Paukolike životinje
Paukolike životinje Vremenski raspon:
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Savremenih i izumrelih paukolikih zglavkara. Na slicu su prikazani u smeru kazaljke na satu odozgo sa leve strane: морски паук, pentecopterus (izumrela vrsta eurypterid), Gasteracantha cancriformis i атлантска потковичаста краба. | |
Naučna klasifikacija | |
Domen: | Eukaryota |
Carstvo: | Animalia |
Tip: | Arthropoda |
Kladus: | Arachnomorpha |
Podtip: | Chelicerata Heymons, 1901 |
Klase | |
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Sinonimi | |
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Paukolike životinje (Chelicerata)[1] pripadaju zglavkarima,[2][3][4][5][6][7][8] a od ostalih zglavkara se razlikuju dvema posebnim odlikama:
- nemaju antene i
- prvi par ekstremiteta su helicere.
Telo im je podeljeno na dva telesna regiona:
- prozomu (glavenogrudni) i
- opistozomu (trbušni).
Na prozomi se nalazi 6 pari ekstremiteta:
- prvi par su, već pomenute, helicere kleštolikog oblika, koje uglavnom učestvuju u ishrani i predstavljaju usne ekstremitete;
- drugi par su pedipalpi sa različitim funkcijama: čulna, hvatanje plena, parenje,
- 4 para nogu za hodanje.
Opistozoma ima najviše 13 segmenata i telzon i na njoj nema ekstremiteta za hodanje već su oni redukovani ili izmenjeni u škrge ili pluća, čulne organe i paučinaste bradavice. Oblik opistozome varira u različitim grupama paukolikih životinja.
Paukolike životinje su aktivni lovci, mada ima i onih koje se hrane biljnom hranom ili parazitiraju na biljkama i životinjama. Grabljivice svoj plen hvataju helicerama i pedipalpima, a zatim na njega izlučuju enzime. Polusvarenu, kašastu hranu usisavaju pomoću posebno prilagođenog prednjeg creva.
Klasifikacija[uredi | uredi izvor]
Podtip helicerata podeljen je na tri klase:
- merostomata (Merostomata)
- morski pauci (Pycnogonida)
- arahnida (Arachnida)
Klasa arahnida obuhvata škorpije, pauke, krpelje i dr. Među škorpijama i paucima ima otrovnih vrsta. U našoj zemlji živi škorpija iz roda Euscorpius, koja je otrovna, ali nije smrtonosna. Ujed pauka poznatog kao crna udovica (crne boje sa crvenim pegama na trbuhu) može kod čoveka da izazove smrt. Kod nas žive i tarantule čiji je ubod bolan.
Krpelji su paraziti, prenosioci a istovremeno predstavljaju i prirodne rezervoare uzročnika oboljenja čoveka:
- šugarac (Sarcoptes scabiei), koji izaziva šugu kod čoveka;
- krpelj koji prenosi uzročnika (spirohetu) lajmske bolesti;
- krpelji koji prenose viruse koji kod čoveka mogu prouzrokovati meningoencefalitis
Nadfamilije[uredi | uredi izvor]
- Acaroidea
- Acaronychoidea Grandjean, 1932
- Achipterioidea Thor, 1929
- Acropsopilionoidea Roewer, 1924
- Adamystoidea
- Aenictequoidea
- Alicorhagioidea Grandjean, 1939
- Allotanaupodoidea
- Alycoidea G. Canestrini and Fanzago, 1877
- Amerobelboidea Grandjean, 1954
- Ameronothroidea Vitzthum, 1943
- Amphotrombioidea
- Analgoidea
- Antennophoroidea
- Anystoidea
- Arctacaroidea
- Arrenuroidea
- Ascoidea
- Ascorhynchoidea Hoek, 1881
- Assamioidea Sørensen, 1884
- Atopochthonioidea Grandjean, 1949
- Bdelloidea
- Brachychthonioidea Thor, 1934
- Caddoidea Banks, 1892
- Caeculoidea
- Calyptostomatoidea Oudemans, 1923
- Canestrinioidea
- Carabodoidea Koch, 1843
- Celaenopsoidea
- Ceratozetoidea Jacot, 1925
- Cercomegistoidea
- Charassobatoidea Grandjean, 1958
- Charinoidea Quintero, 1986
- Charontoidea Simon, 1892
- Cheiridioidea Hansen, 1894
- Cheliferoidea Risso, 1827
- Cheyletoidea
- Chthonioidea Daday, 1888
- Chyzerioidea
- Cloacaroidea
- Colossendeidoidea
- Cosmochthonioidea Grandjean, 1947
