Moderna filozofija
Moderna filozofija je filozofija razvijena u modernom dobu. Nije specifična škola (ne treba je mešati sa modernizmom), mada postoje sličnosti, što pomaže da se razlikuje od ranije filozofije.[1] Otprilike 17. i početak 20. veka označavaju početak i kraj moderne filozofije.
Moderna zapadna filozofija[uredi | uredi izvor]
Renesansna filozofija[uredi | uredi izvor]
Renesansni humanizam isticao je vrednost ljudskih bića i suprotstavio se dogmi i sholastici.[2]
Renesansni filozofi:
- Đovani Piko dela Mirandola
- Nikola Kuzanski
- Đordano Bruno
- Galileo Galilej
- Nikolo Makijaveli
- Mišel de Montenj
- Fransisko Suarez
Racionalizam[uredi | uredi izvor]
Moderna filozofija tradicionalno započinje Renom Dekartom i njegovim „Mislim, dakle postojim".
Otkriva da ce može sumnjati u gotovo sve: realnost fizičkih objekata, Boga, svoja sećanja, istoriju, nauku, čak i matematiku, ali ne može ce sumnjati u stvari.
Racionalistički filozofi:
- Kristijan Vulf
- Rene Dekart
- Baruh Spinoza
- Gotfrid Vilhelm Lajbnic
Empirizam[uredi | uredi izvor]
Empirizam je teorija saznanja koja se suprotstavlja drugim teorijama, kao što su racionalizam, idealizam i istoricizam. Empirizam tvrdi da znanje dolazi (samo ili prvenstveno) čulnim iskustvom, za razliku od racionalizma, koji tvrdi da to znanje dolazi iz mišljenja. I empirizam i racionalizam su individualističke teorije znanja, dok je istoricizam socijalna epistemologija.
Empiričari:
Politička filozofija[uredi | uredi izvor]
Politička filozofija proučava teme kao što su politika, sloboda, pravda, imovina, prava, zakon i primena zakonskog kodeksa od strane vlasti: šta su oni, zašto su (ili čak ako su) potrebni, šta, ako ništa drugo, čini vladu legitimnom, koja prava i slobode treba da štiti i zašto, kakav oblik treba da ima i zašto, kakav je zakon i koje dužnosti građani duguju legitimnoj vladi.[3]
Politički filozofi:
- Tomas Hobs
- Džon Lok
- Džon Stjuart Mil
- Džeremi Bentam
Idealizam[uredi | uredi izvor]
Idealizam se odnosi na grupu filozofije koja tvrdi da je stvarnost onakva kakvu je mi znamo, u osnovi konstrukcije uma ili na neki drugi način nematerijalna.[4][5]
Idealistički filozofi:
Egzistencijalizam[uredi | uredi izvor]
Egzistencijalizam se generalno smatra filozofskim i kulturnim pokretom čije polazište filozofskog mišljenja mora biti pojedinac i iskustva pojedinca. Egzistencijalisti smatraju da moralno i naučno mišljenje zajedno nisu dovoljni za razumevanje ljudskog postojanja, potreban je dalji skup kategorija, vođen normom autentičnosti.[6][7][8]
Egzistencijalni filozofi:
- Seren Kirkegor
- Fridrih Niče
- Žan Pol Sartr
- Simon de Bovoar
- Karl Jaspers
- Gabrijel Marsel
- Martin Hajdeger
Fenomenologija[uredi | uredi izvor]
Fenomenologija je proučavanje strukture iskustva. To je široki filozofski pokret koji je u ranim godinama 20. veka osnovao Edmund Huserl, a proširili njegovi sledbenici na Univerzitetu u Getingenu i Minhenu u Nemačkoj. Filozofija se zatim proširila na Francusku i Sjedinjene Države.[9]
Fenomenološki filozofi:
- Edmund Huserl
- Martin Hajdeger
- Moris Merlo-Ponti
- Maks Ferdinand Šeler
Pragmatizam[uredi | uredi izvor]
Pragmatizam je filozofska tradicija usredsređena na povezivanje prakse i teorije. Opisuje proces gde se teorija odvaja od prakse i opet spaja sa njom kako bi formirala inteligentnu praksu. Važne pozicije karakteristične za pragmatizam uključuju instrumentalizam, radikalni empirizam, verifikacionizam, konceptualizam i falibilizam.
