Vatromet

S Vikipedije, slobodne enciklopedije

Sidnejski novogodišnji vatromet
Vatromet
Vatromet nad lukom u Sidneju u novogodišnjoj noći 2006–2007
Vatromet na Dan Bastilje (2013) nad Parizom, tradicionalno praćen muzičkom predstavom koja počinje „Marseljezom“
Vatromet na Tajpeju 101, Tajvan, koji je 2005. godine održao prvi svetski vatromet na supervisokom neboderu
Bliži pogled na vatromet
Vatromet na Dan državnosti Katara 2018. u Dohi

Vatromet se definiše kao slabo eksplozivna pirotehnička naprava koja se primarno koristi za estetske i zabavne namene.

Tihi vatromet postaje popularan jer pruža svu lepotu bez dodatih eksplozivnih zvukova koji imitiraju artiljeriju i rat, koji traumatizuju kućne ljubimce, divlje životinje i mnoge ljude. Italijanski grad Kolekio prešao je na tihi vatromet 2015. godine,[1] putem formalnog zahteva za promenu.

Istorija[uredi | uredi izvor]

Najraniji vatromet potekao je iz Kine za vreme dinastije Song (960–1279).[2] Vatromet je korišćen u kontekstu mnogih svečanosti.[3] Umetnost i nauka vatrometa razvili su se u nezavisnu profesiju. U Kini su pirotehničari bili poštovani zbog poznavanja složenih tehnika postavljanja vatrometa.[4]

Tokom dinastije Han (202. pre - 220. godine), ljudi su bacali stabljike bambusa u vatru kako bi proizveli eksploziju sa glasnim zvukom.[5] Kasnije se barut pakovan u male kontejnere koristio za oponašanje zvukova paljenja bambusa.[5] Eksplodirajuće stabljike bambusa i barutne petarde bile su poznate kao baodžu (爆竹) ili baogan (爆 竿).[5] Tokom dinastije Song ljudi su proizvodili prve petarde koje su se sastojale od cevi napravljenih od valjanih listova papira koji sadrže barut i fitilj.[6] Oni su ove petarde takođe nizali u velike klastere, poznate kao bjen (doslovno „bič”) ili bjenpao („topovski bič”), tako da su petarde mogle da se startuju jedna po jedna u bliskom nizu.[6] Do 12. veka, izraz baodžang (爆 仗) se specifično koristio za barutne petarde.[5]

Tokom dinastije Song, mnogi obični ljudi mogli su da kupe razne vrste vatrometa od pijačnih prodavaca.[7] Poznato je da su se održavali i veliki prikazi vatrometa. Godine 1110. održan je veliki vatromet u borilačkim demonstracijama kako bi se zabavio car Huejcung od Songa (v. 1100–1125) i njegov dvor.[8] U zapisu iz 1264. godine navodi se da je vatromet sa raketnim pogonom eksplodirao u blizini carove majke Gong Šeng i uplašio je tokom gozbe koju je u njenu čast priredio njen sin car Licung od Songa (v. 1224–1264).[9] Raketni pogon bio je uobičajen u ratovanju, o čemu svedoče Huolungđing koji su sastavili Lju Boven (1311–1375) i Đao Ju (oko 1350–1412).[10] Arapi su 1240. godine stekli znanje o barutu i njegovoj upotrebi iz Kine. Sirijac po imenu Hasan al-Ramah pisao je o raketama, vatrometu i drugim zapaljivim stvarima, koristeći izraze koji sugerišu da je svoje znanje crpio iz kineskih izvora, kao što je njegovo spominjanje vatrometa kao „kineskog cveća”.[3][11]