- Crotonioidea Thorell, 1876
- Cymbaeremaeoidea Sellnick, 1928
- Damaeoidea Berlese, 1896
- Dermanyssoidea
- Diarthrophalloidea
- Dolichocyboidea
- Epedanoidea Sørensen, 1886
- Epicrioidea
- Epilohmannioidea Oudemans, 1923
- Eremaeoidea Oudemans, 1900
- Eriophyoidea
- Erythraeoidea
- Eukoenenioidea Petrunkevitch, 1955
- Eulohmannioidea Grandjean, 1931
- Euphthiracaroidea Jacot, 1930
- Eupodoidea
- Eutegaeoidea Balogh, 1965
- Eviphidoidea
- Eylaoidea
- Feaelloidea Ellingsen, 1906
- Fedrizzioidea
- Galumnoidea Jacot, 1925
- Garypinoidea Daday, 1888
- Garypoidea Simon, 1879
- Glycyphagoidea
- Gonyleptoidea Sundevall, 1833
- Gustavioidea Oudemans, 1900
- Gymnodamaeoidea Grandjean, 1954
- Halacaroidea
- Heatherelloidea
- Hemisarcoptoidea
- Hermannielloidea Grandjean, 1934
- Hermannioidea Sellnick, 1928
- Heterocheyloidea
- Heterochthonioidea Grandjean, 1954
- Heterozerconoidea
- Histiostomatoidea
- Hubbardioidea Cook, 1899
- Hydrachnoidea
- Hydrovolzioidea
- Hydrozetoidea Grandjean, 1954
- Hydryphantoidea
- Hygrobatoidea
- Hypochthonioidea Berlese, 1910
- Hypoderatoidea
- Ischyropsalidoidea Simon, 1879
- Ixodoidea
- Labidostommatoidea
- Lebertioidea
- Licneremaeoidea Grandjean, 1954
- Lohmannioidea Berlese, 1916
- Lordalycoidea Grandjean, 1939
- Megisthanoidea
- Mesoplophoroidea Ewing, 1917
- Microgynioidea
- Microzetoidea Grandjean, 1936
- Myobioidea
- Nanhermannioidea Sellnick, 1928
- Nehypochthonioidea Norton & Metz, 1980
- Nematalycoidea Strenzke, 1954
- Neobisioidea Chamberlin, 1930
- Neoliodoidea Sellnick, 1928
- Niphocepheoidea Travé, 1959
- Nymphonoidea Leach, 1816
- Oehserchestoidea Kethley, 1977
- Oppioidea Sellnick, 1937
- Oribatelloidea Jacot, 1925
- Oripodoidea Jacot, 1925
- Otocepheoidea Balogh, 1961
- Palaeacaroidea Grandjean, 1932
- Paramegistoidea
- Parantennuloidea
- Parasitoidea
- Paratydeoidea
- Parhypochthonioidea Grandjean, 1932
- Perlohmannioidea Grandjean, 1954
- Phalangioidea Latrelle, 1802
- Phalangodoidea Simon, 1879
- Phenopelopoidea Petrunkevitch, 1955
- Phoxichilidoidea G. O. Sars, 1891
- Phrynoidea Blanchard, 1852
- Phthiracaroidea Perty, 1841
- Phytoseioidea
- Plateremaeoidea Trägårdh, 1926
- Polypterozetoidea Grandjean, 1959
- Pomerantzioidea
- Protoplophoroidea Ewing, 1917
- Pterolichoidea
- Pterygosomatoidea
- Pycnogonoidea Latreille, 1803
- Pyemotoidea
- Raphignathoidea
- Rhodacaroidea
- Rhynchothoracoidea Thompson, 1909
- Ricinoidoidea Ewing, 1929
- Samooidea Sørensen, 1886
- Sarcoptoidea
- Schizoglyphoidea
- Scutacaroidea Oudemans, 1916
- Sejoidea
- Sphaerolichoidea
- Sternophoroidea Chamberlin, 1923
- Stygothrombioidea Thor, 1935
- Tanaupodoidea
- Tarsocheyloidea
- Tarsonemoidea
- Tectocepheoidea Grandjean, 1954
- Terpnacaroidea Grandjean, 1939
- Tetranychoidea
- Thelyphonoidea Lucas, 1835
- Thinozerconoidea
- Travunioidea Absolon and Kratochvil, 1932
- Triaenonychoidea Sørensen, 1886
- Trizetoidea Ewing, 1917
- Trochometridioidea
- Troguloidea Sundevall, 1833
- Trombiculoidea
- Trombidioidea
- Tydeoidea
- Unduloribatoidea Kunst, 1971
- Uropodoidea
- Veigaioidea
- Yurebilloidea
- Zalmoxoidea Sørensen, 1886
- Zerconoidea
- Zetomotrichoidea Grandjean, 1934
- Zetorchestoidea Michael, 1898
Familije[uredi | uredi izvor]
- Acalyptonotidae
- Acaridae
- Acaronychidae Grandjean, 1932
- Acarophenacidae
- Achaemenothrombiidae
- Acheliidae Semper, 1874
- Acherontacaridae
- Achipteriidae Thor, 1929
- Acropsopilionidae Roewer, 1924
- Actinopodidae Simon, 1892
- Acucapitidae
- Adamystidae
- Adelphacaridae Grandjean, 1954
- Adhaesozetidae Hammer, 1973
- Aenictequidae
- Aeroglyphidae
- Agelenidae C. L. Koch, 1837
