C. J. Voker — разлика између измена

C.J. Voker
C.J. Voker
	Madam C.J. Voker
Datum rođenja	23 децембар, 1867.
Mesto rođenja	Delta, Luizijana; SAD
Datum smrti	25. мај 1919. (51 год.)
Mesto smrti	Irvington, Njujork; SAD

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Верзија на датум 14. август 2022. у 18:59

Sara Bridlav (engl. Sarah Breedlove; 1867 – 1919) bila je inovatorka kozmetičkih sredstava za afroamerikanke.

C.J. Voker, rođena je kao kći robova u Delti, u državi Luizijana. Još kao dete, ostala je bez oba roditelja. Često je menjala porodice u kojima je odrastala, uglavnom zbog zlostavljanja i neprimerenog tretiranja. Udala se sa 14 godina, a sa 18 postala je majka. Ostala je bez muža, kada joj je kći Lejla imala samo 2 godine.

Mozesa Mek Vijiljamsa, supruga C. J. Voker linčovali su pripadnici jedne rasističke grupe.

Kao samohrana majka, radila je kao kuvarica i kućna pomoćnica, kako bi svojoj ćerki Lejli obezbedila egzistenciju. Usled velike izloženosti stresu, opala joj je kosa, što je uticalo da C.J. Voker bude inovatorka najefikasnijeg preparata za rast kose u to vreme. Tada nije ni slutila da će ovaj preparat biti samo prvi u nizu proizvoda koji će njena kompanija “Madam CJ Walker Manufacturing” proizvoditi za afroamerikanke širom američkog kontinenta.

Razvijajući poseban sistem prodaje svojih proizvoda metodom “od vrata do vrata”, Madam C.J. Voker, 1908. godine osnovala je “Leila College” u Pitsburgu, gde je obučavala prodaji žene širom amerike. Za samo dve godine, u prodajnoj mreži kompanije, bilo je zaposleno više od 1000 žena, koje su kompaniju učinile jednom od najuspešnijih u kozmetičkoj industriji.

Za samo 9 godina, C.J. Volker, uspela je da postane prva milionerka afroameričkog porekla, koja je bogatstvo stekla svojim izumom i napornim radom. Priznanje za uspeh dobila je od Ginisove knjige rekorda koja je zabeležila taj podatak.^[1] Više izvora spominje da iako su druge žene (poput Meri Elen Plezant) možda bile prve, njihovo bogatstvo nije tako dobro dokumentovano.^[1]^[2]^[3] U trenutku smrti, smatrana je najbogatijom afroameričkom poslovnom ženom i najbogatijom crnkinjom koja je sama oformila svoj život.^[4]

Rani život

Sarah Breedlove was born on December 23, 1867, close to Delta, Louisiana. Her parents were Owen and Minerva (Anderson) Breedlove.^[5]^[6] She had five siblings, who included an older sister, Louvenia, and four brothers: Alexander, James, Solomon, and Owen Jr. Robert W. Burney, primarily of European ancestry, enslaved her older siblings on his Madison Parish plantation. Sarah was the first child in her family born into freedom after President Abraham Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation. Her mother died in 1872, likely from cholera (an epidemic traveled with river passengers up the Mississippi, reaching Tennessee and related areas in 1873). Her father remarried but died a year later.^[7]

She was orphaned at the age of seven. Sarah moved to Vicksburg, Mississippi, at the age of 10, where she lived with Louvenia and her brother-in-law, Jesse Powell. She started working as a child as a domestic servant.^[5]^[8] "I had little or no opportunity when I started out in life, having been left an orphan and being without mother or father since I was seven years of age," she often recounted. She also recounted that she had only three months of formal education, which she learned during Sunday school literacy lessons at the church she attended during her earlier years.^[9]

Brak i porodica

Godine 1882, sa 14 godina, Sara se udala za Mojsija Makvilijamsa, čiji uzrast nije poznat, kako bi izbjegla zlostavljanje od svog zeta Džesija Pauela.^[5] Sara i Mojsije su imali jednu ćerku, Leliju Makvilijams, koja je rođena 6. juna 1885. Kada je Mojsije umro 1887, Sara je imala dvadeset godina, a Lelija dve godine.^[8]^[10] Sara se ponovo udala 1894, ali je napustila svog drugog muža Džona Dejvisa oko 1903.^[11]

