodošla plemena su bili Ahajci. Njihova kultura suštinski se oslanjala na minojsku kulturu sa ostrva Krita, budući da su Minojci neko vreme politički vladali i Mikenom.

Između 1400. i 1200. godine p. n. e, mikenska kultura je dostigla svoj najveći zenit, što je konstantovano na osnovu broja moćnih monarhija, čija su sedišta bila smeštena u utvrđenim rezidencijama. U to vreme mikenska elita investirala je svoje bogatstvo u izgradnju palata i impresivnih fortifikacija širom cele kopnene Grčke. Mesta poput Mikene, Tirinta i Mideje u Argolidi, Pila u Meseniji, Glaa i Tebe u Beotiji i Vola u Tesaliji samo su neka od takvih. Mikenske palate bile su te koje su održavale veze sa istočnoegejskim i bliskoistočnim civilizacijima. U početku su to radile posredstvom minojskog Krita, da bi posle određenog vremena, nakon što su ga pokorile krajem 15. veka p. n. e, preuzele stvar u svoje ruke.

Ali, konstantno ratovanje koje se vodilo između mikenskih kraljevstva, a u isto vreme i sa stranim osvajačima, dovelo je do propadanja palata, a samim tim i do dezintergracije mikenske kulture što je datirano oko 1100. godine p. n. e. Istovremeno, sa razaranjem mikenske kulture nastupilo je doba duboke socijalno-ekonomske i kulturne promene u egejskom basenu (vidi Mračno doba). Uprkos tome, mikenski mitovi i legende preživeli su i ovu fazu razvoja grčke kulture, i to pre svega zahvaljujući usmenom predanju.

Mikena

Zlatna grobna „maska Agamemnona“ iz Mikena 16. veka pre nove ere

Jedan od najvećih centara visoke kulture koja se rasprostirala teritorijom kontinentalne Grčke u razdoblju 17 — 13. veka p. n. e. bila je Mikena. Predanja iz potonjih vremena svedočila su o bogatstvu i moći Mikene. Homer je zove »bogatom zlatom«.

„ Oče Dive, Ajant nek dobije kocku il’ sinak

Tidejev il’ sam kralj Mikene bogate zlatom!

***

Još dva junačka koplja sa medenim okovom oštra
uzme Agamemnon, a s njih do nebesa daleko
sjala se med. Tada zagrme Atena i Hera
odajuć’ poštu kralju Mikene bogate zlatom.

” — Ilijada, Homer

Otkopavanje Mikene prvi je započeo Šliman 1874. godine. On je 28. novembra 1876. godine poslao čuveni telegram ondašnjem grčkom kralju Đorđu u kojem je saopštio da je pronašao Agamemnonovu grobnicu. U stvari, radilo se o tome da je na zapadnoj padini mikenskog brega, desno od Lavljih vrata, otkriveno šest grobnica (tzv. »krug grobova A«), u kojima je sahranjeno devetnaestoro osoba (9 muškaraca, 8 ženâ i dvoje odojčadi), i koje datiraju oko 1550 — 1450. godine p. n. e. (poznoheladski I — II B period). Predmeti pronađeni u njima bili su izuzetno dragoceni. Pored pet zlatnih masaka, među kojima je i ona za koju je Šliman verovao da je pripadala Agamemnonu, našlo se još i svakojakog nakita (ogrlice, krune, prstenje, narukvice), desetine bronzanih rapira sa ornamentalnim jabučicama i teških kopalja, pet kratkih bodeža ukrašenih scenama iz lova u zlatu, srebru i crnom emajlu, bezbroj ćilibarskih perli i mnogo toga sličnog. Stil u kojem su mnogi od pomenutih predmeta izrađeni ukazuje na uticaj sa Krita, ali je on reinterpretiran na autohtoni način.

Međutim, nekih pedeset metara severozapadno od prethodno pomenute grobnice, tačnije na jednom platou opasanom debelim zidom kiklopske gradnje, 1952. godine nađeno je i otkopano još 24 grobova (tzv. »krug grobova B«). Grnčarija i ostali nalazi nađeni u grobovima ukazuju na to da je ova grobnica bila u upotrebi od 1650 do 1550. godine p. n. e. (poznoheladski I period). Za razliku od ranije pomenutog »kruga grobova A«, gde je preovlađivalo posuđe od bronze, srebra i zlata, u ovom krugu grobova preovlađivali su sudovi od keramike (naročito pehari).

• Mikenski živopisi
• 
  Knos (1580 - 1530. p. n. e.)
• 
  Knos (1580 - 1530. p. n. e.)
• 
  Knos (1600 - 1450. p. n. e.)
• 
  Freska "Akrobata s bikom" Knos (1600 - 1450. p. n. e.)
• 
  Freska "Parižanka" Knos (1450 - 1350/1300. p. n. e.)
• 
  Filakopi, ostrvo Milos
• 
  Amnis, Krit
• 
  Akrotiri, ostrvo Fera (prib. 1600. p. n. e.)
• 
  Akrotiri, ostrvo Fera (1650 - 1500. p. n. e.)
• 
  Freska "Mladi bokseri" i "Antilolj", Akrotiri, ostrvo Fera
• 
  Freska "Vesna", Akrotiri, ostrvo Fera, (2000-1600. p. n. e.)
• 
  Akrotiri, ostrvo Fera, (XVII v. p. n. e.)
• 
  Akrotiri, ostrvo Fera, (1650-1500. p. n. e.)

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Spoljašnje veze

• Godart, Louis (2013) [January 1997]. „Les citadelles mycéniennes” (na jeziku: francuski). Clio. 
• Hemingway, Seán; Hemingway, Colette (2000—2013). „Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: Mycenaean Civilization”. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 
• Horejs, Barbara; Pavúk, Peter, ur. (2007). „The Aegeo-Balkan Prehistory Project”. The Aegeo-Balkan Prehistory Team. 
• Rutter, Jeremy B. „Prehistoric Archeology of the Aegean”. Hanover, NH: Dartmouth College. Arhivirano iz originala 01. 01. 2009. g. Pristupljeno 11. 12. 2020. 
• Salimbetti, Andrea (septembar 2015). „The Greek Age of Bronze”. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
• „The Mycenaeans and Italy: The Archaeological and Archaeometric Ceramic Evidence”. University of Glasgow School of Humanities. Arhivirano iz originala 27. 09. 2013. g. Pristupljeno 11. 12. 2020. 
• Wright, James C. (2002). „The Nemea Valley Archaeological Project: Internet Edition”. Bryn Mawr College Department of Classical and Near Eastern Archaeology. Arhivirano iz originala 31. 03. 2007. g. Pristupljeno 11. 12. 2020.