- Agoristenidae Silhavý, 1973
- Aleurodamaeidae Paschoal & Johnston, 1985
- Algophagidae
- Alicorhagiidae Grandjean, 1939
- Allochaetophoridae
- Alloptidae
- Allotanaupodidae
- Allothyridae
- Alycidae G. Canestrini and Fanzago, 1877
- Amaurobiidae Thorell, 1870
- Ameridae Bulanova-Zachvatkina, 1957
- Amerobelbidae Grandjean, 1954
- Ameronothridae Vitzthum, 1943
- Ameroseiidae
- Ametroproctidae Subías, 2004
- Ammotrechidae Roewer, 1934
- Ammoxenidae Simon, 1893
- Amoenacaridae
- Amphinectidae Forster & Wilton, 1973
- Amphotrombiidae
- Analgidae
- Anapidae Simon, 1895
- Anisitsiellidae Koenike, 1910
- Antennochelidae
- Antennophoridae
- Antrodiaetidae Gertsch, in Comstock, 1940
- Anyphaenidae Bertkau, 1878
- Anystidae
- Apheviderulicidae
- Apionacaridae
- Araneidae Clerck, 1757
- Arborichthoniidae Balogh & P. Balogh, 1992
- Arceremaeidae Balogh, 1972
- Archaeidae Koch & Berendt, 1854
- Arctacaridae
- Arenohydracaridae
- Argasidae
- Aribatidae Aoki, Takaku & Ito, 1994
- Arkyidae L. Koch, 1872
- Arrenuridae
- Ascidae
- Ascorhynchidae Hoek, 1881
- Ascouracaridae
- Assamiidae Sørensen, 1884
- Astacocrotonidae
- Astegistidae Balogh, 1961
- Asternoseiidae
- Atemnidae Kishida, 1929
- Athienemanniidae
- Athyreacaridae
- Atopochthoniidae Grandjean, 1949
- Atopomelidae
- Aturidae
- Atypidae Thorell, 1870
- Audyanidae
- Austrochilidae Zapfe, 1955
- Austrodecidae Stock, 1954
- Autognetidae Grandjean, 1960
- Avenzoariidae
- Baloghjkaszabiidae
- Bandakiopsidae
- Barbutiidae
- Barychelidae Simon, 1889
- Basilobelbidae Balogh, 1961
- Bdellidae
- Biantidae Thorell, 1889
- Blattisociidae
- Bochicidae Chamberlin, 1930
- Bogatiidae
- Bothriuridae Simon, 1880
- Brachychthoniidae Thor, 1934
- Brasiluropodidae
- Buthidae C. L. Koch, 1837
- Caddidae Banks, 1892
- Caeculidae
- Caleremaeidae Grandjean, 1965
- Caligonellidae
- Callipallenidae Hilton, 1942
- Caloppiidae Balogh, 1960
- Calyptostomatidae Oudemans, 1923
- Camerobiidae
- Canestriniidae
- Caponiidae Simon, 1890
- Caraboacaridae
- Carabodidae Koch, 1843
- Carpoglyphidae
- Caudiferidae
- Celaenopsidae
- Ceratokalummidae Balogh, 1970
- Ceratoppiidae Grandjean, 1954
- Ceratozetidae Jacot, 1925
- Cercomegistidae
- Cerocepheidae Mahunka, 1986
- Ceromidae Roewer, 1933
- Chactidae Pocock, 1893
- Chaerilidae Pocock, 1893
- Chaetodactylidae
- Chamobatidae Thor, 1937
- Chappuisididae
- Charassobatidae Grandjean, 1958
- Charinidae Quintero, 1986
- Charontidae Simon, 1892
- Cheiridiidae Hansen, 1894
- Cheliferidae Risso, 1827
- Chernetidae Menge, 1855
- Chetochelacaridae
- Cheylabididae
- Cheyletidae
- Chirodiscidae
- Chirorhynchobiidae
- Chortoglyphidae
- Chthoniidae Daday, 1888
- Chulacaridae
- Chummidae Jocqué, 2001
- Chyzeriidae
- Cillibidae
- Cithaeronidae Simon, 1893
- Clausiadinychidae
- Cloacaridae
- Clubionidae Wagner, 1887
- Cocceupodidae
- Collohmanniidae Grandjean, 1958
- Colossendeidae
- Compactozetidae Luxton, 1988
- Coprozerconidae
- Corinnidae Karsch, 1880
- Cosmetidae Koch, 1839
- Cosmochthoniidae Grandjean, 1947
- Costacaridae
- Crotalomorphidae
- Crotoniidae Thorell, 1876
- Cryptognathidae
- Crypturoptidae
- Ctenacaridae Grandjean, 1954
- Ctenidae Keyserling, 1877
- Ctenizidae Thorell, 1887
- Ctenobelbidae Grandjean, 1965
- Ctenothyadidae
- Cunaxidae
- Cuneoppiidae Balogh, 1983
- Cyatholipidae Simon, 1894
- Cybaeidae Banks, 1892
- Cycloctenidae Simon, 1898
- Cyllibulidae
- Cymbaeremaeidae Sellnick, 1928
- Cyrtaucheniidae Simon, 1889
- Cytoditidae
- Daesiidae Kraepelin, 1899
- Damaeidae Berlese, 1896
- Damaeolidae Grandjean, 1965
- Dampfiellidae Balogh, 1961
- Dasyponyssidae
- Dasythyreidae
