Brestovi

Brestovi
	Ulmus laciniata; Morton Arboretum acc. 180-84-1
Naučna klasifikacija
Carstvo:	Plantae
Kladus:	Tracheophytes
Kladus:	Angiospermae
Kladus:	Eudicotidae
Kladus:	Rosids
Red:	Rosales
Porodica:	Ulmaceae; Mirb. 1815
Tipska vrsta
	Ulmus]]; L. 1753
Rodovi
	Ampelocera Klotzsch 1847 (12 spp.); Hemiptelea Planch. 1872 (1 sp.); Holoptelea Planch. 1848 (1 sp.); Phyllostylon Benth. 1880 (2 spp.); Planera J.F.Gmel. 1791 (1 sp.); Ulmus L. 1753 (40 spp.); Zelkova Spach 1841 (6 spp.);
	Opseg brestovki
Sinonimi
	Samaracaceae Dulac;

Brestovke (Ulmaceae) su porodica cvetajućih biljki koja obuhvata brestove (Ulmus),^[2]^[3]^[4] i zelkove (rod Zelkova).^[5] Članovi ove porodice su široko rasprostranjeni u severnoj umerenoj zoni, i imaju raspršena distribucija drugdje osim Australazije.^[1]^[6]

Ova porodica je ranije donekle obuhvatala kopriviće, (Celtis i slično), ali je analiza grupa istraživača filogenije skrivenosemenica pokazala da je bolje smestiti te rodove u srodnu porodicu Cannabaceae. Ograničenje navedeno u takosonomskoj kutiji je predložio P. Stivens na njegovom vebsajtu filogenije skrivenosemenica Botaničke bašte Misuri, i uključuje informacije o porodicama vaskularnih biljki i spisak rodova Kraljevskih botaničkih vrtova, Kew.^[6] Generalno se smatra da obuhvata 7 rodova i oko 45 vrsta.^[7] Pojedine klasifikacije takođe uključuju rod Ampelocera.^[8]

Opis

Ova porodica je grupa zimzelenog i litopadnog drveća i grmlja sa lepljivim supstancama na tkivu listova i kore. Listovi su obično naizmenični na trepeljkama. Ivice listova su jednostavne (nisu kompozitne), sa potpuno glatkom ili donekle nazubljenom marginama, i često imaju asimetričnu osnovu. Cvetovi su mali, i mogu da budu dvopolni ili jednopolni.^[9] Plodovi su zatvorene krilatke, orašasti plodovi, ili koštunice. Ulmus obezbeđuje važnu građu uglavnom za nameštaj, a U. rubra, klizavi brest, medicinska je biljka koja je poznata po blagotvornim svojstvima svoje unutrašnje kore. Planera aquatica je isto tako vrsta stabala koja se koriste kao drvena građa. Planera, Ulmus, i Zelkova se uzgajaju kao ornamentalna stabla.

Filogenija

Moderna molekularna filogenija sugeriše sledeće odnose:^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]

Cannabaceae (spoljašnja grupa)

‑{Ulmaceae}‑

	Holoptelea

	Ampelocera

Hemiptelea

	Zelkova

	Ulmus

Reference

^ ^а ^б Watson, L.; Dallwitz, M. J. (1992). „The Families of Flowering Plants: Ulmaceae Mirb.”. Архивирано из оригинала 17. 04. 2019. г. Приступљено 21. 11. 2006.
^ Heybroek, H. M., Goudzwaard, L, Kaljee, H. (2009). Iep of olm, karakterboom van de Lage Landen. ISBN 9789050112819. (:Elm, a tree with character of the Low Countries). KNNV, Uitgeverij.
^ Edlin, H. L (1947). British Woodland Trees. London: B. T. Batsford Ltd.. . p.26. 3rd. edition
^ J.-F. Leroy, 'Note sur quelques anomalies des fleurs et des fruits dans le genre Ulmus ', Bulletin de Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2nd Ser., Vol.17, p.326
^ Denk, T; Grimm, GW (2005). „Phylogeny and biogeography of Zelkova (Ulmaceae sensu stricto) as inferred from leaf morphology, ITS sequence data and the fossil record”. Bot J Linn Soc. 147 (2): 129—157. Bibcode:2005BJLS..147..129D. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2005.00354.x.
^ ^а ^б Stevens, P (2001). „Angiosperm Phylogeny Website”. Missouri Botanical Garden. Приступљено 21. 11. 2006.
^ Christenhusz, M. J. M.; Byng, J. W. (2016). „The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase”. Phytotaxa. 261 (3): 201—217. Bibcode:2016Phytx.261..201C. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1.
^ ^а ^б Ueda, Kunihiko; K Kosuge; H Tobe (jun 1997). „A molecular phylogeny of Celtidaceae and Ulmaceae (Urticales) based on rbcL nucleotide sequences”. Journal of Plant Research. 110 (2): 171—178. Bibcode:1997JPlR..110..171U. doi:10.1007/BF02509305.
^ ^а ^б Sytsma, Kenneth J.; Morawetz, Jeffery; Pires, J. Chris; Nepokroeff, Molly; Conti, Elena; Zjhra, Michelle; Hall, Jocelyn C.; Chase, Mark W. (2002). „Urticalean rosids: Circumscription, rosid ancestry, and phylogenetics based on rbcL, trnL–F, and ndhF sequences”. Am J Bot. 89 (9): 1531—1546. Bibcode:2002AmJB...89.1531S. PMID 21665755. doi:10.3732/ajb.89.9.1531. Непознати параметар |name-list-style= игнорисан (помоћ)
^ Zavada MS, Kim M (1996). „Phylogenetic analysis of Ulmaceae”. Plant Syst Evol. 200 (1): 13—20. Bibcode:1996PSyEv.200...13Z. doi:10.1007/BF00984745.
^ Neubig K, Herrera F, Manchester S, Abbott JR (2012-07-07). Fossils, biogeography and dates in an expanded phylogeny of Ulmaceae. Botany 2012: Annual Meeting of the Botanical Society of America in Columbus, Ohio, USA. St. Louis, Missouri: Botanical Society of America. Abstract 316. Архивирано из оригинала 05. 12. 2017. г. Приступљено 29. 05. 2019.
^ Sun M, Naeem R, Su JX, Cao ZY, Burleigh G, Soltis PS, Soltis DE, Chen ZD (2016). „Phylogeny of the Rosidae: A dense taxon sampling analysis”. Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 54 (4): 363—391. Bibcode:2016JSyEv..54..363S. doi:10.1111/jse.12211.