Pragmatistički filozofi:
Analitička filozofija[uredi | uredi izvor]
Analitička filozofija dominirala je u zemljama koje govore engleski jezik u 20. veku. U Sjedinjenim Državama, Velikoj Britaniji, Kanadi, Skandinaviji, Australiji i Novom Zelandu, velika većina univerzitetskih filozofskih odeljenja identifikuje sebe kao ,,analitička" odeljenja.[10] Izraz se generalno odnosi na široku filozofsku tradiciju[11][12] koju karakteriše jasnoća i argumentacija (često se postiže modernom matematičkom logikom i analizom jezika) i poštovanjem prirodnih nauka.[13][14]
Analitički filozofi:
Moderna azijska filozofija[uredi | uredi izvor]
U modernom periodu pojavili su se različiti filozofski pokreti, u Aziji, uključujući:
Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]
- ^ Baird, Forrest E.; Walter Kaufmann (2008). From Plato to Derrida. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-158591-6.
- ^ „Niccolo Machiavelli | Biography, Books, Philosophy, & Facts”. Encyclopedia Britannica (na jeziku: engleski). Pristupljeno 30. 5. 2019.
- ^ Hampton, Jean (1997). Political philosophy. str. xiii. ISBN 9780813308586. Arhivirano iz originala 21. 05. 2016. g. Pristupljeno 21. 02. 2020. Charles Blattberg, who defines politics as "responding to conflict with dialogue," suggests that political philosophies offer philosophical accounts of that dialogue. See his „Political Philosophies and Political Ideologies”. SSRN 1755117 . in Patriotic Elaborations: Essays in Practical Philosophy, Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2009.
- ^ Macionis, John J. (2012). Sociology 14th Edition. Boston: Pearson. str. 88. ISBN 978-0-205-11671-3.
- ^ Daniel Sommer Robinson, "Idealism", Encyclopædia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/281802/idealism
- ^ Mullarkey, John, and Beth Lord (eds.). The Continuum Companion to Continental Philosophy. London, 2009, p. 309
- ^ Stewart, Jon. Kierkegaard and Existentialism. Farnham, England, 2010, p. ix
- ^ Crowell, Steven (октобар 2010). „Existentialism”. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Приступљено 12. 4. 2012.
- ^ Zahavi, Dan (2003), Husserl's Phenomenology, Stanford: Stanford University Press
- ^ "Without exception, the best philosophy departments in the United States are dominated by analytic philosophy, and among the leading philosophers in the United States, all but a tiny handful would be classified as analytic philosophers. Practitioners of types of philosophizing that are not in the analytic tradition—such as phenomenology, classical pragmatism, existentialism, or Marxism—feel it necessary to define their position in relation to analytic philosophy."John Searle (2003) Contemporary Philosophy in the United States in N. Bunnin and E.P. Tsui-James (eds.), The Blackwell Companion to Philosophy, 2nd ed., (Blackwell, 2003), p. 1.
- ^ See, e.g., Avrum Stroll, Twentieth-Century Analytic Philosophy (Columbia University Press, 2000), p. 5: "[I]t is difficult to give a precise definition of 'analytic philosophy' since it is not so much a specific doctrine as a loose concatenation of approaches to problems." Also, see ibid., p. 7: "I think Sluga is right in saying 'it may be hopeless to try to determine the essence of analytic philosophy.' Nearly every proposed definition has been challenged by some scholar. [...] [W]e are dealing with a family resemblance concept."
- ^ See Hans-Johann Glock, What Is Analytic Philosophy (Cambridge University Press, 2008), p. 205: "The answer to the title question, then, is that analytic philosophy is a tradition held together both by ties of mutual influence and by family resemblances."
- ^ H. Glock, "Was Wittgenstein an Analytic Philosopher?", Metaphilosophy, 35:4 (2004), pp. 419–444.
- ^ Colin McGinn, The Making of a Philosopher: My Journey through Twentieth-Century Philosophy (HarperCollins, 2002), p. xi.: "analytical philosophy [is] too narrow a label, since [it] is not generally a matter of taking a word or concept and analyzing it (whatever exactly that might be). [...] This tradition emphasizes clarity, rigor, argument, theory, truth. It is not a tradition that aims primarily for inspiration or consolation or ideology. Nor is it particularly concerned with 'philosophy of life,' though parts of it are. This kind of philosophy is more like science than religion, more like mathematics than poetry – though it is neither science nor mathematics."
