Spisak najvećih carstava

Spisak najvećih carstava predstavlja najveća carstva koja su postojala kroz istoriju, prema površini koju su zauzimali. Nekoliko imperija u ljudskoj istoriji se svrstavaju među najveće svih vremena, u zavisnosti od definicije i načina mjerenja. Mogući načini mjerenja veličine uključuju površinu, stanovništvo, ekonomiju i moć. Od ovih, površina se najčešće koristi jer ima prilično preciznu definiciju i može da se izmjeri sa određenim stepenom tačnosti.^[1] Estonski politikolog Rejn Tagepera, koji je objavio seriju akademskih članaka o teritorijalnom opsjegu istorijskih imperija između 1978. i 1997. godine,^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] definisao je imperiju kao „svaki relativno veliki suvjereni politički entitet čije komponente nisu suvjerene“ i njena veličina kao oblast nad kojom carstvo ima neke neosporne vojne i poreske povlastice.^[6]

Najveća carstva po kopnenoj površini[uredi | uredi izvor]

Ukupna kopnena površina Zemlje, izuzimajući kontinent Antarktik, je 134.740.000 km².^[7] Od toga, Britansko carstvo je u jednom trenutku zauzimalo 26,35% ukupne kopnene površine, a iz carstva je kasnije nastalo 65 nezavisnih država.^[8]

Carstva u svom najvećem obimu[uredi | uredi izvor]

Veličina carstva je definisana kao površina suve zemlje koju je carstvo kontrolisalo u to vrijeme, a koja se može znatno razlikovati od oblasti na koju su tvrdili da zauzimaju; godine 1800. evropske sile su kolektivno zahtijevale približno 20% površine Zemlje koju nisu efektivno kontrolisale.^[9] U situacijama u kojima se procjene razlikuju, unosi se sortiraju prema najnižoj procjeni. Kada više od jednog unosa ima istu oblast, oni su navedeni po abecednom redu.