U januaru 1906. Sara se udala za Čarlsa Džozefa Vokera, novinskog prodavca reklama koga je poznavala u Sent Luisu, Misuri. Kroz ovaj brak, postala je poznata kao Madam C. J. Voker. Par se razveo 1912. godine; Čarls je umro 1926. Lelija Makvilijams je usvojila prezime svog očuha i postala poznata kao A'Lelija Voker.^[8]^[12]^[13]

Karijera

A container of Madame C.J. Walker's Wonderful Hair Grower is held in the permanent collection of The Children's Museum of Indianapolis. — Madam C. J. Walker's Wonderful Hair Grower in the permanent collection of The Children's Museum of Indianapolis^[14]

In 1888, she and her daughter moved to St. Louis, where three of her brothers lived. Sarah found work as a laundress, earning barely more than a dollar a day. She was determined to make enough money to provide her daughter with formal education.^[15]^[7] During the 1880s, she lived in a community where Ragtime music was developed; she sang at St. Paul African Methodist Episcopal Church and started to yearn for an educated life as she watched the community of women at her church.^[16]

Sarah suffered severe dandruff and other scalp ailments, including baldness, due to skin disorders and the application of harsh products to cleanse hair and wash clothes. Other contributing factors to her hair loss included poor diet, illnesses, and infrequent bathing and hair washing during a time when most Americans lacked indoor plumbing, central heating, and electricity.^[13]^[9]^[17]

Initially, Sarah learned about hair care from her brothers, who were barbers in St. Louis.^[9] Around the time of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition (World's Fair at St. Louis in 1904), she became a commission agent selling products for Annie Malone, an African-American hair-care entrepreneur, millionaire, and owner of the Poro Company.^[5] Sales at the exposition were a disappointment since the African-American community was largely ignored.

While working for Malone, who would later become Walker's largest rival in the hair-care industry,^[16] Sarah began to take her new knowledge and develop her own product line.^[12] In July 1905, when she was 37 years old, Sarah and her daughter moved to Denver, Colorado, where she continued to sell products for Malone and develop her own hair-care business. A controversy developed between Annie Malone and Sarah because Malone accused Sarah of stealing her formula, a mixture of petroleum jelly and sulfur that had been in use for a hundred years.^[18]

Reference

^ ^а ^б „First self-made millionairess”. Guinness World Records. Приступљено 22. 3. 2020.
^ Bundles, A’Lelia (2020). „Madam C.J. Walker: A Brief Biographical Essay”. www.madamcjwalker.com. Official Website of Madam C.J. Walker. Приступљено 22. 3. 2020.
^ Gates, Henry Louis; Root, Jr | Originally posted on The (2013-11-15). „Madam Walker, the First Black American Woman to Be a Self-Made Millionaire | The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross | PBS”. The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 2020-03-22.
^ Glaeser, Edward (2011), Triumph of the City: How Our Best Invention Makes Us Richer, Smarter, Greener, Healthier, and Happier, New York: Penguin Press, стр. 75, ISBN 978-1-59420-277-3
^ ^а ^б ^в ^г Bundles, "Madam C J (Sarah Breedlove) Walker, 1867–1919" in Black Women in America, v. II, p. 1209.
^ Bundles, A'Lelia. „Madam C.J. Walker”. Madame C. J. Walker. Архивирано из оригинала 25. 2. 2015. г. Приступљено 25. 2. 2015.
^ ^а ^б „Madam C. J. Walker Biography”. Biography.com. A&E Networks.
^ ^а ^б ^в „Madam C. J. Walker”. Indiana Historical Society.
^ ^а ^б ^в Bundles, A'Lelia (2001). On Her Own Ground: The Life and Times of Madam C. J. Walker. New York: Scribner. ISBN 978-0-7434-3172-9.
^ Bundles, A'Lelia (2014). „Biography of Madam C. J. Walker”. National Coalition of 100 Black Women, Inc., Oakland/Bay Area Chapter. Архивирано из оригинала 28. 3. 2018. г. Приступљено 5. 2. 2016.
^
- Klem, Monica (n.d). „Madam C. J. Walker”. Philanthropy Roundtable (на језику: енглески). Архивирано из оригинала 22. 3. 2022. г. Приступљено 22. 3. 2022.
- Gugin, Linda C.; James E. St. Clair (2015). Indiana's 200: The People Who Shaped the Hoosier State. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society Press. стр. 360. ISBN 978-0-87195-387-2.
^ ^а ^б Bundles, "Madam C J (Sarah Breedlove) Walker, 1867–1919" in Black Women in America, v. II, pp. 1210–11.
^ ^а ^б Riquier, Andrea (2015-02-15). „Madam Walker Went from Laundress to Millionairess”. Investor's Business Daily. Архивирано из оригинала 2020-11-12. г. Приступљено 8. 2. 2016.
^ „Madam C.J. Walker's Wonderful Hair Grower product container”. The Indianapolis Public Library. Приступљено 2. 3. 2015.
^ Bundles, A'Lelia (фебруар 2012). „Madam C. J. Walker: Business Savvy to Philanthropy” (PDF). eJournal USA. United States Department of State. 16 (6): 3—5.
^ ^а ^б Klem, Monica (2022-03-22). „Madam C. J. Walker”. Philanthropy Roundtable. Архивирано из оригинала 2022-03-22. г. Приступљено 2022-03-22.
^ Ingham, John N. (фебруар 2000). „Walker, Madam C. J.”. American National Biography (online изд.). New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1001700. Приступљено 14. 2. 2019.
^ Oatman-Stanford, Hunter (2015-08-31). „The Sharcropper's Daughter Who Made Black Women Proud of Their Hair”. Collectors Weekly (на језику: енглески). Архивирано из оригинала 2015-10-24. г. Приступљено 22. 3. 2022.