Obojeni vatrometi su izvedeni i razvijeno iz ranije (verovatno dinastije Han ili ubrzo nakon toga) kineske primene hemijskih supstanci za stvaranje obojenog dima i vatre.[12] Takva primena se pojavljuje u Huolongđingu (14. vek) i Vubejdžiju (predgovor iz 1621, štampan 1628), koji opisuje recepte, od kojih je nekoliko koristilo barut sa niskim sadržajem nitrata, za stvaranje vojnih signalnih dimova različitih boja.[12] U Vubej Huolongđingu (武 備 火龍 經; Ming, kompletiranom nakon 1628), pojavljuju se dve formule za signale slične vatrometu, sandžangđu (三丈 菊) i bajdžangljen (百丈 蓮), koje proizvode srebrne iskrice u dimu.[12] U Huosilueu (火 戲 略; 1753) Džao Sjuemina (趙學敏) postoji nekoliko recepata sa barutom sa niskim sadržajem nitrata i drugim hemijskim supstancama za zatamnjivanje plamena i dima.[12] Ovo uključuje, na primer, arsen sulfid za žutu boju, bakar acetat (verdigris) za zelenu, olovni karbonat za jorgovansko-belu, i živin hlorid (kalomel) za belu boju.[12] Kinesku pirotehniku opisao je francuski autor Antvan Kajo (1818): „Sigurno je da je kineska raznolikost boja plamena jedna od najvećih misterija njihovog vatrometa.”[12] Slično tome, engleski geograf ser Džon Barov (oko 1797) napisao je „Raznolikost boja sa kojom Kinezi zaista imaju tajnu prikrivanja vatre izgleda da je glavna zasluga njihove pirotehnike.”[12]

Vatromet je u Evropi proizveden do 14. veka, a postao je popularan do 17. veka.[13][14][15] Lev Izmailov, ambasador Petra Velikog, jednom je izvestio iz Kine: „Oni prave takav vatromet kakav niko u Evropi nikada nije video.“[15] Godine 1758, jezuitski misionar Pjer Nikola le Šeron d'Inkarvil, dok je živeo u Pekingu, pisao je o metodama i sastavu mnogih vrste kineskih vatrometa za Parisku akademiju nauka, koja je otkrila i objavila taj izveštaj pet godina kasnije.[16] Amede-Fransoa Frezje je objavio svoje revidirano delo Traité des feux d'artice pour le spectacle (Traktat o vatrometu) 1747. godine (prvobitno 1706),[17] koje pokriva rekreativnu i ceremonijalnu upotrebu vatrometa, a ne njihovu vojnu upotrebu. Muziku za kraljevski vatromet komponovao je Georg Fridrih Hendl 1749. godine u čast proslave Ahenskog mirovnog sporazuma, koji je proglašen prethodne godine.

Bezbednost[uredi | uredi izvor]

Nepravilno rukovanje vatrometom može biti opasno kako za samog rukovaoca, tako i za posmatrače. Takođe, ako vatromet padne na zapaljivi materijal, on može izazvati požar. Zbog toga je korišćenje vatrometa generalno ograničeno.

Korišćenje velikih vatrometa je zakonom dozvoljeno samo profesionalcima, dok je ostalima dozvoljeno korišćenje manjih vatrometa iz kategorije konzumne pirotehnike.

Takmičenja[uredi | uredi izvor]

U svetu se održava više takmičenja vatrometa. Najpoznatiji među njima su:

Hemijski sastav[uredi | uredi izvor]

Glavni sastojak koji daje boju vatrometu je pirotehnička zvezda. Ona se sastoji iz 5 glavnih komponenti:

  • gorivo, koje joj omogućava da gori
  • oksidant, koji omogućuje kiseonik potreban za gorenje
  • hemikalije koje proizvode boju
  • vezivno sredstvo
  • davalac hlora koji pojačava boju plamena

Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]

