Pagansko kraljevstvo — разлика између измена

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Ред 91: Ред 91:
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Aung-Thwin | first=Michael | title=The mists of Rāmañña: The Legend that was Lower Burma | edition=illustrated | publisher=University of Hawai'i Press |year=2005 | location=Honolulu |isbn=9780824828868}}
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Aung-Thwin | first=Michael | title=The mists of Rāmañña: The Legend that was Lower Burma | edition=illustrated | publisher=University of Hawai'i Press |year=2005 | location=Honolulu |isbn=9780824828868}}
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Charney | first=Michael W. | title=Powerful Learning: Buddhist Literati and the Throne in Burma's Last Dynasty, 1752–1885 | location=Ann Arbor | publisher=University of Michigan |year=2006}}
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Charney | first=Michael W. | title=Powerful Learning: Buddhist Literati and the Throne in Burma's Last Dynasty, 1752–1885 | location=Ann Arbor | publisher=University of Michigan |year=2006}}
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Coedès | first=George |authorlink=George Coedès | editor=Walter F. Vella | others=trans.Susan Brown Cowing | title=The Indianized States of Southeast Asia|year=1968 | publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-0368-1}}
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Coedès | first=George |authorlink=George Coedès | editor-last=Vella|editor-first=Walter F.| others=trans.Susan Brown Cowing | title=The Indianized States of Southeast Asia|year=1968 | publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-0368-1}}
* {{cite web|last=Cooler | first=Richard M. | title=The Art and Culture of Burma |year=2002 | url=http://www.seasite.niu.edu/burmese/cooler/BurmaArt_TOC.htm | publisher=Northern Illinois University}}
* {{cite web|last=Cooler | first=Richard M. | title=The Art and Culture of Burma |year=2002 | url=http://www.seasite.niu.edu/burmese/cooler/BurmaArt_TOC.htm | publisher=Northern Illinois University}}
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Dijk | first= Wil O. | title=Seventeenth-century Burma and the Dutch East India Company, 1634–1680 |isbn=9789971693046 | publisher=NUS Press |year=2006 | edition=illustrated | location=Singapore}}
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Dijk | first= Wil O. | title=Seventeenth-century Burma and the Dutch East India Company, 1634–1680 |isbn=9789971693046 | publisher=NUS Press |year=2006 | edition=illustrated | location=Singapore}}
Ред 98: Ред 98:
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=[[Htin Aung]] | first=Maung | title=A History of Burma | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=New York and London |year=1967}}
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=[[Htin Aung]] | first=Maung | title=A History of Burma | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=New York and London |year=1967}}
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=[[U Kala|Kala]] | first=U | title=Maha Yazawin Gyi | publisher=Ya-Pyei Publishing | location=Yangon |year=1720 | edition=2006, 4th printing | language=Burmese | volume=1–3}}
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=[[U Kala|Kala]] | first=U | title=Maha Yazawin Gyi | publisher=Ya-Pyei Publishing | location=Yangon |year=1720 | edition=2006, 4th printing | language=Burmese | volume=1–3}}
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Köllner | first=Helmut |author2=Axel Bruns | title=Myanmar (Burma) | publisher=Hunter Publishing | edition=illustrated |year=1998 |pages=255 |isbn=9783886184156}}
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Köllner | first=Helmut |last2=Bruns|first2=Axel| title=Myanmar (Burma) | publisher=Hunter Publishing | edition=illustrated |year=1998 |isbn=9783886184156|pages=255 }}
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=[[Kyaw Thet]] | title= History of Burma |year=1962 | publisher=Yangon University Press | location= Yangon | language=Burmese}}
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=[[Kyaw Thet]] | title= History of Burma |year=1962 | publisher=Yangon University Press | location= Yangon | language=Burmese}}
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=[[Victor Lieberman|Lieberman]] | first=Victor B. | title=Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830, volume 1, Integration on the Mainland |year=2003 | publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-80496-7}}
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=[[Victor Lieberman|Lieberman]] | first=Victor B. | title=Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830, volume 1, Integration on the Mainland |year=2003 | publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-80496-7}}
Ред 104: Ред 104:
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=[[Thant Myint-U|Myint-U]] | first=Thant | title=The River of Lost Footsteps—Histories of Burma |year=2006 | publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |isbn=978-0-374-16342-6}}
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=[[Thant Myint-U|Myint-U]] | first=Thant | title=The River of Lost Footsteps—Histories of Burma |year=2006 | publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |isbn=978-0-374-16342-6}}
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Pan Hla | first=Nai | title=[[Razadarit Ayedawbon]] | language=Burmese |year=1968 | edition=8th printing, 2004 | location=Yangon | publisher=Armanthit Sarpay}}
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Pan Hla | first=Nai | title=[[Razadarit Ayedawbon]] | language=Burmese |year=1968 | edition=8th printing, 2004 | location=Yangon | publisher=Armanthit Sarpay}}
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Ricklefs | first=M.C. |last2=Lockhart|first2=Bruce McFarland|author3=Albert Lau |author4=Portia Reyes |author5=Maitrii Aung-Thwin |author6=Bruce Lockhart | title=A New History of Southeast Asia |year=2010 | publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |pages=544 |isbn=978-0230212145}}
* {{Cite book|ref=harv| last=Ricklefs | first=M.C. |last2=Lockhart|first2=Bruce McFarland|last3=Lau|first3=Albert|last4=Reyes|first4=Portia|author5=Maitrii Aung-Thwin |last6=Lockhart|first6=Bruce| title=A New History of Southeast Asia |year=2010 | publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0230212145|pages=544 }}
* {{Cite book|ref=harv|author=[[Royal Historical Commission of Burma]] | title=[[Hmannan Yazawin]] | volume=1–3 |year=1829–1832 | location=Yangon | language=Burmese | edition=2003 | publisher=[[Ministry of Information, Myanmar]]}}
* {{Cite book|ref=harv|author=[[Royal Historical Commission of Burma]] | title=[[Hmannan Yazawin]] | volume=1–3 |year=1829–1832 | location=Yangon | language=Burmese | edition=2003 | publisher=[[Ministry of Information, Myanmar]]}}
* {{cite journal|last=Tun|first=Than|authorlink=Than Tun | title=History of Burma: A.D. 1300–1400 | work=Journal of Burma Research Society |date=December 1959 | volume=XLII | number=II}}
* {{cite journal|last=Tun|first=Than|authorlink=Than Tun | title=History of Burma: A.D. 1300–1400 | work=Journal of Burma Research Society |date=December 1959 | volume=XLII | number=II}}

