Čovek (rod)

Čovek; Vremenski raspon: pjačentin—danas PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Naučna klasifikacija
Domen:	Eukaryota
Carstvo:	Animalia
Tip:	Chordata
Klasa:	Mammalia
Red:	Primates
Podred:	Haplorhini
Infrared:	Simiiformes
Porodica:	Hominidae
Potporodica:	Homininae
Pleme:	Hominini
Rod:	Homo; Linnaeus, 1758
Tipska vrsta
	Razuman čovek; Linnaeus, 1758
Vrste
	Razuman čovek; †Uspravan čovek; †Floreski čovek; †Spretan čovek; †Hajdelberški čovek; †Zvezdani čovek; †Neandertalski čovek;
Sinonimi
	Sinonimi Afrikantropus Drejer, 1935 ; Atlantropus Aramburg, 1954 ; Kipantropus Pajkraft, 1928 ; Paleantropus Bonareli, 1909 ; Paleoantropus Frojdenberg, 1927 ; Pitekantropus Dubua, 1894 ; Protantropus Hekel, 1895 ; Sinantropus Blek, 1927 ; Tčadantropus Kopens, 1965 ; Telantropus Brum & Anderson 1949 ;

Čovek (lat. Homo — Homo), rod je koji obuhvata postojeću vrstu razumnog čoveka (savremeni ljudi), plus nekoliko izumrlih vrsta koje su klasifikovane ili kao preci savremenih ljudi ili kao blisko srodne sa savremenim ljudima (zavisno od vrste), među najpoznatijim su uspravan čovek i neandertalski čovek.

Evolucija[uredi | uredi izvor]

Smatra se da je rod nastao pojavom spretnog čoveka, pre više od dva miliona godina.^[2] Ljudski rod potiče od južnog majmuna, koji se prethodno odvojio od roda Pan, šimpanza.^[3] Taksonomski, ljudski rod je jedini rod koji je dodeljen potplemenu Hominina koje, sa potplemenima Australopithecina i Panina, čini deo plemena Hominini.

Uspravan čovek (lat. Homo erectus) pojavio se pre oko dva miliona godina i, u nekoliko ranih migracija, proširio širom Afrike (gde je nazvan čovek-radnik (lat. Homo erectus ergaster)) i Evroazije. Verovatno je prva ljudska vrsta koja živi u društvu lovaca-skupljača i kontroliše vatru. Kao prilagodljiva i uspešna vrsta, uspravan čovek je istrajao više od milion godina i postepeno se delio na nove vrste pre oko 500.000 godina,^[4] jedna od njih je hajdelberški čovek, od koga potiču i neandertalac i razuman čovek.

Razuman čovek (lat. Homo sapiens; anatomski savremeni ljudi) pojavljuje se pre oko 300.000 do 200.000 godina,^[5] najverovatnije u Africi, a u približno isto vreme neandertalski čovek se pojavljuje u Evropi i zapadnoj Aziji. Razuman čovek se raselio iz Afrike u nekoliko talasa, moguće već pre 250.000 godina i sigurno pre 130.000 godina, tzv. južno raseljenje počelo je pre 70.000 godina, a dovelo je do trajne kolonizacije Evroazije i Okeanije pre 50.000 godina. I u Africi i Evroaziji, razuman čovek se susreo i razmnožavao^[6]^[7] sa praistorijskim čovekom.

Smatra se da su pojedine praistorijske (ne-razumne) ljudske vrste živele do pre oko 40.000 godina (izumiranje neandertalaca), sa mogućim kasnijim preživljavanjem hibridnih vrsta čak do pre 12.000 godina (ljudi iz Crvenojelenje pećine).