  1. ^ Smith, Andrea, Why this Italian town is switching to silent fireworks, Lonely Planet, July 5, 2018
  2. ^ Gernet, Jacques (1962). Daily Life in China on the Eve of the Mongol Invasion, 1250–1276. Translated by H.M. Wright. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Page 186. ISBN 0-8047-0720-0.
  3. ^ a b Temple, Robert K.G. (2007). The Genius of China: 3,000 Years of Science, Discovery, and Invention (3rd edition). London: André Deutsch, pp. 256–66. ISBN 978-0-233-00202-6
  4. ^ Hutchins, Paul (2009). The secret doorway: Beyond imagination. Imagination Publishing. str. 27. ISBN 978-0-9817123-3-8. 
  5. ^ a b v g Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilisation in China, Volume 5: Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 7: Military Technology: The Gunpowder Epic. Cambridge University Press. str. 128—31. ISBN 0-521-30358-3. 
  6. ^ a b Yuan, Haiwang (2008). „Chinese Fireworks”. DLPS Faculty Publications. 
  7. ^ Gernet, Jacques (1962). Daily Life in China on the Eve of the Mongol Invasion, 1250–1276. Translated by H.M. Wright. Stanford: Stanford University Press, pp. 186. ISBN 0-8047-0720-0.
  8. ^ Kelly, Jack (2004). Gunpowder: Alchemy, Bombards, and Pyrotechnics: The History of the Explosive that Changed the World. New York: Basic Books, Perseus Books Group, page 2.
  9. ^ Crosby, Alfred W. (2002). Throwing Fire: Projectile Technology Through History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. str. 100–03. ISBN 0-521-79158-8. 
  10. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 489–503.
  11. ^ Kelly, Jack (2004). Gunpowder: Alchemy, Bombards, & Pyrotechnics: The History of the Explosive that Changed the World. Basic Books, page 22. ISBN 0-465-03718-6.
  12. ^ a b v g d đ e Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilisation in China, Volume 5: Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 7: Military Technology: The Gunpowder Epic. Cambridge University Press. str. 144—46. ISBN 0-521-30358-3. 
  13. ^ T. T. Griffiths (2005). „Pyrotechnics”. Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a22_437.pub2. 
  14. ^ "The Evolution of Fireworks", Smithsonian Science Education Center. ssec.si.edu.
  15. ^ a b Werrett, Simon (2010). Fireworks: Pyrotechnic arts and sciences in European history. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. str. 181. ISBN 978-0-226-89377-8. 
  16. ^ Werrett, Simon (2010). Fireworks: Pyrotechnic arts and sciences in European history. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. str. 183. ISBN 978-0-226-89377-8. 
  17. ^ Werrett, Simon (2010). Fireworks: Pyrotechnic arts and sciences in European history. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. str. 144—45. ISBN 978-0-226-89377-8. 

Literatura[uredi | uredi izvor]