Литература[uredi | uredi izvor]
- Marshall Berman. 1982. All That Is Solid Melts into Air: The Experience of Modernity. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-671-24602-X. London: Verso. pp. 16–17. ISBN 0-86091-785-1. Paperback reprint New York: Viking Penguin, 1988. ISBN 0-14-010962-5.
- Brian Leiter (ed.), The Future for Philosophy, Oxford University Press, 2006, p. 44 n. 2.
- Early modern philosophy: essential readings with commentary by Aloysius Martinich, Fritz Allhoff, Anand Vaidya
- Early Modern Philosophy: Mind, Matter, and Metaphysics by Christia Mercer and Eileen O'Neill
- Kenny, Anthony. A New History of Western Philosophy (Oxford University Press, 2012).
- Copleston, Frederick (1946–1975). A History of Philosophy. Great Britain: Continuum.
- Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1996) [1892 Kegan Paul]. Haldane, Elizabeth Sanderson, ed. Vorlesungen über die Geschichte der Philosophie [Hegel's Lectures on the history of philosophy 3 vols.]. Humanities Press International.
- Academic journals dedicated to political philosophy include: Political Theory, Philosophy and Public Affairs, Contemporary Political Theory, Theory & Event, Constellations, and Journal of Political Philosophy
- Assiter, Alison (2009). Kierkegaard, metaphysics and political theory unfinished selves. London New York: Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 9780826498311.
- Bohman, James F.; Rehg, William (1997). Deliberative Democracy: Essays on Reason and Politics. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-52241-0.
- Barzilai, Gad (2003). Communities and Law: Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities. The University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-47211315-6.
- Gutmann, Amy; Thompson, Dennis F. (1996). Democracy and Disagreement. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-19766-4.
- Gutmann, Amy; Thompson, Dennis (2004). Why Deliberative Democracy?. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12019-5.
- London Philosophy Study Guide Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (23. septembar 2009) offers many suggestions on what to read, depending on the student's familiarity with the subject: Political Philosophy Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (1. jun 2016)
- Parkinson, John; Mansbridge, Jane (2012). Deliberative Systems: Deliberative Democracy at the Large Scale. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02539-4.
- Alexander F. Tsvirkun 2008. History of political and legal Teachings of Ukraine. Kharkiv.
- Bielskis, Andrius 2005. Towards a Postmodern Understanding of the Political. Basingstoke, New York: Palgrave-Macmillan.
- Eric Nelson, The Hebrew Republic: Jewish Sources and the Transformation of European Political Thought (Harvard University Press, 2010)
- Zippelius, Reinhold (2003). Geschichte der Staatsideen. C.H. Beck. ISBN 978-3-406-49494-9.
- Sarkar, Prabhat Ranjan (1987—1991). PROUT in a Nutshell(Parts 1 to 21). Ananda Marga Publications.
- Dryzek, John S.; Honig, Bonnie; Phillips, Anne, ur. (2009-09-02). „The Oxford Handbook of Political Theory”. Oxford Handbooks Online. ISBN 9780199548439. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199548439.001.0001.
- Boesche, Roger (2002). The First Great Political Realist: Kautilya and His Arthashastra. Lexington Books. str. 7. ISBN 978-0-7391-0401-9.
- Rangarajan, L N (2000). The Arthashastra. Penguin UK. str. 95. ISBN 9788184750119.
- Brown, D. Mackenzie (1982). The White Umbrella: Indian Political Thought from Manu to Gandhi. Greenwood Press. str. 64. ISBN 978-0313232107.
- Sankhdher, Madan Mohan; Kaur, Gurdeep (2005). Politics in India: Ancient India, Politics of Change, Modern India. Deep and Deep Publications. str. 95. ISBN 9788176296557.
- Manu ((Lawgiver)); Kullūkabhaṭṭa (1796). Institutes of Hindu Law: Or, The Ordinances of Menu, According to the Gloss of Cullúca. Calcutta, Printed by order of the government, London reprinted, for J. Sewell and J. Debrett.
Spoljašnje veze[uredi | uredi izvor]
- Moderna filozofija na sajtu InPho