- Davacaridae
- Decoroppiidae Mahunka, 2009
- Deinopidae C. L. Koch, 1850
- Demodicidae
- Dendrochaetidae
- Dendroeremaeidae Behan-Pelletier, Eamer & Clayton, 2005
- Deraiophoridae
- Dermanyssidae
- Dermationidae
- Dermoglyphidae
- Desidae Pocock, 1895
- Diarthrophallidae
- Dicranolasmatidae Simon, 1879
- Dictynidae O. P.-Cambridge, 1871
- Digamasellidae
- Diguetidae F. O. P.-Cambridge, 1899
- Dinychidae
- Diplocentridae Karsch, 1880
- Diplogyniidae
- Dipluridae Simon, 1889
- Diptilomiopidae
- Discourellidae
- Discozerconidae
- Dolichocybidae
- Drymobatidae J. & P. Balogh, 1984
- Drymusidae Simon, 1893
- Dysderidae C. L. Koch, 1837
- Echimyopodidae
- Elliptochthoniidae Norton, 1975
- Endeidae Norman, 1908
- Eniochthoniidae Grandjean, 1947
- Entonyssidae
- Epactozetidae Grandjean, 1930
- Epedanidae Sørensen, 1886
- Epicriidae
- Epidermoptidae
- Epilohmanniidae Oudemans, 1923
- Epimerellidae Ayyildiz & Luxton, 1989
- Epimyodicidae
- Eremaeidae Oudemans, 1900
- Eremaeozetidae Piffl, 1972
- Eremellidae Balogh, 1961
- Eremobatidae Kraepelin, 1901
- Eremobelbidae Balogh, 1961
- Eremulidae Grandjean, 1965
- Eresidae C. L. Koch, 1850
- Ereynetidae
- Eriophyidae
- Eriorhynchidae
- Erythraeidae
- Escadabiidae Kury and Pérez, 2003
- Euglycyphagidae
- Eukoeneniidae Petrunkevitch, 1955
- Eulohmanniidae Grandjean, 1931
- Eupalopsellidae
- Euphthiracaridae Jacot, 1930
- Euphysalozerconidae
- Eupodidae
- Euscorpiidae Laurie, 1896
- Eustathiidae
- Eutegaeidae Balogh, 1965
- Eutrachytidae
- Euzerconidae
- Eviphididae
- Eylaidae
- Falculiferidae
- Feaellidae Ellingsen, 1906
- Fedrizziidae
- Feltriidae
- Ferradasiidae
- Filistatidae Ausserer, 1867
- Fissiphalliidae Martens, 1988
- Fortuyniidae Hammen, 1963
- Freyanidae
- Frontipodopsidae
- Gabuciniidae
- Galeodidae Sundevall, 1833
- Gallieniellidae Millot, 1947
- Galumnellidae Balogh, 1960
- Galumnidae Jacot, 1925
- Garypidae Simon, 1879
- Garypinidae Daday, 1888
- Gastronyssidae
- Gaudiellidae
- Gaudoglyphidae
- Gehypochthoniidae Strenzke, 1963
- Geogarypidae Chamberlin, 1930
- Glycacaridae
- Glycyphagidae
- Gnaphosidae Pocock, 1898
- Gonyleptidae Sundevall, 1833
- Gradungulidae Forster, 1955
- Grandjeanicidae Kethley, 1977
- Granuloppiidae Balogh, 1983
- Gretacaridae
- Guanolichidae
- Guasiniidae González-Sponga, 1997
- Gustaviidae Oudemans, 1900
- Gylippidae Roewer, 1933
- Gymnobisiidae Beier, 1947
- Gymnodamaeidae Grandjean, 1954
- Haemogamasidae
- Hahniidae Bertkau, 1878
- Halacaridae
- Halarachnidae
- Halolaelapidae
- Haplochthoniidae Hammen, 1959
- Haplozetidae Grandjean, 1936
- Harpagopalpidae
- Harpirhynchidae
- Heatherellidae
- Hemileiidae J. & P. Balogh, 1984
- Hemisarcoptidae
- Hermanniellidae Grandjean, 1934
- Hermanniidae Sellnick, 1928
- Hersiliidae Thorell, 1870
- Hesperolpiidae Chamberlin, 1930
- Heterobelbidae Balogh, 1961
- Heterocheylidae
- Heterochthoniidae Grandjean, 1954
- Heterocoptidae
- Heteroscorpionidae Kraepelin, 1905
- Heterozerconidae
- Hexathelidae Simon, 1892
- Hexisopodidae Pocock, 1897
- Histiostomatidae
- Holarchaeidae Forster & Platnick, 1984
- Holothyridae
- Homalonychidae Simon, 1893
- Homocaligidae
- Hoplomegistidae
- Hubbardiidae Cook, 1899
- Humerobatidae Grandjean, 1971
- Hungarobelbidae Miko & Travé, 1996
- Hungarohydracaridae
- Huttoniidae Simon, 1893
- Hutufeideriidae
- Hyadesiidae
- Hydrachnidae
- Hydrodromidae
- Hydrovolziidae
- Hydrozetidae Grandjean, 1954
- Hydryphantidae
- Hygrobatidae
- Hyidae Chamberlin, 1930
- Hypochilidae Marx, 1888
- Hypochthoniidae Berlese, 1910
- Hypoderatidae
- Hystrichonyssidae
- Icaleptidae Kury and Pérez, 2002
- Ichthyostomatogasteridae
