Nakba

Karta Mandatne Palestine sa označenim depopulisanim mjestima tokom egzodusa Palestinaca 1948. godine.

Nakba (arap. النكبة — „nesreća, katastrofa, kataklizma”),^[1] poznata i kao Palestinska katastrofa, jeste gubitak palestinskog društva i domovine 1948, kao i trajno raseljavanje većine palestinskih Arapa.^[2]^[3] Termin se koristi za opisivanje kako događaja iz 1948, tako i tekuće okupacije Palestinskih teritorija (Zapadna obala i Pojas Gaze) i progon i raseljavanje Palestinaca širom regije.^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]

Temeljni događaji Nakbe desili su se tokom i ubrzo nakon Palestinskog rata 1948, uključujući to što 78% Mandatne Palestine proglašenom dijelom Izraela, kao i protjerivanje i raseljavanje 700.000 Palestinaca, povezano sa depopulacijom i uništavanjem preko 500 palestinskih sela od cionističkih milicija i kasnije Izraelske vojske^[9] i naknadno geografsko brisanje, uskraćivanje Palestincima prava na povratak, stvaranje trajnih palestinskih izbjeglica i „razbijanje palestinskog društva”.^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]

Pojedini istoričari, poput Ilana Papea, i istraživača Nakbe, kao što je Salman Abu Sita, od tada su opisali protjerivanje Palestinaca kao etničko čišćenje,^[14]^[15]^[16] ali to je osporio istoričar Beni Moris.^[17] Palestinski nacionalni narativ posmatra Nakbu kao kolektivnu traumu koja definiše njihov nacionalni identitet i političke aspiracije, što izraelski nacionalni narativ odbacuje i posmatra kao rat za nezavisnost kojim je uspostavljena jevrejska težnja za državnošću i suverenitetom.^[18]^[19]^[20] Palestinci obilježavaju 15. maj kao Dan Nakbe, dan nakon izraelskog Dana nezavisnosti.^[21]^[22]

Nakba je u velikoj mjeri uticala na palestinsku kulturu i predstavlja temeljni simbol palestinskog identiteta, zajedno sa Handalom, kufijp, i simboličkim ključem. O Nakbi je napisan veliki broj knjiga, pjesama i poema.^[23] Palestinski pjesnik Mahmud Darviš opisao je Nakbu kao „proširenu sadašnjost koja obećava da će se nastaviti u budućnosti.”^[24]^[25]

Vidi još[uredi | uredi izvor]

Holokaust i Nakba

Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]

