Накба

Карта Мандатне Палестине са означеним депопулисаним мјестима током егзодуса Палестинаца 1948. године.

Накба (арап. النكبة — „несрећа, катастрофа, катаклизма”),^[1] позната и као Палестинска катастрофа, јесте губитак палестинског друштва и домовине 1948, као и трајно расељавање већине палестинских Арапа.^[2]^[3] Термин се користи за описивање како догађаја из 1948, тако и текуће окупације Палестинских територија (Западна обала и Појас Газе) и прогон и расељавање Палестинаца широм регије.^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]

Темељни догађаји Накбе десили су се током и убрзо након Палестинског рата 1948, укључујући то што 78% Мандатне Палестине проглашеном дијелом Израела, као и протјеривање и расељавање 700.000 Палестинаца, повезано са депопулацијом и уништавањем преко 500 палестинских села од ционистичких милиција и касније Израелске војске^[9] и накнадно географско брисање, ускраћивање Палестинцима права на повратак, стварање трајних палестинских избјеглица и „разбијање палестинског друштва”.^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]

Поједини историчари, попут Илана Папеа, и истраживача Накбе, као што је Салман Абу Сита, од тада су описали протјеривање Палестинаца као етничко чишћење,^[14]^[15]^[16] али то је оспорио историчар Бени Морис.^[17] Палестински национални наратив посматра Накбу као колективну трауму која дефинише њихов национални идентитет и политичке аспирације, што израелски национални наратив одбацује и посматра као рат за независност којим је успостављена јеврејска тежња за државношћу и суверенитетом.^[18]^[19]^[20] Палестинци обиљежавају 15. мај као Дан Накбе, дан након израелског Дана независности.^[21]^[22]

Накба је у великој мјери утицала на палестинску културу и представља темељни симбол палестинског идентитета, заједно са Хандалом, куфијп, и симболичким кључем. О Накби је написан велики број књига, пјесама и поема.^[23] Палестински пјесник Махмуд Дарвиш описао је Накбу као „проширену садашњост која обећава да ће се наставити у будућности.”^[24]^[25]

