Masakr kod Vunded Nija

Masakr kod Vunded Nija
	Deo Rata plesa duhova i Sijuksnih ratova
	; Masovna grobnica za Lakotske mrtve nakon masakra
Vreme:	29. decembar 1890
Mesto:	Vunded Ni Krik, Južna Dakota
Ishod:	(pogledajte sekciju Borba i posledični masakr)
Sukobljene strane
Sjedinjene Države	Minikonžu Lakota; Hankpapa Lakota
Komandanti i vođe
Džejms V. Forsit	Pegavi Los †
Jačina
490 vojnika:; 7. konjički puk SAD:; 438 trupa; 22 artiljeraca sa četiri 1,65–inčna topa; 30 Oglala indijanska izviđača	120 ljudi
Žrtve i gubici
25 ubijeno,; 39 ranjeno (6 fatalno)	250–300 ubijeno:; 90 ljudi ubijeno ; 200 žena i dece ubijeno; 51 ranjeno (7 fatalno) ; Indijanski gubici uključuju civilne žrtve
	Najveći domaći masakar u istoriji SAD.

Masakr kod Vunded Nija (takođe pozant kao Bitka kod Vunded Nija) bio je masakr nekoliko stotina Lakota Indijanaca, skoro pola od koji su bili žene i deca, od strane vojske Sjedinjenih Država. Ovo se dogodio 29. decembra 1890. godine,^[5] u blizini Vunded Ni Krika (lakotski: Čhaŋkpé Ópi Wakpála) na lakotskom Indijanskom rezervatu Pajne Ridž, u američkoj državi Južna Dakota, nakon pokušaja razoružavanja lakotskog logora.

Prethodnog dana, odred američkog 7. konjičkog puka kojim je komandovao major Samjuel M. Vitsajd presreo je družinu Pegavog Losa, sastavljenu od Minikonžu Lakota i 38 Hankpapa Lakota u blizini Porkjupajn Bjuta i sproveo ih 5 milja (8,0 km) zapadno do Vunded Ni Krika (Doline Ranjeno Koleno), gde su napravili kamp. Ostatak 7. konjičkog puka, na čelu sa pukovnikom Džejmsom V. Forsitom, pristigao je i opkolili su kamp. Puk je bio podržan baterijom od četiri Hočkisova planinska topa.^[6]

Ujutro 29. decembra, američke konjičke trupe ušle su u logor da razoružaju Lakote. Jedna verzija događaja tvrdi da je tokom procesa razoružavanja Lakota, gluvi pripadnik plemena po imenu Crni Kojot nerado odustao od puške, tvrdeći da je za to mnogo platio.^[7] Istovremeno, jedan starac je izvodio ritual zvani Ples duhova. Puška Crnog Kojota je opalila u tom trenutku i američka vojska je počela da puca na Indijance. Lakotski ratnici su uzvratili, ali mnogi su već bili lišeni oružja i razoružani.^[8]

Do vremena okončanja masakra, između 250 i 300 muškaraca, žena i dece Lakota je bilo ubijeno, a 51 ranjeno (4 muškarca i 47 žena i dece, od kojih su neki kasnije umrli); neke procene su broj mrtvih postavile na 300.^[3] Poginulo je i dvadeset pet vojnika, i trideset devet je ranjeno (šest ranjenih je kasnije umrlo).^[9] Dvadeset vojnika nagrađeno je Medaljom časti.^[10] Nacionalni kongres američkih Indijanaca je 2001. usvojio dve rezolucije, kojima je osudio vojne nagrade i pozvao američku vladu da ih opozove.^[11]

Američko odeljenje unutrašnjih poslova je bojno polje Vunded Nija, mesto masakra, proglasilo Nacionalnom istorijskom znamenitošću.^[5] Godine 1990. oba doma Kongresa SAD donela su rezoluciju o istorijskoj stogodišnjici, u kojoj su formalno izrazili „duboko žaljenje” zbog masakra.^[12]

Reference[уреди | уреди извор]

^ Utley, стр. 201
^ Brown, стр. 178, Brown states that at the army camp, "the Indians were carefully counted." Utley, p. 204, gives 120 men, 230 women and children; there is no indication how many were warriors, old men, or incapacitated sick like Foot.
^ ^а ^б „Plains Humanities: Wounded Knee Massacre”. Приступљено 9. 12. 2014. »resulted in the deaths of more than 250, and possibly as many as 300, Native Americans.«
^ Nelson A. Miles to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, March 13, 1917, "The official reports make the number killed 90 warriors and approximately 200 women and children."
^ ^а ^б „National Historic Landmarks Program: Wounded Knee”. National Park Service. Приступљено 10. 1. 2008.
^ Liggett, Lorie (1998). „Wounded Knee Massacre – An Introduction”. Bowling Green State University. Приступљено 2. 3. 2007.
^ Parsons, Randy. „The Wounded Knee Massacre – December 1890”. Lastoftheindependents.com. Архивирано из оригинала на датум 06. 01. 2010. Приступљено 17. 8. 2011.
^ „PBS – The West – Like Grass Before the Sickle”. www.pbs.org.
^ Wounded Knee & the Ghost Dance Tragedy by Jack Utter, p. 25 Publisher: National Woodlands Publishing Company; 1st edition (1991) Language: English. ISBN 0-9628075-1-6.
^ Green, Jerry (1994). „The Medals of Wounded Knee” (PDF). Nebraska State Historical Society, also available in Nebraska History #75,. Nebraska State Historical Society History. стр. 200—208. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) на датум 29. 7. 2017. Приступљено 1. 7. 2019.
^ „Lakota~WOUNDED KNEE: A Campaign to Rescind Medals: story, pictures and information”. Footnote.com. Приступљено 17. 8. 2011.
^ AP (29. 10. 1990). „Congress Adjourns – Century Afterward, Apology For Wounded Knee Massacre”. Pine Ridge Indian Reservation (Sd); United States: NYTimes.com. Приступљено 26. 7. 2016.

