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Неки путнички возови, на дугим и кратким релацијама, користе кола на [[Bilevel rail car|два дека]] да би могли да превезу више путника по возу.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.montrealgazette.com/technology/green+trains+know+says/4084097/story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110114214213/http://www.montrealgazette.com/technology/green%2Btrains%2Bknow%2Bsays/4084097/story.html|dead-url=yes|archive-date = 14. 01. 2011.|accessdate = 11. 01. 2011.|newspaper=The Montreal Gazette|date = 10. 01. 2011.|title=How green are our trains? We don't know, AMT says|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="EXPERIMENT">{{cite news|title=Via Rail begins experiment with Amtrak bi-level train|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7URgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=tXANAAAAIBAJ&pg=6050,1291356|accessdate = 11. 01. 2011.|newspaper=The Phoenix|date = 21. 09. 1984.}}</ref> Дизајн кола и њихова општа безбедност за путнике су драстично еволуирали током времена, што чини превоз возом релативно безбедним.
Неки путнички возови, на дугим и кратким релацијама, користе кола на [[Bilevel rail car|два дека]] да би могли да превезу више путника по возу.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.montrealgazette.com/technology/green+trains+know+says/4084097/story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110114214213/http://www.montrealgazette.com/technology/green%2Btrains%2Bknow%2Bsays/4084097/story.html|dead-url=yes|archive-date = 14. 01. 2011.|accessdate = 11. 01. 2011.|newspaper=The Montreal Gazette|date = 10. 01. 2011.|title=How green are our trains? We don't know, AMT says|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="EXPERIMENT">{{cite news|title=Via Rail begins experiment with Amtrak bi-level train|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7URgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=tXANAAAAIBAJ&pg=6050,1291356|accessdate = 11. 01. 2011.|newspaper=The Phoenix|date = 21. 09. 1984.}}</ref> Дизајн кола и њихова општа безбедност за путнике су драстично еволуирали током времена, што чини превоз возом релативно безбедним.
{{рут}}
=== Возови на даљину ===
Long-distance trains travel between many cities and/or regions of a country, and sometimes cross several countries. They often have a [[dining car]] or restaurant car to allow passengers to have a meal during the course of their journey. Trains travelling overnight may also have [[sleeping car]]s. Currently much of travel on these distances of over {{convert|500|miles}} is done by air in many countries but in others long-distance travel by rail is a popular or the only cheap way to travel long distances.

==== Брза пруга ====
[[Датотека:Shinkansen 500 Kyoto 2005-03-19.jpg|thumb|250px|Japanese [[Shinkansen]] [[500 Series Shinkansen|500 Series]] train]]
{{Main|High-speed rail}}One notable and growing long-distance train category is high-speed rail. Generally, high speed rail runs at speeds above {{convert|200|km/h|mph|-1|abbr=on}} and often operates on dedicated track that is surveyed and prepared to accommodate high speeds. Japan's [[Shinkansen]] popularly known as ("bullet-train") commenced operation in 1964, and was the first successful example of a high speed passenger rail system.

The fastest wheeled train running on rails is France's [[TGV]] (Train à Grande Vitesse, literally "high speed train"), which achieved a speed of {{convert|574.8|km/h|mph|1|abbr=on}}, twice the takeoff speed of a [[Boeing 727]] [[jet airliner|jetliner]], under test conditions in 2007. The highest speed currently attained in scheduled revenue operation is {{convert|350|km/h|mph|-1|abbr=on}} on the [[Beijing–Tianjin Intercity Rail]] and [[Wuhan–Guangzhou High-Speed Railway]] systems in China. The TGV runs at a maximum revenue speed of {{convert|300|-|320|km/h|mph|-1|abbr=on}}, as does Germany's [[InterCityExpress|Inter-City Express]] and Spain's [[AVE]] (Alta Velocidad Española).

In most cases, high-speed rail travel is time- and cost-competitive with air travel when distances do not exceed {{convert|500|to|600|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}}, as airport [[check-in]] and boarding procedures may add as many as two hours to the actual transit time.<ref>{{cite book|author=Central Japan Railway |title=Central Japan Railway Data Book 2006 |year=2006 |pages=16}}</ref> Also, rail operating costs over these distances may be lower when the amount of [[jet fuel|fuel]] consumed by an [[airliner]] during [[takeoff]] and climbout is considered. As travel distance increases, the latter consideration becomes less of the total cost of operating an airliner and air travel becomes more cost-competitive.