Види још

Холокауст и Накба

Референце

^ Ghanim 2009.
^ Webman 2009, стр. 29: "The Nakba represented the defeat, displacement, dispossession, exile, dependence, insecurity, lack of statehood, and fight for survival of the Palestinians."
^ Sa'di 2002, стр. 175: "for Palestinians, Al-Nakbah represents, among many other things, the loss of the homeland, the disintegration of society, the frustration of national aspirations, and the beginning of a hasty process of destruction of their culture."
^ Ashrawi, Hanan (28. 8. 2001). „Hanan Ashrawi's address to World Conference Against Racism”. MIFTAH (на језику: енглески).
^ Erekat, Saeb (15. 5. 2016). „Israel Must Recognize Its Responsibility for the Nakba, the Palestinian Tragedy”. Haaretz (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 5. 11. 2023.
^ Sa'di & Abu-Lughod 2007, стр. 10: "For Palestinians, still living their dispossession, still struggling or hoping for return, many under military occupation, many still immersed in matters of survival, the past is neither distant nor over. Unlike many historical experiences discussed in the literature on trauma, such as the Blitz, the merciless bombing of Hamburg and Dresden by the Allies at the closing stage of World War II, the Holocaust, the Algerian War of Independence, or the World Trade Center attack, which lasted for a limited period of time (the longest being the Algerian war of independence, lasting eight years), the Nakba is not over yet; after almost sixty years neither the Palestinians nor Israelis have yet achieved a state of normality; the violence and uprooting of Palestinians continues."
^ Manna' 2013, стр. 87: "Contrary to what many think, particularly in Israel, the Nakba was not a one-time event connected to the war in Palestine and its immediate catastrophic repercussions on the Palestinians. Rather, and more correctly, it refers to the accumulated Palestinian experience since the 1948 war up to the present. After the Oslo agreements in 1993, there were hopes that the stateless Palestinian people would soon earn freedom and independence. However, the failure of the peace process to end the Israeli occupation and allow the birth of an independent Palestinian state alongside Israel pushed the Palestinians back to square one. Furthermore, the erup- tion of a new cycle of violence which began in September 2000 added new dimensions to the disintegration of Palestinian society. For many Palestinians, these more recent events are adding new chapters and new meanings to the long-lived catastrophe since 1948."
^ Bashir & Goldberg 2018, стр. 33, footnote 4: "In Palestinian writings the signifier “Nakba" came to designate two central meanings, which will be used in this volume interchangeably: (1) the 1948 disaster and (2) the ongoing occupation and colonization of Palestine that reached its peak in the catastrophe of 1948"
^ Slater 2020, стр. 406.
^ Masalha 2012, стр. 3.
^ Dajani 2005, стр. 42: "The nakba is the experience that has perhaps most defined Palestinian history. For the Palestinian, it is not merely a political event — the establishment of the state of Israel on 78 percent of the territory of the Palestine Mandate, or even, primarily a humanitarian one — the creation of the modern world's most enduring refugee problem. The nakba is of existential significance to Palestinians, representing both the shattering of the Palestinian community in Palestine and the consolidation of a shared national consciousness."
^ Sa'di & Abu-Lughod 2007, стр. 3: "For Palestinians, the 1948 War led indeed to a "catastrophe." A society disintegrated, a people dispersed, and a complex and historically changing but taken for granted communal life was ended violently. The Nakba has thus become, both in Palestinian memory and history, the demarcation line between two qualitatively opposing periods. After 1948, the lives of the Palestinians at the individual, community, and national level were dramatically and irreversibly changed."
^ Khalidi 1992: "Only by understanding the centrality of the catastrophe of politicide and expulsion that befell the Palestinian people – al-nakba in Arabic – is it possible to understand the Palestinians' sense of the right of return."
^ Black, Ian (26. 11. 2010). „Memories and maps keep alive Palestinian hopes of return”. The Guardian. Приступљено 5. 11. 2023.
^ Shavit, Ari (8. 1. 2004). „Survival of the Fittest”. Haaretz (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 5. 11. 2023.
^ Pappé 2006.
^ Morris, Benny (10. 10. 2016). „Israel Conducted No Ethnic Cleansing in 1948”. Haaretz (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 5. 11. 2023.
^ Manna & Golani 2011, стр. 14: "The Palestinians regard the Nakba and its repercussions as a formative trauma defining their identity and their national, moral, and political aspirations. As a result of the 1948 war, the Palestinian people, which to a large degree lost their country to the establishment of a Jewish state for the survivors of the Holocaust, developed a victimized national identity. From their perspective, the Palestinians have been forced to pay for the Jewish Holocaust with their bodies, their property, and their freedom instead of those who were truly responsible. Jewish Israelis, in contrast, see the war and its outcome not merely as an act of historical justice that changed the historical course of the Jewish people, which until that point had been filled with suffering and hardship, but also as a birth – the birth of Israel as an independent Jewish state after two thousand years of exile. As such, it must be pure and untainted, because if a person, a nation, or a state is born in sin, its entire essence is tainted. In this sense, discourse on the war is not at all historical but rather current and extremely sensitive. Its power and intensity is directly influenced by present day events. In the Israeli and the Palestinian cases, therefore, the 1948 war plays a pivotal role in two simple, clear, unequivocal, and harmonious narratives, with both peoples continuing to see the war as a formative event in their respective histories."
^ Mori 2009.
^ Partner 2008, стр. 823—845.
^ Schmemann, Serge (15. 5. 1998). „MIDEAST TURMOIL: THE OVERVIEW; 9 Palestinians Die in Protests Marking Israel's Anniversary”. The New York Times. Приступљено 5. 11. 2023.
^ Gladstone, Rick (15. 5. 2021). „An annual day of Palestinian grievance comes amid the upheaval.”. The New York Times. Приступљено 5. 11. 2023.
^ Masalha 2012, стр. 11.
^ Darwish, Mahmoud (мај 2001). „Not to begin at the end”. ahram.org.eg (на језику: енглески). Al-Ahram Weekly. Архивирано из оригинала 2. 12. 2001. г. Приступљено 5. 11. 2023.
^ Williams 2009, стр. 89.