Među postojećom populacijom razumnog čoveka, Bušmani južne Afrike su najstariji ogranak, koji je nastao pre oko 130.000 godina.^[8]

Vidi još[uredi | uredi izvor]

Hronologija prirode

Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]

^ Rekonstruisao Džon Gurše (2010), Nacionalni muzej prirodne istorije, na osnovu KNM ER 3733 i KNM ER 992. Abigejl Taker, „A Closer Look at Evolutionary Faces Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (5. decembar 2013)”, Smithsonian.com, 25. februar 2010. Uspravan čovek ima najobimniji opseg svih vrsta ljudi, od pre 1,8 do 0,14 miliona godina, ili oko 80% celog života roda.
^ The conventional estimate on the age of H. habilis is at roughly 2.1 to 2.3 million years. Stringer, C.B. (1994). „Evolution of early humans”. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. str. 242. Friedemann Schrenk, Ottmar Kullmer, Timothy Bromage, „The Earliest Putative Homo Fossils”, chapter 9 in: Winfried Henke, Ian Tattersall (eds.), Handbook of Paleoanthropology, 2007, pp. 1611—1631, . doi:10.1007/978-3-540-33761-4_52. Nedostaje ili je prazan parametar |title= (pomoć). Suggestions for pushing back the age to 2.8 Mya were made in 2015 based on the discovery of a jawbone: Spoor, Fred; Gunz, Philipp; Neubauer, Simon; Stelzer, Stefanie; Scott, Nadia; Kwekason, Amandus; Dean, M. Christopher (05. 3. 2015). „Reconstructed Homo habilis type OH 7 suggests deep-rooted species diversity in early Homo”. Nature. 519 (7541): 83—86. Bibcode:2015Natur.519...83S. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 25739632. doi:10.1038/nature14224. .
^ Schuster, Angela M. H. (1997). „Earliest Remains of Genus Homo”. Archaeology. 50 (1). Pristupljeno 05. 3. 2015. The line to the earliest members of Homo were derived from Australopithecus, a genus which had separated from the Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor by late Miocene or early Pliocene times.
^ H. erectus in the narrow sense (the Asian species) was extinct by 140,000 years ago, Homo erectus soloensis, found in Java, is considered the latest known survival of H. erectus. Formerly dated to as late as 50,000 to 40,000 years ago, a 2011 study pushed back the date of its extinction of H. e. soloensis to 143,000 years ago at the latest, more likely before 550,000 years ago. Indriati E, Swisher CC III, Lepre C, Quinn RL, Suriyanto RA, et al. 2011 The Age of the 20 Meter Solo River Terrace, Java, Indonesia and the Survival of Homo erectus in Asia.PLoS ONE 6(6): e21562. . doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0021562. Nedostaje ili je prazan parametar |title= (pomoć).
^ Callaway, Ewan (07. 6. 2017). „Oldest Homo sapiens fossil claim rewrites our species' history”. Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2017.22114. Pristupljeno 11. 06. 2017.
^ Green, R.E.; Krause, J.; Briggs, A.W.; Maricic, T.; Stenzel, U.; Kircher, M.; Patterson, N.; Li, H.; Zhai, W.; Fritz, M.H.Y.; Hansen, N.F. (2010). „A draft sequence of the Neandertal genome”. Science. 328 (5979): 710—722. PMID 20448178. doi:10.1126/science.1188021.
^ Lowery, R.K.; Uribe, G.; Jimenez, E.B.; Weiss, M.A.; Herrera, K.J.; Regueiro, M.; Herrera, R.J. (2013). „Neanderthal and Denisova genetic affinities with contemporary humans: Introgression versus common ancestral polymorphisms”. Gene. 530 (1): 83—94. PMID 23872234. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2013.06.005. This study raises the possibility of observed genetic affinities between archaic and modern human populations being mostly due to common ancestral polymorphisms.
^ Henn, Brenna; Gignoux, Christopher R.; Jobin, Matthew (2011). „Hunter-gatherer genomic diversity suggests a southern African origin for modern humans”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. National Academy of Sciences. 108 (13): 5154—62. doi:10.1073/pnas.1017511108.

Spoljašnje veze[uredi | uredi izvor]

Exploring the Hominid Fossil Record (Center for the Advanced Study of Hominid Paleobiology at George Washington University)
Hominid species
Prominent Hominid Fossils
Mikkos Phylogeny archive
(jezik: engleski) Čovek (rod) na Encyclopedia of Life
Human Timeline (Interactive) — Smithsonian, National Museum of Natural History (August 2016).