Some high speed rail equipment employs [[tilting train|tilting technology]] to improve stability in curves. Examples of such equipment are the [[Advanced Passenger Train]] (APT), the [[Pendolino]], the [[N700 Series Shinkansen]], [[Amtrak]]'s [[Acela Express]] and the [[Talgo]]. Tilting is a dynamic form of [[superelevation]], allowing both low- and high-speed traffic to use the same trackage (though not simultaneously), as well as producing a more comfortable ride for passengers.

==== Међуградски возови ====
[[Датотека:City of Rockhampton train (Sunshine railway station, Brisbane).jpg|thumb|250px|The [[Electric Tilt Train]], the fastest train in Australia, travelling between [[Brisbane]] and [[Rockhampton]] in [[Queensland]], a distance of 615km.]]
{{Main|Inter-city rail}}

Trains can be divided into three major groups:
* [[Inter-city rail|Inter-city]] trains: connecting cities in the fastest time possible, bypassing all intermediate stations
* [[Express train|Express]] trains: calling at larger intermediate stations between cities, serving large urban [[communities]]
* [[Regional rail|Regional]] trains: calling at all intermediate stations between cities, serving all lineside [[communities]]

The distinction between the types can be thin or even non-existent. Trains can run as inter-city services between major cities, then revert to a fast or even regional train service to serve communities at the [[wikt:extremity|extremity]] of their journey. This practice allows [[marginalization|marginal]] communities remaining to be served while saving money at the expense of a longer journey time for those wishing to travel to the [[Train station#Terminus|terminus]] station.

==== Регионални возови ====
{{Main|Regional rail}}

Regional trains usually connect between towns and cities, rather than purely linking major population hubs like inter-city trains, and serve local traffic demand in relatively [[Rural|rural areas]].

==== Жељезничка пруга већа брзина ====
{{Main|Жељезничка пруга већа брзина}

Higher-speed rail is a special category of trains. The trains for higher-speed rail services can operate at top speeds that are higher than conventional inter-city trains but the speeds are not as high as those in the high-speed rail services. These services are provided after improvements to the conventional rail infrastructure in order to support trains that can operate safely at higher speeds.

=== Возови на кратке раздаљине ===

==== Приградски возови ====
[[Датотека:Mumbai Train.JPG|thumb|250px|[[Mumbai Suburban Railway|Mumbai's suburban trains]] handle 7.24 million commuters daily.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mrvc.indianrail.gov.in/overview.htm |work=Official webpage of Mumbai Railway Vikas Corporation |title=Overview Of the existing Mumbai Suburban Railway |accessdate=2008-12-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620033027/http://www.mrvc.indianrail.gov.in/overview.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate=2008-06-20}}</ref>]]

For shorter distances many cities have networks of [[commuter train]]s (also known as suburban trains) serving the city and its suburbs. Trains are a very efficient [[mode of transport]] to cope with large traffic demand in a [[metropolis]]. Compared with road transport, it carries many people with much smaller land area and little air pollution. Commuter rail also travels longer ranges compared to rapid transit systems with comparatively less frequency and may share tracks with other trains.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.differencebetween.info/difference-between-metro-and-local-train|title=Difference between Metro and Local Train|last=Sangeeta|date=2013-06-24|website=www.differencebetween.info|access-date=2018-02-09}}</ref>

Some carriages may be laid out to have more standing room than seats, or to facilitate the carrying of [[Baby transport#Pushable vehicles|prams]], [[bicycle|cycles]] or [[wheelchair]]s. Some countries have [[Bilevel car|double-decked passenger trains]] for use in conurbations. Double deck high speed and sleeper trains are becoming more common in mainland Europe.

Sometimes extreme congestion of commuter trains becomes a problem. For example, an estimated 3.5 million passengers ride every day on [[Yamanote Line]] in Tokyo, Japan, with its 29 stations. For comparison, the [[New York City Subway]] carries 5.7 million passengers per day on {{NYCS const|routes}} services serving {{NYCS const|number|total}} stations. To cope with large traffic, special cars in which the bench seats fold up to provide standing room only during the morning rush hour (until 10 a.m.) are operated in Tokyo ([[E231 series]] train). In the past this train has included 2 cars with six doors on each side to shorten the time for passengers to get on and off at station.