Literatura

Bundles, A'Lelia Perry (2001). On Her Own Ground: The Life and Times of Madam C. J. Walker. Scribner. ISBN 978-0-7434-3172-9.
Freeman, Tyrone McKinley (2020). Madam C. J. Walker's Gospel of Giving: Black Women's Philanthropy During Jim Crow. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-08535-2.
Bundles, A'Lelia Perry (2013). Madam Walker Theatre Center: An Indianapolis Treasure. Images of America. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4671-1087-7.
Sullivan, Otha Richard; Haskins, James, ур. (2002). „Madam C.J. Walker (1867–1919)”. African American Women Scientists and Inventors. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. стр. 25–30. ISBN 9780471387077.

Juvenilna publicistika

Bundles, A'Lelia (2018). All About Madam C.J. Walker. Indianapolis, Indiana: Blue River Press. ISBN 9781681570938
Bundles, A'Lelia Perry (2008). Madam C. J. Walker: Entrepreneur. Black Americans of Achievement (Legacy изд.). New York: Chelsea House. ISBN 978-1-60413-072-0.
Colman, Penny (1994). Madam C. J. Walker: Building a Business Empire. Gateway Biography. Brookfield, CT: The Millbrook Press. ISBN 9781562943387.

Beletristika za odrasle

Due, Tananarive (2000). The Black Rose: The Dramatic Story of Madam C. J. Walker, America's First Black Female Millionaire. Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-345-44156-0.

Spoljašnje veze

Званични веб-сајт
Madam C J Walker – Successful Business Woman на сајту YouTube
Stanley Nelson Interviews Madam C. J. Walker's Great Grand Daughter на сајту YouTube (Walker's political activism and philanthropy)
Sara Bridlav na School of Information - University of Michigan
Sara Bridlav na Black Inventor Online Museum
On Her Own Ground: Madame C. J. Walker. C-SPAN. January 27, 2001. (Book discussion)
Madam Walker Research in the National Archives на сајту YouTube
The Legacy of Madam Walker на сајту YouTube (Part 1)
Madam C J Walker на сајту YouTube (Indiana Bicentennial Minute, 2016)
Madam C J Walker Estate на сајту YouTube (Part 1 of 5) Villa Lewaro, Irvington-on-Hudson, New York
Michals, Debra. "Madam C. J. Walker". National Women's History Museum. 2015.

[Guinness-1] а ^б „First self-made millionairess”. Guinness World Records. Приступљено 22. 3. 2020.

[2] Bundles, A’Lelia (2020). „Madam C.J. Walker: A Brief Biographical Essay”. www.madamcjwalker.com. Official Website of Madam C.J. Walker. Приступљено 22. 3. 2020.

[3] Gates, Henry Louis; Root, Jr | Originally posted on The (2013-11-15). „Madam Walker, the First Black American Woman to Be a Self-Made Millionaire | The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross | PBS”. The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 2020-03-22.

[4] Glaeser, Edward (2011), Triumph of the City: How Our Best Invention Makes Us Richer, Smarter, Greener, Healthier, and Happier, New York: Penguin Press, стр. 75, ISBN 978-1-59420-277-3

[BWA1209-5] а ^б ^в ^г Bundles, "Madam C J (Sarah Breedlove) Walker, 1867–1919" in Black Women in America, v. II, p. 1209.

