Стријатум (лат.corpus striatum; striata)[4] је скуп међусобно повезаних једара која чине највећу структуру субкортикалних базалних ганглија.[5] Стријатум је критична компонента моторичког и система награђивања; прима глутаматергичке и допаминергичке улазе из различитих извора; и служи као примарни улаз за остатак базалних ганглија.
Функционално, стријатум координира вишеструке аспекте когниције, укључујући и моторичко и акционо планирање, доношење одлука, мотивацију, појачање и перцепцију награде.[2][6] Стријатум се састоји од каудатног једра и лентиформног језгра.[7][8] Међутим, неки аутори верују да се састоји од каудатног једра, путамена и вентралног стријатума.[9] Лентиформно језгро се састоји од већег путамена и мањег глобус палидуса.[10] Строго говорећи, глобус палидус је део стријатума. Међутим, уобичајена је пракса да се имплицитно искључи глобус палидус када се говори о стријаталним структурама.
Код примата, стријатум је подељен на вентрални стријатум и дорзални стријатум, поделе које се заснивају на функцији и везама. Вентрални стријатум се састоји од nucleus accumbens и олфакторног туберкула. Дорзални стријатум се састоји од каудатног језгра и путамена. Нервни тракт беле масе (унутрашња капсула) у дорзалном стријатуму раздваја каудатно језгро и путамен.[6] Анатомски, термин стријатум описује његов пругасти (пругасти) изглед сиво-беле масе.[11]
^„Basal ganglia”. BrainInfo. Архивирано из оригинала 04. 03. 2016. г. Приступљено 16. 8. 2015.CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)
^ абYager LM, Garcia AF, Wunsch AM, Ferguson SM (август 2015). „The ins and outs of the striatum: Role in drug addiction”. Neuroscience. 301: 529—541. PMC4523218. PMID26116518. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.06.033. „[The striatum] receives dopaminergic inputs from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the substantia nigra (SNr) and glutamatergic inputs from several areas, including the cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and thalamus (Swanson, 1982; Phillipson and Griffiths, 1985; Finch, 1996; Groenewegen et al., 1999; Britt et al., 2012). These glutamatergic inputs make contact on the heads of dendritic spines of the striatal GABAergic medium spiny projection neurons (MSNs) whereas dopaminergic inputs synapse onto the spine neck, allowing for an important and complex interaction between these two inputs in modulation of MSN activity ... It should also be noted that there is a small population of neurons in the NAc that coexpress both D1 and D2 receptors, though this is largely restricted to the NAc shell (Bertran- Gonzalez et al., 2008). ... Neurons in the NAc core and NAc shell subdivisions also differ functionally. The NAc core is involved in the processing of conditioned stimuli whereas the NAc shell is more important in the processing of unconditioned stimuli; Classically, these two striatal MSN populations are thought to have opposing effects on basal ganglia output. Activation of the dMSNs causes a net excitation of the thalamus resulting in a positive cortical feedback loop; thereby acting as a ‘go’ signal to initiate behavior. Activation of the iMSNs, however, causes a net inhibition of thalamic activity resulting in a negative cortical feedback loop and therefore serves as a ‘brake’ to inhibit behavior ... there is also mounting evidence that iMSNs play a role in motivation and addiction (Lobo and Nestler, 2011; Grueter et al., 2013). ... Together these data suggest that iMSNs normally act to restrain drug-taking behavior and recruitment of these neurons may in fact be protective against the development of compulsive drug use.”CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)
^Taylor SB, Lewis CR, Olive MF (фебруар 2013). „The neurocircuitry of illicit psychostimulant addiction: acute and chronic effects in humans”. Subst. Abuse Rehabil.. 4: 29—43. PMC3931688. PMID24648786. doi:10.2147/SAR.S39684. „The DS (also referred to as the caudate-putamen in primates) is associated with transitions from goal-directed to habitual drug use, due in part to its role in stimulus–response learning.28,46 As described above, the initial rewarding and reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse are mediated by increases in extracellular DA in the NAc shell, and after continued drug use in the NAc core.47,48 After prolonged drug use, drug-associated cues produce increases in extracellular DA levels in the DS and not in the NAc.49 This lends to the notion that a shift in the relative engagement from the ventral to the dorsal striatum underlies the progression from initial, voluntary drug use to habitual and compulsive drug use.28 In addition to DA, recent evidence indicates that glutamatergic transmission in the DS is important for drug-induced adaptations and plasticity within the DS.50”CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)