Passenger trains usually have [[Emergency brake (train)|emergency brake]] handles (or a "communication cord") that the public can operate. Misuse is punished by a heavy fine.

Various commuter and suburban train operators (e.g. [[Sydney Trains]], [[NJ Transit Rail Operations|NJ Transit]], [[Réseau Express Régional|Paris RER]]) use [[Bilevel rail car|double-decker trains]]. Double-decker trains offer increased capacity even when running less services.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-04-11/barry-ofarrell-sydney-trains-claim-doubtful/5371446|title=Single-decker v double-decker trains: Barry O'Farrell's claim doubtful|date=2014-04-11|work=ABC News|access-date=2018-03-29|language=en-AU}}</ref>

=== Унутар градова ===

==== Брзи транзит ====
{{Main|Метро}}
[[Датотека:Lancaster Gate tube.jpg|thumbnail|right|250px|A metro train in London]]
Large cities often have a [[rapid transit|metro]] system, also called underground, subway or tube. The trains are electrically powered, usually by [[third rail]], and their railroads are separate from other traffic, usually without [[level crossing]]s. Usually they run in tunnels in the city center and sometimes on elevated structures in the outer parts of the city. They can accelerate and decelerate faster than heavier, long-distance trains.

The term '''[[rapid transit]]''' is used for public transport such as commuter trains, metro and light rail. However, services on the New York City Subway have been referred to as "trains".

==== Трамвај ====
{{Main|Трамвај}}
[[Датотека:Karlikwbytomiu.jpg|thumb|left|250px|An [[Alstom Citadis]] 100 articulated tram in [[Bytom]], [[Poland]]]]

In the United Kingdom, the distinction between a tramway and a railway is precise and defined in law. In the U.S. and Canada, such street railways are referred to as [[tram|trolleys]] or [[streetcar]]s. The key physical difference between a railroad and a trolley system is that the latter runs primarily on public streets, whereas trains have a [[Right of way (transportation)|right-of-way]] separated from the public streets. Often the U.S.-style [[interurban]] and modern [[light rail]] are confused with a trolley system, as it too may run on the street for short or medium-length sections. In some languages, the word ''tram'' also refers to interurban and light rail-style networks, in particular Dutch.

The length of a tram or trolley may be determined by national regulations. Germany has the so-called Bo-Strab standard, restricting the length of a tram to 75 meters, while in the U.S., vehicle length is normally restricted by local authorities, often allowing only a single type of vehicle to operate on the network.

==== Лаки шински систем ====
{{main|Лаки шински систем}}

The term light rail is sometimes used for a modern tram system, despite light rail lines commonly having a mostly exclusive right-of-way, more similar to that of a heavy-rail line and less alike to that of a tramway. It may also mean an intermediate form between a tram and a train, similar to a [[Rapid transit|subway]] except that it may have level crossings. These are then usually protected with crossing gates. In U.S. terminology these systems are often referred to as interurban, as they connect larger urban areas in the vicinity of a major city to that city. Modern light rail systems often use abandoned heavy rail rights of way (e.g. former railway lines) to revitalize deprived areas and [[redevelopment]] sites in and around large [[agglomerations]].

==== Једноколосечна железница ====
[[Датотека:Mono-shibaura.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Tokyo Monorail|Токијски Монорејл]]]]
{{Main|Једноколосечна железница}}

Monorails were developed to meet medium-demand traffic in urban transit, and consist of a train running on a single rail, typically elevated. Monorails represent a relatively small part of the overall railway field.Almost all monorail trains are using linear induction motors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hitachi-rail.com/products/rolling_stock/linear/index.html|title=Linear Motor Driven System : Hitachi-Rail.com|last=Ltd.|first=Hitachi|website=www.hitachi-rail.com|language=en|access-date=2018-09-26}}</ref>

==== МАГЛЕВ воз ====

{{Main|МАГЛЕВ воз}}
In order to achieve much faster operation over {{convert|500|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}, innovative maglev technology has been researched since the early 20th century. The technology uses magnets to levitate the train above the track, reducing friction and allowing higher speeds. An early prototype was demonstrated in 1913, and the first commercial maglev train was an [[airport shuttle]] introduced in 1984.

The [[Shanghai Maglev Train]], opened in 2003, is the fastest commercial train service of any kind, operating at speeds of up to {{convert|430|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. Maglev has not yet been used for inter-city [[Public transport|mass transit]] routes.