Верзија на датум 1. јануар 2019. у 08:48

Pagansko kraljevstvo

849–1297
Pagansko carstvo oko 1210. Pagansko carstvo tokom Situ II vladavine. Burmanske hronike isto tako navode Kengtung i Đijang Mai. Sržne oblasti su prikazane tamnijom žutom bojom. Periferne oblasti su svetlo žuto obojene. Pagan je inkorporirao ključne luke Donje Burme u svoju sržnu administraciju do 13. veka.
Pagansko carstvo oko 1210.
Pagansko carstvo tokom Situ II vladavine. Burmanske hronike isto tako navode Kengtung i Đijang Mai. Sržne oblasti su prikazane tamnijom žutom bojom. Periferne oblasti su svetlo žuto obojene. Pagan je inkorporirao ključne luke Donje Burme u svoju sržnu administraciju do 13. veka.
StatusKingdom
PrestonicaPagan (Bagan) (849–1297)
Zajednički jeziciStaroburmanski, mon, pju
Religija
Teravada, Mahajana, Animizam, Hinduizam
VladaMonarhija
• 1044–77
Anavrahta
• 1084–1112
Kjansita
• 1112–67
Situ I
• 1174–1211
Situ |II
• 1256–87
Naratihapata
ZakonodavstvoHlutav
Istorijska eraSrednji vek
23. mart 640
23 decembar 849
984 i 1035
1050e–60e
• Vrhunac
1174–1250
1277–87
17. decembar 1297
1300–01
Populacija
• c. 1210
1,5 do 2 miliona
Valutasrebro kjat
Prethodnik		 Naslednik
Pju grad-države
Mon grad-države
Lemro dinastija
Mjinsajng kraljevstvo
Hantavadi kraljevstvo
Lemro dinastija
Šan države

Kraljevina Pagan (Шаблон:Jez-burm-lat, doslovno „paganski period”; takođe poznata i kao Paganska dinastija i Pagansko carstvo) bila je prva država koja je ujedinila područja koja će kasnije činiti savremenu Burmu (Mjanmar). Paganska 250-godišnja vladavina nad dolinom Iravadi i okolnim područjima je omogućila uspon burmanskog jezika, kulture, širenje burmanskog etnosa u Gornjoj Burmi, kao i teravda budizma u Burmi i Jugoistočnoj Aziji.[1]

Kraljevina je nastala u 9. veku od malog naselja Pagan (Bagan) koga su Mranma plemena (Burmanci) stvorili nedugo nakon dolaska u dolinu Iravadi iz Kraljevine Nandžao. Tokom sledeća dva veka mala kneževina je postepeno rasla apsorbujući okolna područja sve dok 1050-ih i 1060-ih kralj Anavrahta nije stvorio Pagansko carstvo, prvi politički entitet koji je držao celu dolinu Iravadi i okolno područje. Anavrahtini naslednici su do kraja 12. veka proširili uticaj dalje na jug prema gornjem Malajskom poluostrvu, barem do reke Saluen na istok, ispod današnje kineske granice na severu , te do severnog Arakana i visoravni Čin na zapadu.[2][3] U 12. i 13. veku je Pagan uz Kmersko carstvo bio vodeća država Jugoistočne Azije.[4]