^ Ghanim 2009.
^ Webman 2009, str. 29: "The Nakba represented the defeat, displacement, dispossession, exile, dependence, insecurity, lack of statehood, and fight for survival of the Palestinians."
^ Sa'di 2002, str. 175: "for Palestinians, Al-Nakbah represents, among many other things, the loss of the homeland, the disintegration of society, the frustration of national aspirations, and the beginning of a hasty process of destruction of their culture."
^ Ashrawi, Hanan (28. 8. 2001). „Hanan Ashrawi's address to World Conference Against Racism”. MIFTAH (na jeziku: engleski).
^ Erekat, Saeb (15. 5. 2016). „Israel Must Recognize Its Responsibility for the Nakba, the Palestinian Tragedy”. Haaretz (na jeziku: engleski). Pristupljeno 5. 11. 2023.
^ Sa'di & Abu-Lughod 2007, str. 10: "For Palestinians, still living their dispossession, still struggling or hoping for return, many under military occupation, many still immersed in matters of survival, the past is neither distant nor over. Unlike many historical experiences discussed in the literature on trauma, such as the Blitz, the merciless bombing of Hamburg and Dresden by the Allies at the closing stage of World War II, the Holocaust, the Algerian War of Independence, or the World Trade Center attack, which lasted for a limited period of time (the longest being the Algerian war of independence, lasting eight years), the Nakba is not over yet; after almost sixty years neither the Palestinians nor Israelis have yet achieved a state of normality; the violence and uprooting of Palestinians continues."
^ Manna' 2013, str. 87: "Contrary to what many think, particularly in Israel, the Nakba was not a one-time event connected to the war in Palestine and its immediate catastrophic repercussions on the Palestinians. Rather, and more correctly, it refers to the accumulated Palestinian experience since the 1948 war up to the present. After the Oslo agreements in 1993, there were hopes that the stateless Palestinian people would soon earn freedom and independence. However, the failure of the peace process to end the Israeli occupation and allow the birth of an independent Palestinian state alongside Israel pushed the Palestinians back to square one. Furthermore, the erup- tion of a new cycle of violence which began in September 2000 added new dimensions to the disintegration of Palestinian society. For many Palestinians, these more recent events are adding new chapters and new meanings to the long-lived catastrophe since 1948."
^ Bashir & Goldberg 2018, str. 33, footnote 4: "In Palestinian writings the signifier “Nakba" came to designate two central meanings, which will be used in this volume interchangeably: (1) the 1948 disaster and (2) the ongoing occupation and colonization of Palestine that reached its peak in the catastrophe of 1948"
^ Slater 2020, str. 406.
^ Masalha 2012, str. 3.
^ Dajani 2005, str. 42: "The nakba is the experience that has perhaps most defined Palestinian history. For the Palestinian, it is not merely a political event — the establishment of the state of Israel on 78 percent of the territory of the Palestine Mandate, or even, primarily a humanitarian one — the creation of the modern world's most enduring refugee problem. The nakba is of existential significance to Palestinians, representing both the shattering of the Palestinian community in Palestine and the consolidation of a shared national consciousness."
^ Sa'di & Abu-Lughod 2007, str. 3: "For Palestinians, the 1948 War led indeed to a "catastrophe." A society disintegrated, a people dispersed, and a complex and historically changing but taken for granted communal life was ended violently. The Nakba has thus become, both in Palestinian memory and history, the demarcation line between two qualitatively opposing periods. After 1948, the lives of the Palestinians at the individual, community, and national level were dramatically and irreversibly changed."
^ Khalidi 1992: "Only by understanding the centrality of the catastrophe of politicide and expulsion that befell the Palestinian people – al-nakba in Arabic – is it possible to understand the Palestinians' sense of the right of return."
^ Black, Ian (26. 11. 2010). „Memories and maps keep alive Palestinian hopes of return”. The Guardian. Pristupljeno 5. 11. 2023.
^ Shavit, Ari (8. 1. 2004). „Survival of the Fittest”. Haaretz (na jeziku: engleski). Pristupljeno 5. 11. 2023.
^ Pappé 2006.
^ Morris, Benny (10. 10. 2016). „Israel Conducted No Ethnic Cleansing in 1948”. Haaretz (na jeziku: engleski). Pristupljeno 5. 11. 2023.
^ Manna & Golani 2011, str. 14: "The Palestinians regard the Nakba and its repercussions as a formative trauma defining their identity and their national, moral, and political aspirations. As a result of the 1948 war, the Palestinian people, which to a large degree lost their country to the establishment of a Jewish state for the survivors of the Holocaust, developed a victimized national identity. From their perspective, the Palestinians have been forced to pay for the Jewish Holocaust with their bodies, their property, and their freedom instead of those who were truly responsible. Jewish Israelis, in contrast, see the war and its outcome not merely as an act of historical justice that changed the historical course of the Jewish people, which until that point had been filled with suffering and hardship, but also as a birth – the birth of Israel as an independent Jewish state after two thousand years of exile. As such, it must be pure and untainted, because if a person, a nation, or a state is born in sin, its entire essence is tainted. In this sense, discourse on the war is not at all historical but rather current and extremely sensitive. Its power and intensity is directly influenced by present day events. In the Israeli and the Palestinian cases, therefore, the 1948 war plays a pivotal role in two simple, clear, unequivocal, and harmonious narratives, with both peoples continuing to see the war as a formative event in their respective histories."
^ Mori 2009.
^ Partner 2008, str. 823—845.
^ Schmemann, Serge (15. 5. 1998). „MIDEAST TURMOIL: THE OVERVIEW; 9 Palestinians Die in Protests Marking Israel's Anniversary”. The New York Times. Pristupljeno 5. 11. 2023.
^ Gladstone, Rick (15. 5. 2021). „An annual day of Palestinian grievance comes amid the upheaval.”. The New York Times. Pristupljeno 5. 11. 2023.
^ Masalha 2012, str. 11.
^ Darwish, Mahmoud (maj 2001). „Not to begin at the end”. ahram.org.eg (na jeziku: engleski). Al-Ahram Weekly. Arhivirano iz originala 2. 12. 2001. g. Pristupljeno 5. 11. 2023. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
^ Williams 2009, str. 89.