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[Watson-1] а ^б Watson, L.; Dallwitz, M. J. (1992). „The Families of Flowering Plants: Ulmaceae Mirb.”. Архивирано из оригинала 17. 04. 2019. г. Приступљено 21. 11. 2006.

[Heybroek-2] Heybroek, H. M., Goudzwaard, L, Kaljee, H. (2009). Iep of olm, karakterboom van de Lage Landen. ISBN 9789050112819. (:Elm, a tree with character of the Low Countries). KNNV, Uitgeverij.

[Edlin-3] Edlin, H. L (1947). British Woodland Trees. London: B. T. Batsford Ltd.. . p.26. 3rd. edition

[4] J.-F. Leroy, 'Note sur quelques anomalies des fleurs et des fruits dans le genre Ulmus ', Bulletin de Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2nd Ser., Vol.17, p.326

[5] Denk, T; Grimm, GW (2005). „Phylogeny and biogeography of Zelkova (Ulmaceae sensu stricto) as inferred from leaf morphology, ITS sequence data and the fossil record”. Bot J Linn Soc. 147 (2): 129—157. Bibcode:2005BJLS..147..129D. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2005.00354.x.

[stevens-6] а ^б Stevens, P (2001). „Angiosperm Phylogeny Website”. Missouri Botanical Garden. Приступљено 21. 11. 2006.

[Christenhusz-Byng2016-7] Christenhusz, M. J. M.; Byng, J. W. (2016). „The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase”. Phytotaxa. 261 (3): 201—217. Bibcode:2016Phytx.261..201C. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1.

[Ueda-8] а ^б Ueda, Kunihiko; K Kosuge; H Tobe (jun 1997). „A molecular phylogeny of Celtidaceae and Ulmaceae (Urticales) based on rbcL nucleotide sequences”. Journal of Plant Research. 110 (2): 171—178. Bibcode:1997JPlR..110..171U. doi:10.1007/BF02509305.

[Sytsma-9] а ^б Sytsma, Kenneth J.; Morawetz, Jeffery; Pires, J. Chris; Nepokroeff, Molly; Conti, Elena; Zjhra, Michelle; Hall, Jocelyn C.; Chase, Mark W. (2002). „Urticalean rosids: Circumscription, rosid ancestry, and phylogenetics based on rbcL, trnL–F, and ndhF sequences”. Am J Bot. 89 (9): 1531—1546. Bibcode:2002AmJB...89.1531S. PMID 21665755. doi:10.3732/ajb.89.9.1531. Непознати параметар |name-list-style= игнорисан (помоћ)

[10] Zavada MS, Kim M (1996). „Phylogenetic analysis of Ulmaceae”. Plant Syst Evol. 200 (1): 13—20. Bibcode:1996PSyEv.200...13Z. doi:10.1007/BF00984745.

[11] Neubig K, Herrera F, Manchester S, Abbott JR (2012-07-07). Fossils, biogeography and dates in an expanded phylogeny of Ulmaceae. Botany 2012: Annual Meeting of the Botanical Society of America in Columbus, Ohio, USA. St. Louis, Missouri: Botanical Society of America. Abstract 316. Архивирано из оригинала 05. 12. 2017. г. Приступљено 29. 05. 2019.

[12] Sun M, Naeem R, Su JX, Cao ZY, Burleigh G, Soltis PS, Soltis DE, Chen ZD (2016). „Phylogeny of the Rosidae: A dense taxon sampling analysis”. Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 54 (4): 363—391. Bibcode:2016JSyEv..54..363S. doi:10.1111/jse.12211.

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