Rusko-turski ratovi
Rusko-turski ratovi je naziv za seriju ratova koje su vodili Rusko i Osmansko carstvo od kraja 16. vijeka do Oktobarske revolucije. Bila je to jedna od najdužih serija vojnih sukoba u evropskoj istoriji.[1] Osim Rata 1710–11. i Krimskog rata, koji se često tretira kao zaseban događaj, sukobi su se završili katastrofalno za Osmansko carstvo; nasuprot tome, oni su pokazali uspon Rusije kao evropske sile nakon modernizacijskih napora Petra Velikog početkom 18. veka.[2][3][4]
| Rat | Rezultat | |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | Rusko-turski rat 1568—1570. | Ruska pobeda |
| 2. | Rusko-krimski rat 1571—1572. | Ruska pobeda |
| 3. | Rusko-turski rat 1676—1681. | Neodlučno |
| 4. | Rusko-turski rat 1686—1700. | Ruska pobeda |
| 5. | Rusko-turski rat 1710—1711. | Osmanska pobeda |
| 6. | Rusko-turski rat 1735—1739. | Ruska pobeda; austrijski poraz |
| 7. | Rusko-turski rat 1768—1774. | Ruska pobeda |
| 8. | Rusko-turski rat 1787—1792. | Ruska pobeda |
| 9. | Rusko-turski rat 1806—1812. | Ruska pobeda |
| 10. | Rusko-turski rat 1828—1829. | Ruska pobeda |
| 11. | Rusko-turski rat 1853—1856. (Krimski rat) | Osmansko-saveznička pobeda |
| 12. | Rusko-turski rat 1877—1878. | Ruska pobeda |
| 13. | Prvi svetski rat: Kavkazka kampanja | Mir u Brest-Litovsku: raspad dva carstva |
| 14. | Oktobarska revolucija: Sovjetsko-turski rat |
Istorija[uredi | uredi izvor]
Početak sukoba (1568–1739)[uredi | uredi izvor]
Prvi Rusko-turski rat (1568–1570) dogodio se nakon što je ruski car Ivan Grozni osvojio Kazanj i Astrahan. Osmanski sultan Selim II pokušao je da istisne Ruse iz donje Volge tako što je 1569. poslao vojnu ekspediciju u Astrahan. Turska ekspedicija završila se katastrofom za Osmansku vojsku, koja nije mogla da zauzme Astrahan i skoro je potpuno izginula u stepama, dok je osmanska flota je razbijena u Azovskom moru.[5] Mirovni ugovor između dve strane je zacementirao ruska osvajanja na Volgi, ali je omogućio Otomanskom carstvu da dobije niz komercijalnih pogodnosti. Osmanski vazal, Krimski kanat, nastavio je svoju ekspanziju protiv ruskog carstva, ali je poražen u bici kod Molodija 1572.
Sledeći sukob između Rusije i Turske počeo je 100 godina kasnije u okviru borbe za teritoriju Ukrajine. Dok je Rusija osvojila Levoobalnu Ukrajinu posle Rusko-poljskog rata (1654−1667), Otomansko carstvo je tokom Poljsko-osmanskog rata (1672−1676) proširilo svoju vlast na čitavu Desnoobalnu Ukrajinu sa podrškom njenog vazala, Petra Dorošenka (1665–1672).[6] Njegova proosmanska politika izazvala je nezadovoljstvo mnogih ukrajinskih kozaka, koji su 1674. izabrali Ivana Samojloviča za jedinog hetmana cele Ukrajine.[7] Godine 1676, ruske trupe su zauzele Čigirin i zbacile Dorošenka, koji je bio prognan u Rusiju. Osmanska vojska je 1677. pokušala da povrati Čigirin, ali je poražena. Osmanska vojska je 1678. konačno uspela da zauzme Čigirin posle krvavog napada. Ali na ovome je zaustavljena osmanska ekspanzija na severoistok..[8] Tokom 1679–80, Rusi su odbili napade krimskih Tatara i potpisali Bahčisarajski ugovor 13. januara 1681. kojim je uspostavljena rusko-turska granica na reci Dnjepar.[9]
Vidi još[uredi | uredi izvor]
Refernce[uredi | uredi izvor]
- ^ Dowling T. C. Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond. ABC-CLIO. 2014.
- ^ Ágoston, G. (2011). „Military Transformation in the Ottoman Empire and Russia, 1500–1800”. Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History. Slavica Publishers. 12 (2): 281—319. ISSN 1538-5000. S2CID 19755686. doi:10.1353/kri.2011.0018.
- ^ Kafadar, C. (1999). „The Question of Ottoman Decline”. Harvard Middle East and Islamic Review. 4 (1–2).
- ^ Howard, D. A. (1988). „Ottoman Historiography and the Literature of Decline of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries”. Journal of Asian History. Harrassowitz Verlag. 22 (1): 52—77.
- ^ Martin, Janet (1996). Medieval Russia:980-1584. Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Suraiya Faroqhi; Bruce McGowan; Sevket Pamuk (28. 4. 1997). An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge University Press. str. 428. ISBN 978-0-521-57455-6.
- ^ Gábor Kármán; Lovro Kunčević (2013-06-20). The European Tributary States of the Ottoman Empire in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. BRILL. str. 146. ISBN 978-90-04-25440-4.
- ^ Florя B. N. Rossiя, Rečь Pospolitaя i Pravoberežnaя Ukraina v poslednie godы getmanstva P. Dorošenko (1673—1677 gg.) // Drevnяя Rusь. Voprosы medievistiki. — 2016. — T. 65, № 3. — S. 90.
- ^ Sergei R. Grinevetsky; Igor S. Zonn; Sergei S. Zhiltsov (2014-09-30). The Black Sea Encyclopedia. Springer. str. 661. ISBN 978-3-642-55227-4.
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Spoljašnje veze[uredi | uredi izvor]
- Russo-Turkish Wars (jezik: engleski)
- Russo-Turkish Wars of the 17th-19th Centuries (jezik: engleski)
| Državne | |
|---|---|
| Ostale | |