  • Quote from Dave Whysall of Dave Whysall's International Fireworks located in Orton, ON. www.dwfireworks.com
  • Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilisation in China, Volume 5: Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 7: Military Technology: The Gunpowder Epic. Cambridge University Press. str. 140. ISBN 0-521-30358-3. 
  • Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilisation in China, Volume 5: Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 7: Military Technology: The Gunpowder Epic. Cambridge University Press. str. 142. ISBN 0-521-30358-3. 
  • Melanie Doderer-Winkler, "Magnificent Entertainments: Temporary Architecture for Georgian Festivals" (London and New Haven, Yale University Press for The Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art, December 2013). ISBN 0300186428 and ISBN 978-0300186420.
  • Plimpton, George (1984). Fireworks: A History and Celebration. Doubleday. ISBN 0385154143. 
  • Brock, Alan St. Hill (1949). A History of Fireworks. George G. Harrap & Co. 
  • Russell, Michael S (2008). The chemistry of fireworks. Royal Society of Chemistry, Great Britain. ISBN 9780854041275. 
  • Shimizu, Takeo (1996). Fireworks: The Art, Science, and Technique. Pyrotechnica Publications. ISBN 978-0929388052. 
  • Werrett, Simon (2010). Fireworks: Pyrotechnic Arts and Sciences in European History. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226893778. 
  • Adle, Chahryar (2003), History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Development in Contrast: from the Sixteenth to the Mid-Nineteenth Century 
  • Ágoston, Gábor (2005), Guns for the Sultan: Military Power and the Weapons Industry in the Ottoman Empire, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-60391-1 
  • Agrawal, Jai Prakash (2010), High Energy Materials: Propellants, Explosives and Pyrotechnics, Wiley-VCH 
  • Andrade, Tonio (2016), The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-13597-7 .
  • Arnold, Thomas (2001), History of Warfare: The Renaissance at War 
  • koichIro, Thomas (2001), The Renaissance at War, Cassell & Co, ISBN 978-0-304-35270-8 
  • Benton, Captain James G. (1862). A Course of Instruction in Ordnance and Gunnery (2nd izd.). West Point, New York: Thomas Publications. ISBN 978-1-57747-079-3. 
  • Breverton, Terry (2012), Breverton's Encyclopedia of Inventions 
  • Brown, G. I. (1998), The Big Bang: A History of Explosives, Sutton Publishing, ISBN 978-0-7509-1878-7 .
  • Buchanan, Brenda J. (2006), „Gunpowder, Explosives and the State: A Technological History”, Technology and Culture, Aldershot: Ashgate, 49 (3): 785—86, ISBN 978-0-7546-5259-5, S2CID 111173101, doi:10.1353/tech.0.0051 
  • Chase, Kenneth (2003), Firearms: A Global History to 1700, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-82274-9 .
  • Cocroft, Wayne (2000), Dangerous Energy: The archaeology of gunpowder and military explosives manufacture, Swindon: English Heritage, ISBN 978-1-85074-718-5 
  • Cook, Haruko Taya (2000), Japan at War: An Oral History, Phoenix Press 
  • Cowley, Robert (1993), Experience of War, Laurel .
  • Cressy, David (2013), Saltpeter: The Mother of Gunpowder, Oxford University Press 
  • Crosby, Alfred W. (2002), Throwing Fire: Projectile Technology Through History, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-79158-8 .
  • Curtis, W. S. (2014), Long Range Shooting: A Historical Perspective, WeldenOwen .
  • Earl, Brian (1978), Cornish Explosives, Cornwall: The Trevithick Society, ISBN 978-0-904040-13-5 .
  • Easton, S. C. (1952), Roger Bacon and His Search for a Universal Science: A Reconsideration of the Life and Work of Roger Bacon in the Light of His Own Stated Purposes, Basil Blackwell 
  • Ebrey, Patricia B. (1999), The Cambridge Illustrated History of China, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-43519-2 
  • Grant, R.G. (2011), Battle at Sea: 3,000 Years of Naval Warfare, DK Publishing .
  • Hadden, R. Lee. 2005. "Confederate Boys and Peter Monkeys." Armchair General. January 2005. Adapted from a talk given to the Geological Society of America on 25 March 2004.
  • Harding, Richard (1999), Seapower and Naval Warfare, 1650–1830, UCL Press Limited 
  • Smee, Harry (2020), Gunpowder and Glory 
  • Haw, Stephen G. (2013), Cathayan Arrows and Meteors: The Origins of Chinese Rocketry 
  • al-Hassan, Ahmad Y. (2001), „Potassium Nitrate in Arabic and Latin Sources”, History of Science and Technology in Islam, Pristupljeno 23. 7. 2007 .
  • Hobson, John M. (2004), The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation, Cambridge University Press .
  • Johnson, Norman Gardner. „explosive”. Encyclopædia Britannica. Chicago. 
  • Kelly, Jack (2004), Gunpowder: Alchemy, Bombards, & Pyrotechnics: The History of the Explosive that Changed the World, Basic Books, ISBN 978-0-465-03718-6 .
  • Khan, Iqtidar Alam (1996), „Coming of Gunpowder to the Islamic World and North India: Spotlight on the Role of the Mongols”, Journal of Asian History, 30: 41—45 .
  • Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2004), Gunpowder and Firearms: Warfare in Medieval India, Oxford University Press 
  • Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2008), Historical Dictionary of Medieval India, The Scarecrow Press, Inc., ISBN 978-0-8108-5503-8 
  • Kinard, Jeff (2007), Artillery An Illustrated History of its Impact 