Literatura[уреди | уреди извор]

Andersson, Rani-Henrik. The Lakota Ghost Dance of 1890. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2009.ISBN 978-0-8032-1073-8..
Brown, Dee. Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee: An Indian History of the American West, Owl Books. 1970. ISBN 0-8050-6669-1..
Champlin, Tim. A Trail To Wounded Knee : A Western Story. Five Star (2001).
Coleman, William S.E. Voices of Wounded Knee, University of Nebraska Press. 2000. ISBN 0-8032-1506-1..
Cozens, Peter. The Earth is Weeping: The Epic Story on the Indian wars for the American West, Atlantic Books (20160). ISBN 978-1-78649-151-0..
Greene, Jerome A. American Carnage: Wounded Knee, 1890. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2014.
Smith, Rex Alan. Moon of Popping Trees. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. 1981. ISBN 0-8032-9120-5..
Utley, Robert M. Last Days of the Sioux Nation. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press (1963).
Utley, Robert M. The Indian Frontier 1846–1890. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press. 2003. ISBN 0-8263-2998-5..
Utley, Robert M. Frontier Regulars The United States Army and the Indian 1866–1891. New York: Macmillan Publishing. 1973. ISBN 0-8032-9551-0..
Yenne, Bill. Indian Wars: The Campaign for the American West, Westholme. 2005. ISBN 1-59416-016-3..

Spoljašnje veze[уреди | уреди извор]

The Wounded Knee Museum in Wall, South Dakota
"Walter Mason Camp Collection," includes photographs from the Battle of Wounded Knee Creek, Brigham Young University
"A Dark Day" – Education Resource, Dakota Pathways
"The ghost dance.; how the indians work themselves up to fighting pitch", eyewitness account by reporter, New York Times, November 22, 1890
Army at Wounded Knee
Remember the Massacre at Wounded Knee. Jacobin. December 29, 2016.

[1] Utley, стр. 201

[2] Brown, стр. 178, Brown states that at the army camp, "the Indians were carefully counted." Utley, p. 204, gives 120 men, 230 women and children; there is no indication how many were warriors, old men, or incapacitated sick like Foot.

[autogenerated1-3] а ^б „Plains Humanities: Wounded Knee Massacre”. Приступљено 9. 12. 2014. »resulted in the deaths of more than 250, and possibly as many as 300, Native Americans.«

[Miles-4] Nelson A. Miles to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, March 13, 1917, "The official reports make the number killed 90 warriors and approximately 200 women and children."

[nps-5] а ^б „National Historic Landmarks Program: Wounded Knee”. National Park Service. Приступљено 10. 1. 2008.

[6] Liggett, Lorie (1998). „Wounded Knee Massacre – An Introduction”. Bowling Green State University. Приступљено 2. 3. 2007.

[:0-7] Parsons, Randy. „The Wounded Knee Massacre – December 1890”. Lastoftheindependents.com. Архивирано из оригинала на датум 06. 01. 2010. Приступљено 17. 8. 2011.

[pbs.org-8] „PBS – The West – Like Grass Before the Sickle”. www.pbs.org.

[9] Wounded Knee & the Ghost Dance Tragedy by Jack Utter, p. 25 Publisher: National Woodlands Publishing Company; 1st edition (1991) Language: English. ISBN 0-9628075-1-6.

[JerryGreen-10] Green, Jerry (1994). „The Medals of Wounded Knee” (PDF). Nebraska State Historical Society, also available in Nebraska History #75,. Nebraska State Historical Society History. стр. 200—208. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) на датум 29. 7. 2017. Приступљено 1. 7. 2019.

[Congress-11] „Lakota~WOUNDED KNEE: A Campaign to Rescind Medals: story, pictures and information”. Footnote.com. Приступљено 17. 8. 2011.

[12] AP (29. 10. 1990). „Congress Adjourns – Century Afterward, Apology For Wounded Knee Massacre”. Pine Ridge Indian Reservation (Sd); United States: NYTimes.com. Приступљено 26. 7. 2016.

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