Литература

Ghanim, Honaida (1. 3. 2009). „Poetics of Disaster: Nationalism, Gender, and Social Change Among Palestinian Poets in Israel After Nakba”. International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society (на језику: енглески). 22 (1): 23—39. ISSN 1573-3416. doi:10.1007/s10767-009-9049-9. Приступљено 5. 11. 2023.
Khalidi, Rashid I. (1. 1. 1992). „Observations on the Right of Return”. Journal of Palestine Studies (на језику: енглески). 21 (2): 29—40. ISSN 0377-919X. doi:10.2307/2537217. Приступљено 5. 11. 2023.
Partner, Nancy (2008). „The Linguistic Turn along Post-Postmodern Borders: Israeli/Palestinian Narrative Conflict”. New Literary History. 39 (4): 823—845. ISSN 0028-6087. Приступљено 5. 11. 2023.
Sa'di, Ahmad H. (2002). „Catastrophe, Memory and Identity: Al-Nakbah as a Component of Palestinian Identity”. Israel Studies. 7 (2): 175—198. ISSN 1527-201x Проверите вредност параметра |issn= (помоћ). Приступљено 5. 11. 2023.
Manna', Adel (2013). „The Palestinian Nakba and its Continuous Repercussions”. Israel Studies. 18 (2): 86—99. ISSN 1084-9513. doi:10.2979/israelstudies.18.2.86. Приступљено 5. 11. 2023.
Mori, Mariko (јул 2009). „Zionism and the Nakba: The Mainstream Narrative, the Oppressed Narratives, and the Israeli Collective Memory”. Kyoto Bulletin of Islamic Area Studies. 3 (1): 89—107. ISSN 1881-8323. doi:10.14989/87465. Приступљено 5. 11. 2023.

Webman, Esther (25. 5. 2009). „The Evolution of a Founding Myth: The Nakba and Its Fluctuating Meaning”. Ур.: Litvak, Meir. Palestinian Collective Memory and National Identity (на језику: енглески). Springer. ISBN 978-0-230-62163-3. Приступљено 5. 11. 2023.
Sa'di, Ahmad H.; Abu-Lughod, Lila (2007). Nakba: Palestine, 1948, and the Claims of Memory (на језику: енглески). Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-13579-5. Приступљено 5. 11. 2023.
Bashir, Bashir; Goldberg, Amos (13. 11. 2018). The Holocaust and the Nakba: A New Grammar of Trauma and History (на језику: енглески). Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-54448-1. Приступљено 5. 11. 2023.
Slater, Jerome (2020). Mythologies Without End: The US, Israel, and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1917-2020 (на језику: енглески). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-045908-6. Приступљено 5. 11. 2023.
Masalha, Nur (9. 8. 2012). The Palestine Nakba: Decolonising History, Narrating the Subaltern, Reclaiming Memory (на језику: енглески). Zed Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1-84813-973-2. Приступљено 5. 11. 2023.
Dajani, Omar (2005). „Surviving Opportunities”. Ур.: Wittes, Tamara Cofman. How Israelis and Palestinians Negotiate: A Cross-cultural Analysis of the Oslo Peace Process (на језику: енглески). US Institute of Peace Press. ISBN 978-1-929223-64-0. Приступљено 5. 11. 2023.
Pappé, Ilan (2006). The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine (на језику: енглески). Oneworld. ISBN 978-1-85168-467-0. Приступљено 5. 11. 2023.
Manna, Adel; Golani, Moṭi (2011). Independence and Nakba, 1948 : Two Narratives of the 1948 War and Its Outcome (на језику: енглески). Republic of Letters. ISBN 978-90-8979-082-8. Приступљено 5. 11. 2023.
Williams, Patrick (15. 1. 2009). „'Naturally, I reject the term "diaspora"': Said and Palestinian Dispossession”. Ур.: Keown, M.; Murphy, D.; Procter, J. Comparing Postcolonial Diasporas (на језику: енглески). Springer. ISBN 978-0-230-23278-5. Приступљено 5. 11. 2023.