[1] Rekonstruisao Džon Gurše (2010), Nacionalni muzej prirodne istorije, na osnovu KNM ER 3733 i KNM ER 992. Abigejl Taker, „A Closer Look at Evolutionary Faces Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (5. decembar 2013)”, Smithsonian.com, 25. februar 2010. Uspravan čovek ima najobimniji opseg svih vrsta ljudi, od pre 1,8 do 0,14 miliona godina, ili oko 80% celog života roda.

[2] The conventional estimate on the age of H. habilis is at roughly 2.1 to 2.3 million years. Stringer, C.B. (1994). „Evolution of early humans”. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. str. 242. Friedemann Schrenk, Ottmar Kullmer, Timothy Bromage, „The Earliest Putative Homo Fossils”, chapter 9 in: Winfried Henke, Ian Tattersall (eds.), Handbook of Paleoanthropology, 2007, pp. 1611—1631, . doi:10.1007/978-3-540-33761-4_52. Nedostaje ili je prazan parametar |title= (pomoć). Suggestions for pushing back the age to 2.8 Mya were made in 2015 based on the discovery of a jawbone: Spoor, Fred; Gunz, Philipp; Neubauer, Simon; Stelzer, Stefanie; Scott, Nadia; Kwekason, Amandus; Dean, M. Christopher (05. 3. 2015). „Reconstructed Homo habilis type OH 7 suggests deep-rooted species diversity in early Homo”. Nature. 519 (7541): 83—86. Bibcode:2015Natur.519...83S. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 25739632. doi:10.1038/nature14224. .

[3] Schuster, Angela M. H. (1997). „Earliest Remains of Genus Homo”. Archaeology. 50 (1). Pristupljeno 05. 3. 2015. The line to the earliest members of Homo were derived from Australopithecus, a genus which had separated from the Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor by late Miocene or early Pliocene times.

[4] H. erectus in the narrow sense (the Asian species) was extinct by 140,000 years ago, Homo erectus soloensis, found in Java, is considered the latest known survival of H. erectus. Formerly dated to as late as 50,000 to 40,000 years ago, a 2011 study pushed back the date of its extinction of H. e. soloensis to 143,000 years ago at the latest, more likely before 550,000 years ago. Indriati E, Swisher CC III, Lepre C, Quinn RL, Suriyanto RA, et al. 2011 The Age of the 20 Meter Solo River Terrace, Java, Indonesia and the Survival of Homo erectus in Asia.PLoS ONE 6(6): e21562. . doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0021562. Nedostaje ili je prazan parametar |title= (pomoć).

[NAT-20170607a-5] Callaway, Ewan (07. 6. 2017). „Oldest Homo sapiens fossil claim rewrites our species' history”. Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2017.22114. Pristupljeno 11. 06. 2017.

[6] Green, R.E.; Krause, J.; Briggs, A.W.; Maricic, T.; Stenzel, U.; Kircher, M.; Patterson, N.; Li, H.; Zhai, W.; Fritz, M.H.Y.; Hansen, N.F. (2010). „A draft sequence of the Neandertal genome”. Science. 328 (5979): 710—722. PMID 20448178. doi:10.1126/science.1188021.

[7] Lowery, R.K.; Uribe, G.; Jimenez, E.B.; Weiss, M.A.; Herrera, K.J.; Regueiro, M.; Herrera, R.J. (2013). „Neanderthal and Denisova genetic affinities with contemporary humans: Introgression versus common ancestral polymorphisms”. Gene. 530 (1): 83—94. PMID 23872234. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2013.06.005. This study raises the possibility of observed genetic affinities between archaic and modern human populations being mostly due to common ancestral polymorphisms.

[National_Academy_of_Sciences-8] Henn, Brenna; Gignoux, Christopher R.; Jobin, Matthew (2011). „Hunter-gatherer genomic diversity suggests a southern African origin for modern humans”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. National Academy of Sciences. 108 (13): 5154—62. doi:10.1073/pnas.1017511108.

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

Normativna kontrola
Državne	Francuska BnF podaci Nemačka
Ostale	Enciklopedija Britanika