- Ideoroncidae Chamberlin, 1930
- Idiopidae Simon, 1889
- Iolinidae
- Iphiopsididae
- Ischnuridae Simon, 1897
- Ischyropsalididae Simon, 1879
- Iuridae Thorell, 1876
- Ixodidae
- Ixodorhynchidae
- Johnstonianidae
- Kantacaridae
- Karschiidae Kraepelin, 1899
- Kaszabjbaloghiidae
- Kimulidae Pérez Gonzalez, Kury and Alonso-Zarazaga, 2007
- Kiwilichidae
- Klinckowstroemiidae
- Kodiakellidae Hammer, 1967
- Kramerellidae
- Krendowskiidae
- Labidostommatidae
- Laelapidae
- Laelaptonyssidae
- Lamellareidae Balogh, 1972
- Laminosioptidae
- Lamponidae Simon, 1893
- Larcidae Harvey, 1992
- Lardoglyphidae
- Larvamimidae
- Laversiidae
- Lebertiidae Thor, 1900
- Leeuwenhoekiidae
- Lemanniellidae
- Lemurnyssidae
- Leptolaelapidae
- Leptonetidae Simon, 1890
- Lethaxonidae
- Liacaridae Sellnick, 1928
- Licneremaeidae Grandjean, 1954
- Licnobelbidae Grandjean, 1965
- Licnodamaeidae Grandjean, 1954
- Liebstadiidae J. & P. Balogh, 1984
- Limnesiidae
- Limnocharidae
- Limnozetidae Thor, 1937
- Limulidae
- Linotetranidae
- Linyphiidae Blackwall, 1859
- Liocranidae Simon, 1897
- Liphistiidae Thorell, 1869
- Listrophoridae
- Lobalgidae
- Lohmanniidae Berlese, 1916
- Lordalycidae Grandjean, 1939
- Lycosidae Sundevall, 1833
- Lyroppiidae Balogh, 1983
- Machadobelbidae Balogh, 1972
- Machuellidae Balogh, 1983
- Macrochelidae
- Macrodinychidae
- Macronyssidae
- Malaconothridae Berlese, 1916
- Malgasacaridae
- Malkaridae Davies, 1980
- Manitherionyssidae
- Maudheimiidae J. & P. Balogh, 1984
- Mecicobothriidae Holmberg, 1882
- Mecognathidae
- Mecysmaucheniidae Simon, 1895
- Megacelaenopsidae
- Megisthanidae
- Melanoblossiidae Roewer, 1933
- Melicharidae
- Meliponocoptidae
- Menthidae Chamberlin, 1930
- Mesoplophoridae Ewing, 1917
- Messoracaridae
- Metagynuridae
- Metasarcidae Kury, 1994
- Micreremidae Grandjean, 1954
- Microcharmidae Lourenço, 1996
- Microdispidae Cross, 1965
- Microgyniidae
- Micropholcommatidae Hickman, 1944
- Micropsammidae Coineau and Théron, 1983
- Microstigmatidae Roewer, 1942
- Microtegeidae Balogh, 1972
- Microtrombidiidae
- Microzetidae Grandjean, 1936
- Mideidae
- Mideopsidae
- Migidae Simon, 1889
- Mimetidae Simon, 1881
- Miturgidae Simon, 1886
- Mochlozetidae Grandjean, 1960
- Momoniidae
- Multoribulidae Balogh, 1972
- Mummuciidae Roewer, 1934
- Myobiidae
- Myocoptidae
- Mysmenidae Petrunkevitch, 1928
- Nanhermanniidae Sellnick, 1928
- Nanohystricidae Norton & Fuangarworn, 2015
- Nanorchestidae Grandjean, 1937
- Nehypochthoniidae Norton & Metz, 1980
- Nemastomatidae Simon, 1872
- Nematalycidae Strenzke, 1954
- Nemesiidae Simon, 1889
- Nenteriidae
- Neoacaridae
- Neobisiidae Chamberlin, 1930
- Neogoveidae Shear, 1980
- Neoliodidae Sellnick, 1928
- Neopilionidae Lawrence, 1931
- Neopygmephoridae Cross, 1965
- Neotenogyniidae
- Neothrombiidae
- Neothyridae
- Neotrombidiidae
- Nesozetidae J. & P. Balogh, 1984
- Nesticidae Simon, 1894
- Nicodamidae Simon, 1897
- Niphocepheidae Travé, 1959
- Nippobodidae Aoki, 1959
- Nipponacaridae
- Nippononychidae Suzuki, 1975
- Nipponopsalididae Martens, 1976
- Nodocepheidae Piffl, 1972
- Nosybeidae Mahunka, 1993
- Nothogynidae
- Nothridae Berlese, 1896
- Nudomideopsidae
- Nuttalliellidae
- Nymphonidae Leach, 1816
- Ochrolichidae
- Ochyroceratidae Fage, 1912
- Oconnoriidae
- Oecobiidae Blackwall, 1862
- Oehserchestidae Kethley, 1977
- Ogoveidae Shear, 1980
- Ologamasidae
- Olpiidae Banks, 1895
- Omartacaridae
- Omentolaelapidae
- Oonopidae Simon, 1890
- Opilioacaridae With, 1902
- Oplitidae
- Oppiidae Sellnick, 1937
- Oribatellidae Jacot, 1925
- Oribatulidae Thor, 1929
- Oribellidae Kunst, 1971