[[Датотека:Neue Mühle 3.jpg|right|thumb|250px|The [[Bombardier Talent]] articulated regional railcar.]]
=== Моторни воз ===

A railcar, in [[British English]] and [[Australian English]], is a self-propelled [[Rail transport|railway]] [[vehicle]] designed to [[transport]] passengers. The term "railcar" is usually used in reference to a train consisting of a single [[Coach (rail)|coach]] (carriage, car), with a driver's cab at one or both ends. Some railways, e.g., the [[Great Western Railway]], used the term [[Railmotor]]. If it is able to pull a full train, it is rather called a [[Rail motor coach|motor coach]] or a motor car.<ref>[http://www.parrypeoplemovers.com/ppm35-feature.htm www.parrypeoplemovers.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106103408/http://www.parrypeoplemovers.com/ppm35-feature.htm |date=6. January 2009 }} Light Railcars and Railbuses - Retrieved on 2008-06-09</ref> The term is sometimes also used as an alternative name for the small types of [[multiple unit]] which consist of more than one coach.


== Галерија ==
== Галерија ==

Верзија на датум 12. октобар 2018. у 06:22

Воз
BNSF интермодални теретни воз пролази кроз Висконсин, Сједињене Државе

Воз је облик железничког саобраћаја који се састоји од композиције повезаних шинских вагона које вуче или гура једна или више локомотива. Служи за превоз путника или терета.

Иако је кроз историју, пара била најдоминантнији извор снаге возова, данас се углавном користи дизел или електрична струја за погон (ткз. електричне локомотиве). Поред тога, као извор енергије се користе и коњи, конопци или жице, гравитација, пнеуматика, батерије, и гасне турбине.

Пруге по којима се крећу возови се обично састоје од две, три или четири шине.[1]

Постоје разне врсте возова који су направљени и прилагођени за одређене намене. Стога се воз може састојати од комбинације једне или више локомотива и вагона.

Путнички воз је воз који садржи вагоне за путнике са седиштима или лежајима, а често може бити веома дуг и брз. С обзиром да возови прелазе све веће дистанце, брзина возова је веома важан фактор. Да би се постигла што већа брзина, иновативна технологија МАГЛЕВ возова се усавршавала годинама. Данас су достигли брзине преко 500 km/h. Неке од земаља које су чувене по великој брзини, али и тачности и прецизности у распореду возова јесу првенствено Јапан, потом Француска, Немачка, Уједињено Краљевство, Шпанија, али и Италија, Сједињене Државе и Швајцарска.

Теретни воз користи теретне вагоне за превоз робе или материјала, и као такав не превози путнике.

Сама реч воз је настала од глагола возити, а пре појаве данашње железнице је коришћена за поворку од неколико кола која су повезана, а вуку их волови.

Увођењем железнице у Србију, већина нових појмова је преведена употребом постојећих српских речи, тако што им је значење проширено на нови појам, осим вагона и локомотиве.

Подела према начину погона

V43, мађарска електрична локомотива која се често користи за путнички саобраћај.

Први возови су били вучени конопцима, користили су силу гравитације или су их вукли коњи, али су их почетком 19. века замениле парне локомотиве.

Од 1920-их њих су почеле да замењују дизел и електричне локомотиве, које су захтевале мање напора за управљање и биле су чистије, али и сложеније и скупље.

Електрична вуча пружа нижу цену по пређеном километру, али има више почетне трошкове, који се могу оправдати само на линијама са великом густином саобраћаја. Пошто је изградња електричног система потребног за рад електричне локомотиве виша по пређеном километру, електрична вуча је мање пожељна на дужим линијама, осим на системима којима се путује великим брзинама.

Недавна варијација електричних локомотива је локомотива горивих ћелија.[2] Локомотиве горивних ћелија комбинују предност одсуства инсталираних електричних система, са предностима беземисионог рада. Међутим, постоји значајан почетни трошак за таква возила горивних ћелија.

Путнички возови

Унутрашњост путничких кола у возу на велике удаљености у Финској
Путници у салонским колима Амтрак воза у Калифорнији, 2014

Путнички воз је онај који обухвата кола која превозе путнике и који често може да буде врло дугачак и брз. Он може да буде вишеструка јединица са самосталним погоном или железничка кола, или комбинација са једном или више локомотива и једном или више приколица без погона познатих као путничка кола. Путнички возови путују између станица или депоа, на којима се путници могу укрцати и искрцати. У већини случајева, путнички возови раде на фиксном реду вожње и имају супериорна права коришћења колосека у односу на теретне возове.