Literatura[uredi | uredi izvor]

Ghanim, Honaida (1. 3. 2009). „Poetics of Disaster: Nationalism, Gender, and Social Change Among Palestinian Poets in Israel After Nakba”. International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society (na jeziku: engleski). 22 (1): 23—39. ISSN 1573-3416. doi:10.1007/s10767-009-9049-9. Pristupljeno 5. 11. 2023.
Khalidi, Rashid I. (1. 1. 1992). „Observations on the Right of Return”. Journal of Palestine Studies (na jeziku: engleski). 21 (2): 29—40. ISSN 0377-919X. doi:10.2307/2537217. Pristupljeno 5. 11. 2023.
Partner, Nancy (2008). „The Linguistic Turn along Post-Postmodern Borders: Israeli/Palestinian Narrative Conflict”. New Literary History. 39 (4): 823—845. ISSN 0028-6087. Pristupljeno 5. 11. 2023.
Sa'di, Ahmad H. (2002). „Catastrophe, Memory and Identity: Al-Nakbah as a Component of Palestinian Identity”. Israel Studies. 7 (2): 175—198. ISSN 1527-201x Proverite vrednost parametra |issn= (pomoć). Pristupljeno 5. 11. 2023.
Manna', Adel (2013). „The Palestinian Nakba and its Continuous Repercussions”. Israel Studies. 18 (2): 86—99. ISSN 1084-9513. doi:10.2979/israelstudies.18.2.86. Pristupljeno 5. 11. 2023.
Mori, Mariko (jul 2009). „Zionism and the Nakba: The Mainstream Narrative, the Oppressed Narratives, and the Israeli Collective Memory”. Kyoto Bulletin of Islamic Area Studies. 3 (1): 89—107. ISSN 1881-8323. doi:10.14989/87465. Pristupljeno 5. 11. 2023. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)

Webman, Esther (25. 5. 2009). „The Evolution of a Founding Myth: The Nakba and Its Fluctuating Meaning”. Ur.: Litvak, Meir. Palestinian Collective Memory and National Identity (na jeziku: engleski). Springer. ISBN 978-0-230-62163-3. Pristupljeno 5. 11. 2023.
Sa'di, Ahmad H.; Abu-Lughod, Lila (2007). Nakba: Palestine, 1948, and the Claims of Memory (na jeziku: engleski). Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-13579-5. Pristupljeno 5. 11. 2023.
Bashir, Bashir; Goldberg, Amos (13. 11. 2018). The Holocaust and the Nakba: A New Grammar of Trauma and History (na jeziku: engleski). Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-54448-1. Pristupljeno 5. 11. 2023.
Slater, Jerome (2020). Mythologies Without End: The US, Israel, and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1917-2020 (na jeziku: engleski). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-045908-6. Pristupljeno 5. 11. 2023.
Masalha, Nur (9. 8. 2012). The Palestine Nakba: Decolonising History, Narrating the Subaltern, Reclaiming Memory (na jeziku: engleski). Zed Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1-84813-973-2. Pristupljeno 5. 11. 2023.
Dajani, Omar (2005). „Surviving Opportunities”. Ur.: Wittes, Tamara Cofman. How Israelis and Palestinians Negotiate: A Cross-cultural Analysis of the Oslo Peace Process (na jeziku: engleski). US Institute of Peace Press. ISBN 978-1-929223-64-0. Pristupljeno 5. 11. 2023.
Pappé, Ilan (2006). The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine (na jeziku: engleski). Oneworld. ISBN 978-1-85168-467-0. Pristupljeno 5. 11. 2023.
Manna, Adel; Golani, Moṭi (2011). Independence and Nakba, 1948 : Two Narratives of the 1948 War and Its Outcome (na jeziku: engleski). Republic of Letters. ISBN 978-90-8979-082-8. Pristupljeno 5. 11. 2023.
Williams, Patrick (15. 1. 2009). „'Naturally, I reject the term "diaspora"': Said and Palestinian Dispossession”. Ur.: Keown, M.; Murphy, D.; Procter, J. Comparing Postcolonial Diasporas (na jeziku: engleski). Springer. ISBN 978-0-230-23278-5. Pristupljeno 5. 11. 2023.