Carstvo	Maksimalna površina zemljišta
Carstvo	Milion km²	% svijeta	Godina
Britanska imperija^[a]	35,5^[10]	7001263500000000000♠26,35%	000000001920-01-01-00001920.^[10]
Mongolsko carstvo^[b]	24,0^[10]^[11]	7001178109999900000♠17,81%	000000001270-01-01-00001270.^[11] ili 000000001309-01-01-00001309.^[10]
Ruska Imperija^[v]	22,8^[10]^[11]	7001169200000000000♠16,92%	000000001895-01-01-00001895.^[10]^[11]
Dinastija Ćing^[g]	14,7^[10]^[11]	7001109100000000000♠10,91%	000000001790-01-01-00001790.^[10]^[11]
Španska imperija	13,7^[10]	7001101700000000000♠10,17%	000000001810-01-01-00001810.^[10]
Drugo francusko kolonijalno carstvo	11,5^[10]	7000853009999999999♠8,53%	000000001920-01-01-00001920.^[10]
Abasidski kalifat	11,1^[10]	7000824000000000000♠8,24%	000000000750-01-01-0000750.^[10]
Omejadski kalifat	11,1^[10]	7000824000000000000♠8,24%	000000000720-01-01-0000720.^[10]
Dinastija Juan	11,0^[10]	7000816000000000000♠8,16%	000000001310-01-01-00001310.^[10]
Sjongnu	9,0^[11]^[12]	7000668000000000000♠6,68%	-999999999824-01-01-0000176. p. n. e.^[11]^[12]
Brazilsko carstvo^[d]	8.337.000^[13]	7000619000000000000♠6,19%	000000001889-01-01-00001889.^[13]
Japansko carstvo	7,4^[14]—8,51^[15]	7000549000000000000♠5,49%–7000630990000000000♠6,31%	000000001942-01-01-00001942.^[14]^[15]
Iberijska unija^[đ]	7,1^[10]	7000526990000099999♠5,27%	000000001640-01-01-00001640.^[10]
Istočna dinastija Han	6,5^[12]	7000482000000000000♠4,82%	000000000100-01-01-0000100.^[12]
Dinastija Ming	6,5^[10]^[11]	7000482000000000000♠4,82%	000000001450-01-01-00001450.^[10]^[11]
Pravedni kalifat	6,4^[10]	7000475000000000000♠4,75%	000000000655-01-01-0000655.^[10]
Prvi turkijski kanat	6,0^[11]^[12]	7000445000000000000♠4,45%	000000000557-01-01-0000557.^[11]^[12]
Zlatna horda	6,0^[10]^[11]	7000445000000000000♠4,45%	000000001310-01-01-00001310.^[10]^[11]
Zapadna dinastija Han	6,0^[11]^[12]	7000445000000000000♠4,45%	-999999999950-01-01-000050. p. n. e.^[11]^[12]
Ahemenidsko carstvo	5,5^[11]^[12]	7000408000000000000♠4,08%	-999999999500-01-01-0000500. p. n. e.^[11]^[12]
Drugo portugalsko carstvo^[d]	5,5^[10]	7000408000000000000♠4,08%	000000001820-01-01-00001820.^[10]
Dinastija Tang	5,4^[10]^[11]	7000401000000000000♠4,01%	000000000715-01-01-0000715.^[10]^[11]
Makedonsko carstvo	5,2^[11]^[12]	7000386000000000000♠3,86%	-999999999677-01-01-0000323. p. n. e.^[11]^[12]
Osmansko carstvo	5,2^[10]^[11]	7000386000000000000♠3,86%	000000001683-01-01-00001683.^[10]^[11]
Sjeverna dinastija Juan	5,0^[10]	7000371000000000000♠3,71%	000000001368-01-01-00001368.^[10]
Rimsko carstvo	5,0^[11]^[12]	7000371000000000000♠3,71%	000000000117-01-01-0000117.^[11]^[12]
Dinastija Sin	4,7^[12]	7000349000000000000♠3,49%	000000000010-01-01-000010.^[12]
Tibetansko carstvo	4,6^[10]^[11]	7000341000000000000♠3,41%	000000000800-01-01-0000800.^[10]^[11]
Država Sjanba	4,5^[17]	7000334000000000000♠3,34%	000000000200-01-01-0000200.^[17]
Prvo meksičko carstvo	4,429^[18]	7000329000000000000♠3,29%	000000001821-01-01-00001821.^[18]
Timuridsko carstvo	4,4^[10]^[11]	7000327000000000000♠3,27%	000000001405-01-01-00001405.^[10]^[11]
Fatimidski kalifat	4,1^[10]^[11]	7000304000000000000♠3,04%	000000000969-01-01-0000969.^[10]^[11]
Istočni turkijski kanat	4,0^[12]	7000297000000000000♠2,97%	000000000624-01-01-0000624.^[12]
Huni	4,0^[11]^[12]	7000297000000000000♠2,97%	000000000441-01-01-0000441.^[11]^[12]
Mogulsko carstvo	4,0^[10]^[11]	7000297000000000000♠2,97%	000000001690-01-01-00001690.^[10]^[11]