Burmanski jezik i kultura su počeli da postepeno dominiraju gornjom dolinom Iravadi, potisnuvši do kraja 12. veka pju, mon i pali jezik. Teravada budizam se počeo da se širi i po selima, iako su dugo vremena nastavili da se poštuju tantrički, mahajanski, bramanistički i animistički običaji. Paganski vladari su samo u području prestolnice sagradili preko 10.000 budističkih hramova od kojih je do danas očuvano njih 2000. Bogataši su imali običaj da doniraju svoju zemlju u religijske svrhe.[5]

Kraljevstvo je oslabilo sredinom 13. veka, a do 1280-ih je širenje zemljišta i religijskih institucija oslobođenih poreza onemogućilo vladare da nagrađuju dvorane i vojnike. To je prouzrokovalo seriju unutrašnjih sukoba, ustanaka i invazija Arakanaca, Mona, Mongola i Šana. Stalne mongolske invazije (1277–1301) su uništile kraljevstvo 1287. Kolaps je sledilo 250 godina političke fragmentacije koja će potrajati do 16. veka.[6][7]

Reference

  1. ^ Lieberman 2003: 88–123
  2. ^ Lieberman 2003: 90–91, 94
  3. ^ Aung-Thwin 1985: 197
  4. ^ Lieberman 2003: 24
  5. ^ Lieberman 2003: 92–97
  6. ^ Lieberman 2003: 119–120
  7. ^ Htin Aung 1967: 63–65

Literatura

  • Aung-Thwin, Michael (1985). Pagan: The Origins of Modern Burma. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0960-7. 
  • Aung-Thwin, Michael (2005). The mists of Rāmañña: The Legend that was Lower Burma (illustrated изд.). Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 9780824828868. 
  • Charney, Michael W. (2006). Powerful Learning: Buddhist Literati and the Throne in Burma's Last Dynasty, 1752–1885. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. 
  • Coedès, George (1968). Vella, Walter F., ур. The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1. 
  • Cooler, Richard M. (2002). „The Art and Culture of Burma”. Northern Illinois University. 
  • Dijk, Wil O. (2006). Seventeenth-century Burma and the Dutch East India Company, 1634–1680 (illustrated изд.). Singapore: NUS Press. ISBN 9789971693046. 
  • Hall, D.G.E. (1960). Burma (3rd изд.). Hutchinson University Library. ISBN 978-1-4067-3503-1. 
  • Harvey, G. E. (1925). History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd. 
  • Htin Aung, Maung (1967). A History of Burma. New York and London: Cambridge University Press. 
  • Kala, U (1720). Maha Yazawin Gyi (на језику: Burmese). 1—3 (2006, 4th printing изд.). Yangon: Ya-Pyei Publishing. 
  • Köllner, Helmut; Bruns, Axel (1998). Myanmar (Burma) (illustrated изд.). Hunter Publishing. стр. 255. ISBN 9783886184156. 
  • Kyaw Thet (1962). History of Burma (на језику: Burmese). Yangon: Yangon University Press. 
  • Lieberman, Victor B. (2003). Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830, volume 1, Integration on the Mainland. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-80496-7. 
  • Moore, Elizabeth H. (2007). Early Landscapes of Myanmar. Bangkok: River Books. ISBN 978-974-9863-31-2. 
  • Myint-U, Thant (2006). The River of Lost Footsteps—Histories of Burma. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0-374-16342-6. 
  • Pan Hla, Nai (1968). Razadarit Ayedawbon (на језику: Burmese) (8th printing, 2004 изд.). Yangon: Armanthit Sarpay. 
  • Ricklefs, M.C.; Lockhart, Bruce McFarland; Lau, Albert; Reyes, Portia; Maitrii Aung-Thwin; Lockhart, Bruce (2010). A New History of Southeast Asia. Palgrave Macmillan. стр. 544. ISBN 978-0230212145. 
  • Royal Historical Commission of Burma (1829—1832). Hmannan Yazawin (на језику: Burmese). 1—3 (2003 изд.). Yangon: Ministry of Information, Myanmar. 
  • Tun, Than (децембар 1959). „History of Burma: A.D. 1300–1400”. Journal of Burma Research Society. XLII (II). 
  • Tun, Than (1964). Studies in Burmese History (на језику: Burmese). 1. Yangon: Maha Dagon. 
  • Wicks, Robert S. (1992). Money, markets, and trade in early Southeast Asia: the development of indigenous monetary systems to AD 1400. SEAP Publications. ISBN 9780877277101. 
21° 10′ 20″ N 94° 51′ 37″ E / 21.17222° С; 94.86028° И / 21.17222; 94.86028
Преузето из „https://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pagansko_kraljevstvo&oldid=21168827”