За разлику од теретних возова, путнички возови морају да снабдевају свака кола са струјом ниског напона ради осветљења и грејања, између осталог. Ова струја може да долази директно од локомотиве која је главни покретач (из генератора модификованог за ту сврху), или из засебног дизел генератора у локомотиви. За услуге путничког саобраћаја на даљинским рутама, где локомотива са одговарајућом опремом није увек доступна, може се користити засебни генератор.[3][4]

Надзор путничког воза је у надлежности кондуктера. Њима обично помажу други чланови посаде, као што су сервисери или портери. Током периода путне вожње Северно Америчком железницом, возови на даљину су носили два кондуктера: горе поменутог кондуктера воза и Пулмановог кондуктера,[5] који је био задужен за особље спаваћих кола.[6][7]

Многи путнички возови који пружају престижне траспортне услуге су добили специфична имена, нека од којих су постала позната у литератури и фикцији.[8] У протеклим годинама, жељезари су често помињали путничке возове као „лак“, алудирајући на прохујале дане дрветом опремљених кола са њиховим сјајном спољашњом обрадом и луксузном декорацијом. „Блокирање лака“ (енгл. Blocking the varnish) значило је да спори теретни воз спречава пролаз брзог путничког воза, узрокујући кашњење.

Неки путнички возови, на дугим и кратким релацијама, користе кола на два дека да би могли да превезу више путника по возу.[9][10] Дизајн кола и њихова општа безбедност за путнике су драстично еволуирали током времена, што чини превоз возом релативно безбедним.

Возови на даљину

Long-distance trains travel between many cities and/or regions of a country, and sometimes cross several countries. They often have a dining car or restaurant car to allow passengers to have a meal during the course of their journey. Trains travelling overnight may also have sleeping cars. Currently much of travel on these distances of over 500 mi (800 km) is done by air in many countries but in others long-distance travel by rail is a popular or the only cheap way to travel long distances.

Брза пруга

Japanese Shinkansen 500 Series train

One notable and growing long-distance train category is high-speed rail. Generally, high speed rail runs at speeds above 200 km/h (120 mph) and often operates on dedicated track that is surveyed and prepared to accommodate high speeds. Japan's Shinkansen popularly known as ("bullet-train") commenced operation in 1964, and was the first successful example of a high speed passenger rail system.

The fastest wheeled train running on rails is France's TGV (Train à Grande Vitesse, literally "high speed train"), which achieved a speed of 5.748 km/h (3.571,6 mph), twice the takeoff speed of a Boeing 727 jetliner, under test conditions in 2007. The highest speed currently attained in scheduled revenue operation is 350 km/h (220 mph) on the Beijing–Tianjin Intercity Rail and Wuhan–Guangzhou High-Speed Railway systems in China. The TGV runs at a maximum revenue speed of 300—320 km/h (190—200 mph), as does Germany's Inter-City Express and Spain's AVE (Alta Velocidad Española).

In most cases, high-speed rail travel is time- and cost-competitive with air travel when distances do not exceed 500 to 600 km (310 to 370 mi), as airport check-in and boarding procedures may add as many as two hours to the actual transit time.[11] Also, rail operating costs over these distances may be lower when the amount of fuel consumed by an airliner during takeoff and climbout is considered. As travel distance increases, the latter consideration becomes less of the total cost of operating an airliner and air travel becomes more cost-competitive.

Some high speed rail equipment employs tilting technology to improve stability in curves. Examples of such equipment are the Advanced Passenger Train (APT), the Pendolino, the N700 Series Shinkansen, Amtrak's Acela Express and the Talgo. Tilting is a dynamic form of superelevation, allowing both low- and high-speed traffic to use the same trackage (though not simultaneously), as well as producing a more comfortable ride for passengers.

Међуградски возови

The Electric Tilt Train, the fastest train in Australia, travelling between Brisbane and Rockhampton in Queensland, a distance of 615km.