Спољашње везе

Chakraborty, Ranjani (15. 5. 2023). „Why Palestinians protest every May 15”. Vox (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 5. 11. 2023.

[FOOTNOTEGhanim2009-1] Ghanim 2009.

[FOOTNOTEWebman200929-2] Webman 2009, стр. 29: "The Nakba represented the defeat, displacement, dispossession, exile, dependence, insecurity, lack of statehood, and fight for survival of the Palestinians."

[FOOTNOTESa'di2002175-3] Sa'di 2002, стр. 175: "for Palestinians, Al-Nakbah represents, among many other things, the loss of the homeland, the disintegration of society, the frustration of national aspirations, and the beginning of a hasty process of destruction of their culture."

[4] Ashrawi, Hanan (28. 8. 2001). „Hanan Ashrawi's address to World Conference Against Racism”. MIFTAH (на језику: енглески).

[5] Erekat, Saeb (15. 5. 2016). „Israel Must Recognize Its Responsibility for the Nakba, the Palestinian Tragedy”. Haaretz (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 5. 11. 2023.

[FOOTNOTESa'diAbu-Lughod200710-6] Sa'di & Abu-Lughod 2007, стр. 10: "For Palestinians, still living their dispossession, still struggling or hoping for return, many under military occupation, many still immersed in matters of survival, the past is neither distant nor over. Unlike many historical experiences discussed in the literature on trauma, such as the Blitz, the merciless bombing of Hamburg and Dresden by the Allies at the closing stage of World War II, the Holocaust, the Algerian War of Independence, or the World Trade Center attack, which lasted for a limited period of time (the longest being the Algerian war of independence, lasting eight years), the Nakba is not over yet; after almost sixty years neither the Palestinians nor Israelis have yet achieved a state of normality; the violence and uprooting of Palestinians continues."

[FOOTNOTEManna'201387-7] Manna' 2013, стр. 87: "Contrary to what many think, particularly in Israel, the Nakba was not a one-time event connected to the war in Palestine and its immediate catastrophic repercussions on the Palestinians. Rather, and more correctly, it refers to the accumulated Palestinian experience since the 1948 war up to the present. After the Oslo agreements in 1993, there were hopes that the stateless Palestinian people would soon earn freedom and independence. However, the failure of the peace process to end the Israeli occupation and allow the birth of an independent Palestinian state alongside Israel pushed the Palestinians back to square one. Furthermore, the erup- tion of a new cycle of violence which began in September 2000 added new dimensions to the disintegration of Palestinian society. For many Palestinians, these more recent events are adding new chapters and new meanings to the long-lived catastrophe since 1948."

[FOOTNOTEBashirGoldberg201833,_footnote_4-8] Bashir & Goldberg 2018, стр. 33, footnote 4: "In Palestinian writings the signifier “Nakba" came to designate two central meanings, which will be used in this volume interchangeably: (1) the 1948 disaster and (2) the ongoing occupation and colonization of Palestine that reached its peak in the catastrophe of 1948"

[FOOTNOTESlater2020406-9] Slater 2020, стр. 406.

[FOOTNOTEMasalha20123-10] Masalha 2012, стр. 3.