  • Konstam, Angus (2002), Renaissance War Galley 1470-1590, Osprey Publisher Ltd. .
  • Liang, Jieming (2006), Chinese Siege Warfare: Mechanical Artillery & Siege Weapons of Antiquity, Singapore, Republic of Singapore: Leong Kit Meng, ISBN 978-981-05-5380-7 
  • Lidin, Olaf G. (2002), Tanegashima – The Arrival of Europe in Japan, Nordic Inst of Asian Studies, ISBN 978-8791114120 
  • Lorge, Peter (2005), Warfare in China to 1600, Routledge 
  • Lorge, Peter A. (2008), The Asian Military Revolution: from Gunpowder to the Bomb, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-60954-8 
  • Lu, Gwei-Djen (1988), „The Oldest Representation of a Bombard”, Technology and Culture, 29 (3): 594—605, JSTOR 3105275, doi:10.2307/3105275 
  • Lu, Yongxiang (2015), A History of Chinese Science and Technology 2 
  • May, Timothy (2012), The Mongol Conquests in World History, Reaktion Books 
  • McLahlan, Sean (2010), Medieval Handgonnes 
  • McNeill, William Hardy (1992), The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Community, University of Chicago Press .
  • Morillo, Stephen (2008), War in World History: Society, Technology, and War from Ancient Times to the Present, Volume 1, To 1500, McGraw-Hill, ISBN 978-0-07-052584-9 
  • Needham, Joseph (1971), Science and Civilization in China, Volume 4 Part 3, Cambridge University Press 
  • Needham, Joseph (1976), Science and Civilization in China, Volume 5 Part 3, Cambridge University Press 
  • Needham, Joseph (1980), Science & Civilisation in China, Volume 5 Part 4, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-08573-1 
  • Needham, Joseph (1986), Science & Civilisation in China, Volume 5 Part 7: The Gunpowder Epic, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-30358-3 
  • Nicolle, David (1990), The Mongol Warlords: Ghengis Khan, Kublai Khan, Hulegu, Tamerlane 
  • Nicolle, David (1983), Armies of the Ottoman Turks 1300-1774 
  • Nolan, Cathal J. (2006), The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000–1650: an Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization, Vol 1, A-K, 1, Westport & London: Greenwood Press, ISBN 978-0-313-33733-8 
  • Norris, John (2003), Early Gunpowder Artillery: 1300–1600, Marlborough: The Crowood Press .
  • Padmanabhan, Thanu (2019), The Dawn of Science: Glimpses from History for the Curious Mind 
  • Partington, J. R. (1960), A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder, Cambridge, UK: W. Heffer & Sons .
  • Partington, J. R. (1999), A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 978-0-8018-5954-0 
  • Patrick, John Merton (1961), Artillery and warfare during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, Utah State University Press .
  • Pauly, Roger (2004), Firearms: The Life Story of a Technology, Greenwood Publishing Group .
  • Perrin, Noel (1979), Giving up the Gun, Japan's reversion to the Sword, 1543–1879Neophodna slobodna registracija, Boston: David R. Godine, ISBN 978-0-87923-773-8 
  • Petzal, David E. (2014), The Total Gun Manual (Canadian edition), WeldonOwen .
  • Phillips, Henry Prataps (2016), The History and Chronology of Gunpowder and Gunpowder Weapons (c.1000 to 1850), Notion Press 
  • Pregadio, Fabrizio (2011), The Seal of the Unity of the Three 
  • Purton, Peter (2009), A History of the Early Medieval Siege c. 450–1200, The Boydell Press 
  • Purton, Peter (2010), A History of the Late Medieval Siege, 1200–1500, Boydell Press, ISBN 978-1-84383-449-6 
  • Robins, Benjamin (1742), New Principles of Gunnery 
  • Romane, Julian (2020), The First & Second Italian Wars 1494-1504 
  • Rose, Susan (2002), Medieval Naval Warfare 1000-1500, Routledge 
  • Roy, Kaushik (2015), Warfare in Pre-British India, Routledge 
  • Schmidtchen, Volker (1977a), "Riesengeschütze des 15. Jahrhunderts. Technische Höchstleistungen ihrer Zeit", Technikgeschichte 44 (2): 153–173 (153–157)
  • Schmidtchen, Volker (1977b), "Riesengeschütze des 15. Jahrhunderts. Technische Höchstleistungen ihrer Zeit", Technikgeschichte 44 (3): 213–237 (226–228)
  • Tran, Nhung Tuyet (2006), Viêt Nam Borderless Histories, University of Wisconsin Press .
  • Turnbull, Stephen (2003), Fighting Ships Far East (2: Japan and Korea AD 612–1639, Osprey Publishing, ISBN 978-1-84176-478-8 
  • Urbanski, Tadeusz (1967), Chemistry and Technology of Explosives, III, New York: Pergamon Press .
  • Villalon, L. J. Andrew (2008), The Hundred Years War (part II): Different Vistas, Brill Academic Pub, ISBN 978-90-04-16821-3 
  • Wagner, John A. (2006), The Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War, Westport & London: Greenwood Press, ISBN 978-0-313-32736-0 
  • Watson, Peter (2006), Ideas: A History of Thought and Invention, from Fire to Freud, Harper Perennial (2006), ISBN 978-0-06-093564-1 
  • Wilkinson, Philip (9. 9. 1997), Castles, Dorling Kindersley, ISBN 978-0-7894-2047-3 
  • Wilkinson-Latham, Robert (1975), Napoleon's Artillery, France: Osprey Publishing, ISBN 978-0-85045-247-1 
  • Willbanks, James H. (2004), Machine guns: an illustrated history of their impact, ABC-CLIO, Inc. 
  • Williams, Anthony G. (2000), Rapid Fire, Shrewsbury: Airlife Publishing Ltd., ISBN 978-1-84037-435-3 
  • Kouichiro, Hamada (2012), 日本人はこうして戦争をしてきた 
  • Tatsusaburo, Hayashiya (2005), 日本の歴史12 - 天下一統 

Spoljašnje veze[uredi | uredi izvor]

Vatromet na Vikimedijinoj ostavi.
Preuzeto iz „https://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ватромет&oldid=27555847”