[Bundles-website-6] Bundles, A'Lelia. „Madam C.J. Walker”. Madame C. J. Walker. Архивирано из оригинала 25. 2. 2015. г. Приступљено 25. 2. 2015.

[biography-7] а ^б „Madam C. J. Walker Biography”. Biography.com. A&E Networks.

[indiana-history-8] а ^б ^в „Madam C. J. Walker”. Indiana Historical Society.

[Her_Own_Ground_2001-9] а ^б ^в Bundles, A'Lelia (2001). On Her Own Ground: The Life and Times of Madam C. J. Walker. New York: Scribner. ISBN 978-0-7434-3172-9.

[NC100Bio-10] Bundles, A'Lelia (2014). „Biography of Madam C. J. Walker”. National Coalition of 100 Black Women, Inc., Oakland/Bay Area Chapter. Архивирано из оригинала 28. 3. 2018. г. Приступљено 5. 2. 2016.

[11] 
Klem, Monica (n.d). „Madam C. J. Walker”. Philanthropy Roundtable (на језику: енглески). Архивирано из оригинала 22. 3. 2022. г. Приступљено 22. 3. 2022.
Gugin, Linda C.; James E. St. Clair (2015). Indiana's 200: The People Who Shaped the Hoosier State. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society Press. стр. 360. ISBN 978-0-87195-387-2.

[12] Klem, Monica (n.d). „Madam C. J. Walker”. Philanthropy Roundtable (на језику: енглески). Архивирано из оригинала 22. 3. 2022. г. Приступљено 22. 3. 2022.

[13] Gugin, Linda C.; James E. St. Clair (2015). Indiana's 200: The People Who Shaped the Hoosier State. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society Press. стр. 360. ISBN 978-0-87195-387-2.

[BWA1210-11-12] а ^б Bundles, "Madam C J (Sarah Breedlove) Walker, 1867–1919" in Black Women in America, v. II, pp. 1210–11.

[Riquier-13] а ^б Riquier, Andrea (2015-02-15). „Madam Walker Went from Laundress to Millionairess”. Investor's Business Daily. Архивирано из оригинала 2020-11-12. г. Приступљено 8. 2. 2016.

[14] „Madam C.J. Walker's Wonderful Hair Grower product container”. The Indianapolis Public Library. Приступљено 2. 3. 2015.

[bundles-15] Bundles, A'Lelia (фебруар 2012). „Madam C. J. Walker: Business Savvy to Philanthropy” (PDF). eJournal USA. United States Department of State. 16 (6): 3—5.

[Philanthropy-16] а ^б Klem, Monica (2022-03-22). „Madam C. J. Walker”. Philanthropy Roundtable. Архивирано из оригинала 2022-03-22. г. Приступљено 2022-03-22.

[Ingham-17] Ingham, John N. (фебруар 2000). „Walker, Madam C. J.”. American National Biography (online изд.). New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1001700. Приступљено 14. 2. 2019.

[daughter-18] Oatman-Stanford, Hunter (2015-08-31). „The Sharcropper's Daughter Who Made Black Women Proud of Their Hair”. Collectors Weekly (на језику: енглески). Архивирано из оригинала 2015-10-24. г. Приступљено 22. 3. 2022.