[FOOTNOTEDajani200542-11] Dajani 2005, стр. 42: "The nakba is the experience that has perhaps most defined Palestinian history. For the Palestinian, it is not merely a political event — the establishment of the state of Israel on 78 percent of the territory of the Palestine Mandate, or even, primarily a humanitarian one — the creation of the modern world's most enduring refugee problem. The nakba is of existential significance to Palestinians, representing both the shattering of the Palestinian community in Palestine and the consolidation of a shared national consciousness."

[FOOTNOTESa'diAbu-Lughod20073-12] Sa'di & Abu-Lughod 2007, стр. 3: "For Palestinians, the 1948 War led indeed to a "catastrophe." A society disintegrated, a people dispersed, and a complex and historically changing but taken for granted communal life was ended violently. The Nakba has thus become, both in Palestinian memory and history, the demarcation line between two qualitatively opposing periods. After 1948, the lives of the Palestinians at the individual, community, and national level were dramatically and irreversibly changed."

[FOOTNOTEKhalidi1992-13] Khalidi 1992: "Only by understanding the centrality of the catastrophe of politicide and expulsion that befell the Palestinian people – al-nakba in Arabic – is it possible to understand the Palestinians' sense of the right of return."

[The_Guardian-14] Black, Ian (26. 11. 2010). „Memories and maps keep alive Palestinian hopes of return”. The Guardian. Приступљено 5. 11. 2023.

[15] Shavit, Ari (8. 1. 2004). „Survival of the Fittest”. Haaretz (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 5. 11. 2023.

[FOOTNOTEPappé2006-16] Pappé 2006.

[17] Morris, Benny (10. 10. 2016). „Israel Conducted No Ethnic Cleansing in 1948”. Haaretz (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 5. 11. 2023.

[FOOTNOTEMannaGolani201114-18] Manna & Golani 2011, стр. 14: "The Palestinians regard the Nakba and its repercussions as a formative trauma defining their identity and their national, moral, and political aspirations. As a result of the 1948 war, the Palestinian people, which to a large degree lost their country to the establishment of a Jewish state for the survivors of the Holocaust, developed a victimized national identity. From their perspective, the Palestinians have been forced to pay for the Jewish Holocaust with their bodies, their property, and their freedom instead of those who were truly responsible. Jewish Israelis, in contrast, see the war and its outcome not merely as an act of historical justice that changed the historical course of the Jewish people, which until that point had been filled with suffering and hardship, but also as a birth – the birth of Israel as an independent Jewish state after two thousand years of exile. As such, it must be pure and untainted, because if a person, a nation, or a state is born in sin, its entire essence is tainted. In this sense, discourse on the war is not at all historical but rather current and extremely sensitive. Its power and intensity is directly influenced by present day events. In the Israeli and the Palestinian cases, therefore, the 1948 war plays a pivotal role in two simple, clear, unequivocal, and harmonious narratives, with both peoples continuing to see the war as a formative event in their respective histories."

[FOOTNOTEMori2009-19] Mori 2009.

[FOOTNOTEPartner2008823—845-20] Partner 2008, стр. 823—845.

[21] Schmemann, Serge (15. 5. 1998). „MIDEAST TURMOIL: THE OVERVIEW; 9 Palestinians Die in Protests Marking Israel's Anniversary”. The New York Times. Приступљено 5. 11. 2023.

[22] Gladstone, Rick (15. 5. 2021). „An annual day of Palestinian grievance comes amid the upheaval.”. The New York Times. Приступљено 5. 11. 2023.

[FOOTNOTEMasalha201211-23] Masalha 2012, стр. 11.

[Al-Ahram_Weekly-24] Darwish, Mahmoud (мај 2001). „Not to begin at the end”. ahram.org.eg (на језику: енглески). Al-Ahram Weekly. Архивирано из оригинала 2. 12. 2001. г. Приступљено 5. 11. 2023.

[FOOTNOTEWilliams200989-25] Williams 2009, стр. 89.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]