Spoljašnje veze[uredi | uredi izvor]

Chakraborty, Ranjani (15. 5. 2023). „Why Palestinians protest every May 15”. Vox (na jeziku: engleski). Pristupljeno 5. 11. 2023.

[FOOTNOTEGhanim2009-1] Ghanim 2009.

[FOOTNOTEWebman200929-2] Webman 2009, str. 29: "The Nakba represented the defeat, displacement, dispossession, exile, dependence, insecurity, lack of statehood, and fight for survival of the Palestinians."

[FOOTNOTESa'di2002175-3] Sa'di 2002, str. 175: "for Palestinians, Al-Nakbah represents, among many other things, the loss of the homeland, the disintegration of society, the frustration of national aspirations, and the beginning of a hasty process of destruction of their culture."

[4] Ashrawi, Hanan (28. 8. 2001). „Hanan Ashrawi's address to World Conference Against Racism”. MIFTAH (na jeziku: engleski).

[5] Erekat, Saeb (15. 5. 2016). „Israel Must Recognize Its Responsibility for the Nakba, the Palestinian Tragedy”. Haaretz (na jeziku: engleski). Pristupljeno 5. 11. 2023.

[FOOTNOTESa'diAbu-Lughod200710-6] Sa'di & Abu-Lughod 2007, str. 10: "For Palestinians, still living their dispossession, still struggling or hoping for return, many under military occupation, many still immersed in matters of survival, the past is neither distant nor over. Unlike many historical experiences discussed in the literature on trauma, such as the Blitz, the merciless bombing of Hamburg and Dresden by the Allies at the closing stage of World War II, the Holocaust, the Algerian War of Independence, or the World Trade Center attack, which lasted for a limited period of time (the longest being the Algerian war of independence, lasting eight years), the Nakba is not over yet; after almost sixty years neither the Palestinians nor Israelis have yet achieved a state of normality; the violence and uprooting of Palestinians continues."

[FOOTNOTEManna'201387-7] Manna' 2013, str. 87: "Contrary to what many think, particularly in Israel, the Nakba was not a one-time event connected to the war in Palestine and its immediate catastrophic repercussions on the Palestinians. Rather, and more correctly, it refers to the accumulated Palestinian experience since the 1948 war up to the present. After the Oslo agreements in 1993, there were hopes that the stateless Palestinian people would soon earn freedom and independence. However, the failure of the peace process to end the Israeli occupation and allow the birth of an independent Palestinian state alongside Israel pushed the Palestinians back to square one. Furthermore, the erup- tion of a new cycle of violence which began in September 2000 added new dimensions to the disintegration of Palestinian society. For many Palestinians, these more recent events are adding new chapters and new meanings to the long-lived catastrophe since 1948."

[FOOTNOTEBashirGoldberg201833,_footnote_4-8] Bashir & Goldberg 2018, str. 33, footnote 4: "In Palestinian writings the signifier “Nakba" came to designate two central meanings, which will be used in this volume interchangeably: (1) the 1948 disaster and (2) the ongoing occupation and colonization of Palestine that reached its peak in the catastrophe of 1948"

[FOOTNOTESlater2020406-9] Slater 2020, str. 406.

[FOOTNOTEMasalha20123-10] Masalha 2012, str. 3.