- Oribotritiidae Balogh, 1943
- Oripodidae Jacot, 1925
- Orsolobidae Cooke, 1965
- Otocepheidae Balogh, 1961
- Otopheidomenidae
- Oxidae Viets, 1926
- Oxyameridae Aoki, 1965
- Oxyopidae Thorell, 1870
- Pachylaelapidae
- Palaeacaridae Grandjean, 1932
- Pallenopsidae Fry, 1978
- Palpimanidae Thorell, 1870
- Papillonotidae Balogh, 1983
- Paracharontidae Weygoldt, 1996
- Parahyidae Harvey, 1992
- Parakalummidae Grandjean, 1936
- Paramegistidae
- Paranonychidae Briggs, 1971
- Parantennulidae
- Pararchaeidae Forster & Platnick, 1984
- Parasitidae
- Paratropididae Simon, 1889
- Paratydeidae
- Parholaspididae
- Parhypochthoniidae Grandjean, 1932
- Passalozetidae Grandjean, 1954
- Pedetopodidae
- Pediculochelidae Lavoipierre, 1946
- Peloppiidae Balogh, 1943
- Pentapalpidae
- Penthaleidae
- Penthalodidae
- Periegopidae Simon, 1893
- Perlohmanniidae Grandjean, 1954
- Petrobunidae Sharma and Giribet, 2011
- Pettalidae Shear, 1980
- Pezidae
- Phalangiidae Latrelle, 1802
- Phalangodidae Simon, 1879
- Phenopelopidae Petrunkevitch, 1955
- Pheroliodidae Paschoal, 1987
- Philodanidae
- Philodromidae Thorell, 1870
- Pholcidae C. L. Koch, 1850
- Phoxichilidiidae G. O. Sars, 1891
- Phrynichidae Simon, 1892
- Phrynidae Blanchard, 1852
- Phthiracaridae Perty, 1841
- Phymatodiscidae
- Phytoptidae
- Phytoseiidae
- Phyxelididae Lehtinen, 1967
- Piersigiidae
- Pimoidae Wunderlich, 1986
- Pionidae
- Pirnodidae Grandjean, 1956
- Pisauridae Simon, 1890
- Plasmobatidae Grandjean, 1961
- Plateremaeidae Trägårdh, 1926
- Platyameridae J. & P. Balogh, 1983
- Plectreuridae Simon, 1893
- Pneumocoptidae
- Podapolipidae
- Podocinidae
- Podoctidae Roewer, 1912
- Podopterotegaeidae Piffl, 1972
- Polyaspididae
- Polypterozetidae Grandjean, 1959
- Pomerantziidae
- Pontarachnidae
- Proctophyllodidae
- Prodinychidae
- Prokoeneniidae Condé, 1996
- Promegistidae
- Proteonematalycidae Kethley, 1989
- Proterorhagiidae Lindquist and Palacios-Vargas, 1991
- Protodinychidae
- Protolophidae Banks, 1893
- Protoplophoridae Ewing, 1917
- Protoribatidae J. & P. Balogh, 1984
- Protoschizomidae Rowland, 1975
- Protosolpugidae Petrunkevitch, 1953
- Psammochthoniidae Fuangarworn & Norton, 2013
- Psechridae Simon, 1890
- Pseudochactidae Gromov, 1998
- Pseudocheylidae
- Pseudochiridiidae Chamberlin, 1923
- Pseudogarypidae Chamberlin, 1923
- Pseudoppiidae Mahunka, 1975
- Pseudotyrannochthoniidae Beier, 1932
- Psorergatidae
- Psoroptidae
- Psoroptoididae
- Pterolichidae
- Pteronyssidae
- Pterygosomatidae
- Ptiloxenidae
- Ptochacaridae
- Ptyssalgidae
- Punctoribatidae Thor, 1937
- Pycnogonidae Latreille, 1803
- Pyemotidae
- Pygmephoridae Cross, 1965
- Pyramidopidae Sharma, Prieto and Giribet, 2011
- Pyroglyphidae
- Pyrosejidae
- Quadroppiidae Balogh, 1983
- Raphignathidae
- Rectijanuidae
- Reginacharlottiidae
- Resinacaridae
- Rhagidiidae
- Rhagodidae Pocock, 1897
- Rhinonyssidae
- Rhodacaridae
- Rhynchohydracaridae
- Rhynchoribatidae Balogh, 1961
- Rhynchothoracidae Thompson, 1909
- Rhyncoptidae
- Ricinoididae Ewing, 1929
- Rioppiidae Balogh & Mahunka, 1977
- Rosensteiniidae
- Rotundabaloghiidae
- Rutripalpidae
- Sabaconidae Dresco, 1970
- Salticidae Blackwall, 1841
- Saltiseiidae
- Salvidae Özdikmen, 2008
- Samoidae Sørensen, 1886
- Sandokanidae Özdikmen and Kury, 2007
- Sarcoptidae
- Scatoglyphidae
- Scheloribatidae Grandjean, 1933
- Schizoglyphidae
- Schizogyniidae
- Sclerosomatidae Simon, 1879
- Scorpionidae Latreille, 1802
- Scorpiopidae Kraepelin, 1905
- Scutacaridae Oudemans, 1916
- Scutoverticidae Grandjean, 1954
- Scytodidae Blackwall, 1864
- Segestriidae Simon, 1893
- Seiodidae
