Naučna revolucija

Naučna revolucija bila je serija događaja koji su obeležili pojavu moderne nauke u ranog modernom razdoblju, kad je napredak u oblastima matematike, fizike, astronomije, biologije (uključujući ljudsku anatomiju) i hemije transformisao stavove društva prema prirodi. Naučna revolucija započela je u Evropi pri kraju renesanse i nastavila se do završetka 18. veka, utičući na intelektualni društveni pokret poznat kao prosvetiteljstvo. Dok su datumi predmet rasprava, studija koju je Nikola Kopernik objavio 1543. godine pod naslovom De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (O revolucijama nebeskih sfera) često se navodi kao početak naučne revolucije.

Koncept naučne revolucije koja se odvijala tokom dužeg perioda pojavio se u osamnaestom veku u radu Žana Silvena Baja, koji ju je sagledavao kao dvostepeni proces uklanjanja starog i uspostavljanja novog. Početak naučne revolucije, naučne renesanse, bio je fokusiran na oporavku znanja antičkog doba. Smatra se da se taj stadijum generalno završio 1632. godine sa objavljivanjem Galilejovog rada Dijalog u vezi sa dva glavna svetska sistema. Završetak naučne revolucije se pripisuje „velikoj sintezi” u vidu rada Isaka Njutna iz 1687. sa naslovom Matematički principi prirodne filozofije. Taj rad je formulisao zakone kretanja i univerzalne gravitacije, čime je kompletirana sinteza nove kosmologije. Do kraja 18. veka, prosvetiteljstvo koje je sledilo naučnoj revoluciji je zamenjeno „dobom refleksije”.

Uvod

Veliki napreci u nauci se nazivaju „revolucijama” još od 18. veka. Godine 1747, Klero je pisao da je „Njutn rekao da je tokom svog života kreirao revoluciju”. Ova reč je isto tako korištena u predgovoru Lavoazjeovog rada iz 1789. u kome je najavljeno otkriće kiseonika. „Mali broj revolucija u nauci je odmah pobudio toliko opšte pažnje kao uvođenje teorije kiseonika ... Lavoazje je video prihvatanje njegove teorije među najeminentnijim ljudima njegovog vremena, i njeno ukorenjivanje u velikom delu Evrope u roku od nekoliko godina od prvog objavljivanja.”

U 19. veku, Vilijam Vivel opisao je je revoluciju u samoj nauci — naučnom metodu — koja se odvila tokom 15–16 veja. „Među najuočljivijim revolucijama kroz koje su prošla mišljenja o ovoj temi, ubraja se prelazak iz implicitnog poverenja u implicitnu moć čovekovog uma na profesionalnu zavisnost od spoljnog posmatranja; i od neograničenog poštovanja prema mudrosti prošlosti, do strasnog očekivanja promena i poboljšanja.” To je dovelo do zajedničkog pogleda na naučnu revoluciju danas:

Pojavio se novi pogled na prirodu, koji je zamenio grčki stav koji je dominirao naukom gotovo 2000 godina. Nauka je postala autonomna disciplina, različita od filozofije i tehnologije, koja je poprimila svoje utilitarne ciljeve.

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Spoljašnje veze

• 'What is the History of Science', British Academy
• British Society for the History of Science
• „"Scientific Change"”. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 
• The CNRS History of Science and Technology Research Center in Paris (France)
• Henry Smith Williams, History of Science, Vols 1–4, online text
• Digital Archives of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
• Digital facsimiles of books from the History of Science Collection Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (13. januar 2020), Linda Hall Library Digital Collections
• Division of History of Science and Technology of the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science
• Giants of Science (website of the Institute of National Remembrance)
• History of Science Digital Collection: Utah State University – Contains primary sources by such major figures in the history of scientific inquiry as Otto Brunfels, Charles Darwin, Erasmus Darwin, Carolus Linnaeus Antony van Leeuwenhoek, Jan Swammerdam, James Sowerby, Andreas Vesalius, and others.
• History of Science Society ("HSS") Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (15. septembar 2020)
• Inter-Divisional Teaching Commission (IDTC) of the International Union for the History and Philosophy of Science (IUHPS) Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (13. januar 2020)
• International Academy of the History of Science