[FOOTNOTEDajani200542-11] Dajani 2005, str. 42: "The nakba is the experience that has perhaps most defined Palestinian history. For the Palestinian, it is not merely a political event — the establishment of the state of Israel on 78 percent of the territory of the Palestine Mandate, or even, primarily a humanitarian one — the creation of the modern world's most enduring refugee problem. The nakba is of existential significance to Palestinians, representing both the shattering of the Palestinian community in Palestine and the consolidation of a shared national consciousness."

[FOOTNOTESa'diAbu-Lughod20073-12] Sa'di & Abu-Lughod 2007, str. 3: "For Palestinians, the 1948 War led indeed to a "catastrophe." A society disintegrated, a people dispersed, and a complex and historically changing but taken for granted communal life was ended violently. The Nakba has thus become, both in Palestinian memory and history, the demarcation line between two qualitatively opposing periods. After 1948, the lives of the Palestinians at the individual, community, and national level were dramatically and irreversibly changed."

[FOOTNOTEKhalidi1992-13] Khalidi 1992: "Only by understanding the centrality of the catastrophe of politicide and expulsion that befell the Palestinian people – al-nakba in Arabic – is it possible to understand the Palestinians' sense of the right of return."

[The_Guardian-14] Black, Ian (26. 11. 2010). „Memories and maps keep alive Palestinian hopes of return”. The Guardian. Pristupljeno 5. 11. 2023.

[15] Shavit, Ari (8. 1. 2004). „Survival of the Fittest”. Haaretz (na jeziku: engleski). Pristupljeno 5. 11. 2023.

[FOOTNOTEPappé2006-16] Pappé 2006.

[17] Morris, Benny (10. 10. 2016). „Israel Conducted No Ethnic Cleansing in 1948”. Haaretz (na jeziku: engleski). Pristupljeno 5. 11. 2023.

[FOOTNOTEMannaGolani201114-18] Manna & Golani 2011, str. 14: "The Palestinians regard the Nakba and its repercussions as a formative trauma defining their identity and their national, moral, and political aspirations. As a result of the 1948 war, the Palestinian people, which to a large degree lost their country to the establishment of a Jewish state for the survivors of the Holocaust, developed a victimized national identity. From their perspective, the Palestinians have been forced to pay for the Jewish Holocaust with their bodies, their property, and their freedom instead of those who were truly responsible. Jewish Israelis, in contrast, see the war and its outcome not merely as an act of historical justice that changed the historical course of the Jewish people, which until that point had been filled with suffering and hardship, but also as a birth – the birth of Israel as an independent Jewish state after two thousand years of exile. As such, it must be pure and untainted, because if a person, a nation, or a state is born in sin, its entire essence is tainted. In this sense, discourse on the war is not at all historical but rather current and extremely sensitive. Its power and intensity is directly influenced by present day events. In the Israeli and the Palestinian cases, therefore, the 1948 war plays a pivotal role in two simple, clear, unequivocal, and harmonious narratives, with both peoples continuing to see the war as a formative event in their respective histories."

[FOOTNOTEMori2009-19] Mori 2009.

[FOOTNOTEPartner2008823—845-20] Partner 2008, str. 823—845.

[21] Schmemann, Serge (15. 5. 1998). „MIDEAST TURMOIL: THE OVERVIEW; 9 Palestinians Die in Protests Marking Israel's Anniversary”. The New York Times. Pristupljeno 5. 11. 2023.

[22] Gladstone, Rick (15. 5. 2021). „An annual day of Palestinian grievance comes amid the upheaval.”. The New York Times. Pristupljeno 5. 11. 2023.

[FOOTNOTEMasalha201211-23] Masalha 2012, str. 11.

[Al-Ahram_Weekly-24] Darwish, Mahmoud (maj 2001). „Not to begin at the end”. ahram.org.eg (na jeziku: engleski). Al-Ahram Weekly. Arhivirano iz originala 2. 12. 2001. g. Pristupljeno 5. 11. 2023. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)

[FOOTNOTEWilliams200989-25] Williams 2009, str. 89.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]