Trains can be divided into three major groups:

  • Inter-city trains: connecting cities in the fastest time possible, bypassing all intermediate stations
  • Express trains: calling at larger intermediate stations between cities, serving large urban communities
  • Regional trains: calling at all intermediate stations between cities, serving all lineside communities

The distinction between the types can be thin or even non-existent. Trains can run as inter-city services between major cities, then revert to a fast or even regional train service to serve communities at the extremity of their journey. This practice allows marginal communities remaining to be served while saving money at the expense of a longer journey time for those wishing to travel to the terminus station.

Регионални возови

Regional trains usually connect between towns and cities, rather than purely linking major population hubs like inter-city trains, and serve local traffic demand in relatively rural areas.

Жељезничка пруга већа брзина

{{Main|Жељезничка пруга већа брзина}

Higher-speed rail is a special category of trains. The trains for higher-speed rail services can operate at top speeds that are higher than conventional inter-city trains but the speeds are not as high as those in the high-speed rail services. These services are provided after improvements to the conventional rail infrastructure in order to support trains that can operate safely at higher speeds.

Возови на кратке раздаљине

Приградски возови

Mumbai's suburban trains handle 7.24 million commuters daily.[12]

For shorter distances many cities have networks of commuter trains (also known as suburban trains) serving the city and its suburbs. Trains are a very efficient mode of transport to cope with large traffic demand in a metropolis. Compared with road transport, it carries many people with much smaller land area and little air pollution. Commuter rail also travels longer ranges compared to rapid transit systems with comparatively less frequency and may share tracks with other trains.[13]

Some carriages may be laid out to have more standing room than seats, or to facilitate the carrying of prams, cycles or wheelchairs. Some countries have double-decked passenger trains for use in conurbations. Double deck high speed and sleeper trains are becoming more common in mainland Europe.

Sometimes extreme congestion of commuter trains becomes a problem. For example, an estimated 3.5 million passengers ride every day on Yamanote Line in Tokyo, Japan, with its 29 stations. For comparison, the New York City Subway carries 5.7 million passengers per day on 28 services serving 472 stations. To cope with large traffic, special cars in which the bench seats fold up to provide standing room only during the morning rush hour (until 10 a.m.) are operated in Tokyo (E231 series train). In the past this train has included 2 cars with six doors on each side to shorten the time for passengers to get on and off at station.

Passenger trains usually have emergency brake handles (or a "communication cord") that the public can operate. Misuse is punished by a heavy fine.

Various commuter and suburban train operators (e.g. Sydney Trains, NJ Transit, Paris RER) use double-decker trains. Double-decker trains offer increased capacity even when running less services.[14]

Унутар градова

Брзи транзит

A metro train in London

Large cities often have a metro system, also called underground, subway or tube. The trains are electrically powered, usually by third rail, and their railroads are separate from other traffic, usually without level crossings. Usually they run in tunnels in the city center and sometimes on elevated structures in the outer parts of the city. They can accelerate and decelerate faster than heavier, long-distance trains.

The term rapid transit is used for public transport such as commuter trains, metro and light rail. However, services on the New York City Subway have been referred to as "trains".

Трамвај

An Alstom Citadis 100 articulated tram in Bytom, Poland

In the United Kingdom, the distinction between a tramway and a railway is precise and defined in law. In the U.S. and Canada, such street railways are referred to as trolleys or streetcars. The key physical difference between a railroad and a trolley system is that the latter runs primarily on public streets, whereas trains have a right-of-way separated from the public streets. Often the U.S.-style interurban and modern light rail are confused with a trolley system, as it too may run on the street for short or medium-length sections. In some languages, the word tram also refers to interurban and light rail-style networks, in particular Dutch.

The length of a tram or trolley may be determined by national regulations. Germany has the so-called Bo-Strab standard, restricting the length of a tram to 75 meters, while in the U.S., vehicle length is normally restricted by local authorities, often allowing only a single type of vehicle to operate on the network.

Лаки шински систем

The term light rail is sometimes used for a modern tram system, despite light rail lines commonly having a mostly exclusive right-of-way, more similar to that of a heavy-rail line and less alike to that of a tramway. It may also mean an intermediate form between a tram and a train, similar to a subway except that it may have level crossings. These are then usually protected with crossing gates. In U.S. terminology these systems are often referred to as interurban, as they connect larger urban areas in the vicinity of a major city to that city. Modern light rail systems often use abandoned heavy rail rights of way (e.g. former railway lines) to revitalize deprived areas and redevelopment sites in and around large agglomerations.