- Sejidae
- Selenopidae Simon, 1897
- Selenoribatidae Schuster, 1963
- Senoculidae Simon, 1890
- Sicariidae Keyserling, 1880
- Sinopimoidae Li & Wunderlich, 2008
- Sironidae Simon, 1879
- Smarididae Vitzthum, 1929
- Solpugidae Leach, 1815
- Sparassidae Bertkau, 1872
- Spelaeorhynchidae
- Sperchontidae
- Sphaerochthoniidae Grandjean, 1947
- Sphaerolichidae
- Spinozetidae Balogh, 1972
- Spinturnicidae
- Staurobatidae Grandjean, 1966
- Stenochilidae Thorell, 1873
- Sternophoridae Chamberlin, 1923
- Sternoppiidae Balogh & Mahunka, 1969
- Stigmaeidae
- Stigmocheylidae
- Stiphidiidae Dalmas, 1917
- Strandtmanniidae
- Stygnidae Simon, 1879
- Stygnommatidae Roewer, 1923
- Stygnopsidae Sørensen, 1932
- Stygothrombiidae Thor, 1935
- Stygotoniidae
- Stylocellidae Hansen and Sørensen, 1904
- Suctobelbidae Jacot, 1938
- Suidasiidae
- Superstitioniidae Stahnke, 1940
- Syarinidae Chamberlin, 1930
- Symbioribatidae Aoki, 1966
- Symphytognathidae Hickman, 1931
- Synaphridae Wunderlich, 1986
- Synichotritiidae Walker, 1965
- Synotaxidae Simon, 1894
- Synthetonychiidae Forster, 1954
- Syringobiidae
- Syringophilidae
- Tanaupodidae
- Taracidae Schönhofer, 2013
- Tarsocheylidae Berlese, 1904
- Tarsonemidae
- Tectocepheidae Grandjean, 1954
- Tegeocranellidae P. Balogh, 1987
- Tegoribatidae Grandjean, 1954
- Telemidae Fage, 1913
- Teneriffiidae
- Tengellidae Dahl, 1908
- Tenuialidae Jacot, 1929
- Tenuipalpidae
- Teranyssidae
- Teratoppiidae Balogh, 1983
- Teratothyadidae
- Terpnacaridae Grandjean, 1939
- Tetrablemmidae O. P.-Cambridge, 1873
- Tetracondylidae Aoki, 1961
- Tetragnathidae Menge, 1866
- Tetranychidae
- Tetrasejaspidae
- Teutoniidae Koenike, 1910
- Thelyphonidae Lucas, 1835
- Theraphosidae Thorell, 1869
- Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833
- Theridiosomatidae Simon, 1881
- Thermacaridae
- Thinozerconidae
- Thomisidae Sundevall, 1833
- Thoracosathesidae
- Thyrisomidae Grandjean, 1954
- Thysanocercidae
- Titanoecidae Lehtinen, 1967
- Tithaeidae Sharma and Giribet, 2011
- Tokunocepheidae Aoki, 1966
- Torrenticolidae Thor, 1902
- Trachytidae
- Trachyuropodidae
- Travuniidae Absolon and Kratochvíl, 1932
- Trechaleidae Simon, 1890
- Trematuridae
- Trhypochthoniidae Willmann, 1931
- Triaenonychidae Sørensen, 1886
- Trichocyllibidae
- Trichouropodellidae
- Trichthoniidae Lee, 1982
- Tricommatidae Roewer, 1912
- Trigonuropodidae
- Triophtydeidae
- Triplogyniidae
- Trizetidae Ewing, 1917
- Trochanteriidae Karsch, 1879
- Trochometridiidae
- Trogloraptoridae Griswold, Audisio & Ledford, 2012
- Troglosironidae Shear, 1993
- Troglotayosicidae Lourenço, 1998
- Trogulidae Sundevall, 1833
- Trombellidae
- Trombiculidae
- Trombidiidae
- Trouessartiidae
- Tubulozetidae P. Balogh, 1989
- Tuckerellidae
- Tumerozetidae Hammer, 1966
- Tuparezetidae Balogh, 1972
- Turbinoptidae
- Tydeidae
- Uchidastygacaridae
- Uloboridae Thorell, 1869
- Unduloribatidae Kunst, 1971
- Unionicolidae
- Uroactiniidae
- Urodiaspididae
- Urodinychidae
- Uropodellidae
- Uropodidae
- Vaejovidae Thorell, 1876
- Varroidae Delfinado and Baker, 1974
- Veigaiidae
- Vexillariidae
- Vitzthumegistidae
- Walchiidae
- Wettinidae
- Winterschmidtiidae
- Withiidae Chamberlin, 1931
- Xenillidae Woolley & Higgins, 1966
- Xenocaligonellididae
- Xolalgidae
- Yurebillidae
- Zalmoxidae Sørensen, 1886
- Zelandothyadidae
- Zerconidae
- Zetomotrichidae Grandjean, 1934
- Zetorchestidae Michael, 1898
- Zodariidae Thorell, 1881
- Zoridae F. O. P.-Cambridge, 1893
- Zorocratidae Dahl, 1913
- Zoropsidae Bertkau, 1882
Literatura[uredi | uredi izvor]
- Blesić. B. Artikulata, PMF - Kragujevac, 2002.