^ Definition of striatum in English by Oxford Dictionaries” English. Архивирано из оригинала 18. 1. 2018. г. Приступљено 17. 1. 2018.CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)
^ абFerré S, Lluís C, Justinova Z, Quiroz C, Orru M, Navarro G, Canela EI, Franco R, Goldberg SR (јун 2010). „Adenosine-cannabinoid receptor interactions. Implications for striatal function”. Br. J. Pharmacol.. 160 (3): 443—453. PMC2931547. PMID20590556. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00723.x. „Two classes of MSNs, which are homogeneously distributed in the striatum, can be differentiated by their output connectivity and their expression of dopamine and adenosine receptors and neuropeptides. In the dorsal striatum (mostly represented by the nucleus caudate-putamen), enkephalinergic MSNs connect the striatum with the external globus pallidus and express the peptide enkephalin and a high density of dopamine D2 and adenosine A2A receptors (they also express adenosine A1 receptors), while dynorphinergic MSNs connect the striatum with the substantia nigra (pars compacta and reticulata) and the entopeduncular nucleus (internal globus pallidus) and express the peptides dynorphin and substance P and dopamine D1 and adenosine A1 but not A2A receptors ... These two different phenotypes of MSN are also present in the ventral striatum (mostly represented by the nucleus accumbens and the olfactory tubercle). However, although they are phenotypically equal to their dorsal counterparts, they have some differences in terms of connectivity. First, not only enkephalinergic but also dynorphinergic MSNs project to the ventral counterpart of the external globus pallidus, the ventral pallidum, which, in fact, has characteristics of both the external and internal globus pallidus in its afferent and efferent connectivity. In addition to the ventral pallidum, the internal globus pallidus and the substantia nigra-VTA, the ventral striatum sends projections to the extended amygdala, the lateral hypothalamus and the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus. ... It is also important to mention that a small percentage of MSNs have a mixed phenotype and express both D1 and D2 receptors (Surmeier et al., 1996).”CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)
. PMID 26116518. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.06.033. „[The striatum] receives dopaminergic inputs from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the substantia nigra (SNr) and glutamatergic inputs from several areas, including the cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and thalamus (Swanson, 1982; Phillipson and Griffiths, 1985; Finch, 1996; Groenewegen et al., 1999; Britt et al., 2012). These glutamatergic inputs make contact on the heads of dendritic spines of the striatal GABAergic medium spiny projection neurons (MSNs) whereas dopaminergic inputs synapse onto the spine neck, allowing for an important and complex interaction between these two inputs in modulation of MSN activity ... It should also be noted that there is a small population of neurons in the NAc that coexpress both D1 and D2 receptors, though this is largely restricted to the NAc shell (Bertran- Gonzalez et al., 2008). ... Neurons in the NAc core and NAc shell subdivisions also differ functionally. The NAc core is involved in the processing of conditioned stimuli whereas the NAc shell is more important in the processing of unconditioned stimuli; Classically, these two striatal MSN populations are thought to have opposing effects on basal ganglia output. Activation of the dMSNs causes a net excitation of the thalamus resulting in a positive cortical feedback loop; thereby acting as a ‘go’ signal to initiate behavior. Activation of the iMSNs, however, causes a net inhibition of thalamic activity resulting in a negative cortical feedback loop and therefore serves as a ‘brake’ to inhibit behavior ... there is also mounting evidence that iMSNs play a role in motivation and addiction (Lobo and Nestler, 2011; Grueter et al., 2013). ... Together these data suggest that iMSNs normally act to restrain drug-taking behavior and recruitment of these neurons may in fact be protective against the development of compulsive drug use.”