Једноколосечна железница

Токијски Монорејл

Monorails were developed to meet medium-demand traffic in urban transit, and consist of a train running on a single rail, typically elevated. Monorails represent a relatively small part of the overall railway field.Almost all monorail trains are using linear induction motors.[15]

МАГЛЕВ воз

In order to achieve much faster operation over 500 km/h (310 mph), innovative maglev technology has been researched since the early 20th century. The technology uses magnets to levitate the train above the track, reducing friction and allowing higher speeds. An early prototype was demonstrated in 1913, and the first commercial maglev train was an airport shuttle introduced in 1984.

The Shanghai Maglev Train, opened in 2003, is the fastest commercial train service of any kind, operating at speeds of up to 430 km/h (270 mph). Maglev has not yet been used for inter-city mass transit routes.

The Bombardier Talent articulated regional railcar.

Моторни воз

A railcar, in British English and Australian English, is a self-propelled railway vehicle designed to transport passengers. The term "railcar" is usually used in reference to a train consisting of a single coach (carriage, car), with a driver's cab at one or both ends. Some railways, e.g., the Great Western Railway, used the term Railmotor. If it is able to pull a full train, it is rather called a motor coach or a motor car.[16] The term is sometimes also used as an alternative name for the small types of multiple unit which consist of more than one coach.

Галерија

Види још

Референце

  1. ^ „Magnetic Levitation Trains”. Los Alamos National Laboratory. Los Alamos National Laboratory. Приступљено 17. 09. 2014. „The electrodynamic suspension (EDS) levitates the train by repulsive forces from the induced currents in the conductive guideways. 
  2. ^ Hydro Kevin Kantola. „I Hear the Hydrogen Train a Comin', It's Rolling Round the Bend – Hydrogen Cars Now”. Hydrogen Cars Now. 
  3. ^ Johnson, Bob (1. 05. 2006). „Head-end power”. ABCs of Railroading. Приступљено 20. 07. 2015. 
  4. ^ „HEP Trainline Configurations in North America”. Northwest Rail. Приступљено 20. 07. 2015. 
  5. ^ User, Super. „South Shore Journal - Marktown: Clayton Mark’s Planned Worker Community in Northwest Indiana”. Архивирано из оригинала 13. 09. 2012. г. Приступљено 09. 09. 2017. 
  6. ^ Bedingfield, Robert E. (23. 11. 1968). „Rails Taking Over Sleeping Car Runs; Pullmans Moving Into Rails' Hands”. New York Times. стр. 71,77. Приступљено 24. 02. 2015. 
  7. ^ Drury, George H. (5. 06. 2006), „Who built the streamliners: Historical profiles of North American passenger-car builders”, TRAINS magazine, Приступљено 24. 11. 2010 
  8. ^ „Archived copy”. Архивирано из оригинала 14. 05. 2008. г. Приступљено 21. 01. 2008.  Houston Railroad Museum, restoration photos of cars lettered for the Texas Special
  9. ^ „How green are our trains? We don't know, AMT says”. The Montreal Gazette. 10. 01. 2011. Архивирано из оригинала 14. 01. 2011. г. Приступљено 11. 01. 2011. 
  10. ^ „Via Rail begins experiment with Amtrak bi-level train”. The Phoenix. 21. 09. 1984. Приступљено 11. 01. 2011. 
  11. ^ Central Japan Railway (2006). Central Japan Railway Data Book 2006. стр. 16. 
  12. ^ „Overview Of the existing Mumbai Suburban Railway”. Official webpage of Mumbai Railway Vikas Corporation. Архивирано из оригинала 2008-06-20. г. Приступљено 2008-12-11. 
  13. ^ Sangeeta (2013-06-24). „Difference between Metro and Local Train”. www.differencebetween.info. Приступљено 2018-02-09. 
  14. ^ „Single-decker v double-decker trains: Barry O'Farrell's claim doubtful”. ABC News (на језику: енглески). 2014-04-11. Приступљено 2018-03-29. 
  15. ^ Ltd., Hitachi. „Linear Motor Driven System : Hitachi-Rail.com”. www.hitachi-rail.com (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 2018-09-26. 
  16. ^ www.parrypeoplemovers.com Архивирано 2009-01-06 на сајту Wayback Machine Light Railcars and Railbuses - Retrieved on 2008-06-09

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