- Dogelj, V, A: Zoologija beskičmenjaka, Naučna knjiga, Beograd, 1971.
- Krunić, M: Zoologija invertebrata 1, Naučna knjiga, Beograd, 1977.
- Krunić, M: Zoologija invertebrata 2, Naučna knjiga, Beograd
- Mariček, magdalena, Ćurčić, B, Radović, I: Specijalna zoologija, Naučna knjiga, Beograd, 1986.
- Matoničkin, I, Habdija, I, Primc - Habdija, B: Beskralješnjaci - bilogija nižih avertebrata, Školska knjiga, Zagreb, 1998.
- Marcon, E, Mongini, M: Sve životinje sveta, IRO Vuk Karadžić, Beograd, 1986.
- Petrov, I: Sakupljanje, preparovanje i čuvanje insekata u zbirkama, Biološki fakultet, Beograd, 2000.
- Radović, I, Petrov, Brigita: Raznovrsnost života 1 - struktura i funkcija, Biološki fakultet Beograd i Stylos Novi Sad, Beograd, 2001.
Galerija[uredi | uredi izvor]
Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]
- ^ Barnes, R.S.K.; Calow, P.P.; Olive, P.J.W. (2009). The Invertebrates: A Synthesis (third izd.). John Wiley & Sons. str. 174. ISBN 978-1-4443-1233-1.
- ^ Wang, Bo; Dunlop, Jason A.; Selden, Paul A.; Garwood, Russell J.; Shear, William A.; Müller, Patrick; Lei, Xiaojie (2018). „Cretaceous arachnid Chimerarachne yingi gen. et sp. nov. illuminates spider origins”. Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2 (4): 614—622. ISSN 2397-334X. PMID 29403075. S2CID 4239867. doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0449-3.
- ^ Garwood, Russell J.; Dunlop, Jason A.; Knecht, Brian J.; Hegna, Thomas A. (2017). „The phylogeny of fossil whip spiders”. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17 (1): 105. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 5399839 . PMID 28431496. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0931-1 .
- ^ Garwood, Russell J.; Dunlop, Jason A.; Selden, Paul A.; Spencer, Alan R. T.; Atwood, Robert C.; Vo, Nghia T.; Drakopoulos, Michael (2016). „Almost a spider: a 305-million-year-old fossil arachnid and spider origins”. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 283 (1827): 20160125. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 4822468 . PMID 27030415. doi:10.1098/rspb.2016.0125 .
- ^ Garwood, Russell J.; Dunlop, Jason (2014). „Three-dimensional reconstruction and the phylogeny of extinct chelicerate orders”. PeerJ. 2: e641. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 4232842 . PMID 25405073. doi:10.7717/peerj.641 .
- ^ Giribet, Gonzalo (2018). „Current views on chelicerate phylogeny—A tribute to Peter Weygoldt”. Zoologischer Anzeiger. 273: 7—13. ISSN 0044-5231. doi:10.1016/j.jcz.2018.01.004.
- ^ Sharma, Prashant P.; Kaluziak, Stefan T.; Pérez-Porro, Alicia R.; González, Vanessa L.; Hormiga, Gustavo; Wheeler, Ward C.; Giribet, Gonzalo (2014). „Phylogenomic Interrogation of Arachnida Reveals Systemic Conflicts in Phylogenetic Signal”. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 31 (11): 2963—2984. ISSN 1537-1719. PMID 25107551. doi:10.1093/molbev/msu235 .
- ^ Ballesteros, Jesús A; Sharma, Prashant P; Halanych, Ken (2019). „A Critical Appraisal of the Placement of Xiphosura (Chelicerata) with Account of Known Sources of Phylogenetic Error”. Systematic Biology. 68 (6): 896—917. ISSN 1063-5157. PMID 30917194. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syz011 .
Literatura[uredi | uredi izvor]
- Ruppert, E. E.; Fox, R. S.; Barnes, R. D. (2004), Invertebrate Zoology (7th izd.), Brooks/Cole, ISBN 978-0-03-025982-1