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@@ Ред 92: / Ред 92: @@
 == Brak i porodica ==
-In 1882, at the age of 14, Sarah married Moses McWilliams, whose age was unknown, to escape abuse from her brother-in-law, Jesse Powell.<ref name=BWA1209/> Sarah and Moses had one daughter, Lelia McWilliams, who was born on June 6, 1885. When Moses died in 1887, Sarah was twenty and Lelia was two.<ref name=indiana-history/><ref name=NC100Bio>{{cite web | first =A'Lelia | last =Bundles | title =Biography of Madam C. J. Walker | publisher =National Coalition of 100 Black Women, Inc., Oakland/Bay Area Chapter | date =2014 | url =http://www.onehundredblackwomen.com/madame-c-j-walker/ | access-date =February 5, 2016 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20180328133356/http://www.onehundredblackwomen.com/madame-c-j-walker/ | archive-date =March 28, 2018 | url-status =dead }}</ref> Sarah remarried in 1894, but left her second husband, John Davis, around 1903.<ref>{{Bullet list|{{cite web |url= https://www.philanthropyroundtable.org/resource/madam-c-j-walker/|title= Madam C. J. Walker|last=Klem|first= Monica|date=n.d.|website=Philanthropy Roundtable|language=en|archive-url=https://archive.ph/UEdjr| archive-date=March 22, 2022|access-date= March 22, 2022|url-status=live}}|{{cite book | first1=Linda C. | last1=Gugin | author2=James E. St. Clair | title=Indiana's 200: The People Who Shaped the Hoosier State | publisher =Indiana Historical Society Press| year =2015 | location =Indianapolis | page =360 | isbn =978-0-87195-387-2}}}}</ref>
+Godine 1882, sa 14 godina, Sara se udala za Mojsija Makvilijamsa, čiji uzrast nije poznat, kako bi izbjegla zlostavljanje od svog zeta Džesija Pauela.<ref name=BWA1209/> Sara i Mojsije su imali jednu ćerku, Leliju Makvilijams, koja je rođena 6. juna 1885. Kada je Mojsije umro 1887, Sara je imala dvadeset godina, a Lelija dve godine.<ref name=indiana-history/><ref name=NC100Bio>{{cite web | first =A'Lelia | last =Bundles | title =Biography of Madam C. J. Walker | publisher =National Coalition of 100 Black Women, Inc., Oakland/Bay Area Chapter | date =2014 | url =http://www.onehundredblackwomen.com/madame-c-j-walker/ | access-date =February 5, 2016 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20180328133356/http://www.onehundredblackwomen.com/madame-c-j-walker/ | archive-date =March 28, 2018 | url-status =dead }}</ref> Sara se ponovo udala 1894, ali je napustila svog drugog muža Džona Dejvisa oko 1903.<ref>{{Bullet list|{{cite web |url= https://www.philanthropyroundtable.org/resource/madam-c-j-walker/|title= Madam C. J. Walker|last=Klem|first= Monica|date=n.d.|website=Philanthropy Roundtable|language=en|archive-url=https://archive.ph/UEdjr| archive-date=March 22, 2022|access-date= March 22, 2022|url-status=live}}|{{cite book | first1=Linda C. | last1=Gugin | author2=James E. St. Clair | title=Indiana's 200: The People Who Shaped the Hoosier State | publisher =Indiana Historical Society Press| year =2015 | location =Indianapolis | page =360 | isbn =978-0-87195-387-2}}}}</ref>
-In January 1906, Sarah married Charles Joseph Walker, a newspaper advertising salesman she had known in [[St. Louis, Missouri]]. Through this marriage, she became known as Madam C. J. Walker. The couple divorced in 1912; Charles died in 1926. Lelia McWilliams adopted her stepfather's surname and became known as [[A'Lelia Walker]].<ref name="indiana-history" /><ref name="BWA1210-11">Bundles, "Madam C J (Sarah Breedlove) Walker, 1867–1919" in ''Black Women in America'', v. II, pp. 1210–11.</ref><ref name="Riquier">{{cite web |last=Riquier |first=Andrea |date=2015-02-15 |title=Madam Walker Went from Laundress to Millionairess |url=http://news.investors.com/management-leaders-and-success/022415-740635-madam-walker-built-hair-care-empire-rose-from-washerwoman.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112050222/https://www.investors.com/madam-walker-built-hair-care-empire-rose-from-washerwoman/ |archive-date=2020-11-12 |access-date=February 8, 2016 |work=Investor's Business Daily}}</ref>
+U januaru 1906. Sara se udala za Čarlsa Džozefa Vokera, novinskog prodavca reklama koga je poznavala u [[St. Louis, Missouri|Sent Luisu]], [[Misuri]]. Kroz ovaj brak, postala je poznata kao Madam C. J. Voker. Par se razveo 1912. godine; Čarls je umro 1926. Lelija Makvilijams je usvojila prezime svog očuha i postala poznata kao [[A'Lelia Walker|A'Lelija Voker]].<ref name="indiana-history" /><ref name="BWA1210-11">Bundles, "Madam C J (Sarah Breedlove) Walker, 1867–1919" in ''Black Women in America'', v. II, pp. 1210–11.</ref><ref name="Riquier">{{cite web |last=Riquier |first=Andrea |date=2015-02-15 |title=Madam Walker Went from Laundress to Millionairess |url=http://news.investors.com/management-leaders-and-success/022415-740635-madam-walker-built-hair-care-empire-rose-from-washerwoman.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112050222/https://www.investors.com/madam-walker-built-hair-care-empire-rose-from-washerwoman/ |archive-date=2020-11-12 |access-date=February 8, 2016 |work=Investor's Business Daily}}</ref>
 == Karijera ==

Normativna kontrola
Međunarodne	FAST VIAF
Državne	Nemačka Izrael Sjedinjene Države Poljska
Ostale	SNAC