Seldžučko carstvo	3,9^[10]^[11]	7000289000000000000♠2,89%	000000001080-01-01-00001080.^[10]^[11]
Seleukidsko carstvo	3,9^[11]^[12]	7000289000000000000♠2,89%	-999999999699-01-01-0000301. p. n. e.^[11]^[12]
Italijansko carstvo	3,825^[19]	7000284000000000000♠2,84%	000000001941-01-01-00001941.^[19]
Ilkanat	3,75^[10]^[11]	7000277990000099999♠2,78%	000000001310-01-01-00001310.^[10]^[11]
Džungarski kanat	3,6^[17]	7000267000000000000♠2,67%	000000001650-01-01-00001650.^[17]
Čagatajski kanat	3,5^[10]^[11]	7000260000000000000♠2,60%	000000001310-01-01-00001310.^[10] ili 000000001350-01-01-00001350.^[10]^[11]
Sasanidsko carstvo	3,5^[11]^[12]	7000260000000000000♠2,60%	000000000550-01-01-0000550.^[11]^[12]
Zapadni turkijski kanat	3,5^[12]	7000260000000000000♠2,60%	000000000630-01-01-0000630.^[12]
zapadni Sjongnu	3,5^[12]	7000260000000000000♠2,60%	000000000020-01-01-000020.^[12]
Prvo francusko kolonijalno carstvo	3,4^[10]	7000252000000000000♠2,52%	000000001670-01-01-00001670.^[10]
Gaznevidi	3,4^[10]^[11]	7000252000000000000♠2,52%	000000001029-01-01-00001029.^[10]^[11]
Maurijsko carstvo	3,4^[12]–5.0^[11]	7000252000000000000♠2,52%–7000371000000000000♠3,71%	-999999999739-01-01-0000261. p. n. e.^[12] ili -999999999750-01-01-0000250. p. n. e.^[11]
Delhijski sultanat	3,2^[10]^[11]	7000237000000000000♠2,37%	000000001312-01-01-00001312.^[10]^[11]
Njemačko kolonijalno carstvo	3,147^[20]	7000234000000000000♠2,34%	000000001911-01-01-00001911.^[20]
Sjeverna dinastija Sung	3,1^[10]^[11]	7000230000000099999♠2,30%	000000000980-01-01-0000980.^[10]^[11]
Ujgurski kaganat	3,1^[10]^[11]	7000230000000099999♠2,30%	000000000800-01-01-0000800.^[10]^[11]
Zapadna dinastija Đin	3,1^[12]	7000230000000099999♠2,30%	000000000280-01-01-0000280.^[12]
Dansko carstvo	3,0^[21]	7000223000000000000♠2,23%	000000001700-01-01-00001700.^[21]
Dinastija Suej	3,0^[12]	7000223000000000000♠2,23%	000000000589-01-01-0000589.^[12]
Safavidsko carstvo	2,9^[17]	7000215000000000000♠2,15%	000000001630-01-01-00001630.^[17]
Samanidsko carstvo	2,85^[10]^[11]	7000212000000000000♠2,12%	000000000928-01-01-0000928.^[10]^[11]
Istočna dinastija Đin	2,8^[12]	7000208000000000000♠2,08%	000000000347-01-01-0000347.^[12]
Medijansko carstvo^[e]	2,8^[11]^[12]	7000208000000000000♠2,08%	-999999999415-01-01-0000585. p. n. e.^[11]^[12]
Partsko carstvo	2,8^[11]^[12]	7000208000000000000♠2,08%	1^[11]^[12]
Ruranski kanat	2,8^[11]^[12]	7000208000000000000♠2,08%	000000000405-01-01-0000405.^[11]^[12]
Vizantija	2,7^[11]–2,8^[12]	7000200000000000000♠2,00%–7000208000000000000♠2,08%	000000000555-01-01-0000555.^[11] ili 000000000450-01-01-0000450.^[12]
Indo-skitsko carstvo	2,6^[12]	7000193000000000000♠1,93%	000000000020-01-01-000020.^[12]
Dinastija Ljao	2,6^[10]^[11]	7000193000000000000♠1,93%	000000000947-01-01-0000947.^[10]^[11]
Grčko-baktrijsko kraljevstvo	2,5^[12]	7000186000000000000♠1,86%	-999999999816-01-01-0000184. p. n. e.^[12]
Kasniji Žao	2,5^[12]	7000186000000000000♠1,86%	000000000329-01-01-0000329.^[12]
Carstvo Marata	2,5^[11]	7000186000000000000♠1,86%	000000001760-01-01-00001760.^[11]
Belgijsko kolonijalno carstvo	2,366^[19]–24.651,51^[23]	7000176000000000000♠1,76%–7001183000000000000♠18,30%	000000001941-01-01-00001941.^[19] ili 000000001939-01-01-00001939.^[23]
Dinastija Đin (1115—1234)	2,3^[10]^[11]	7000171000000000000♠1,71%	000000001126-01-01-00001126.^[10]^[11]
Horezmijska imperija	2,3^[11]–3,6^[10]	7000171000000000000♠1,71%–7000267000000000000♠2,67%	000000001210-01-01-00001210.^[11] ili 000000001218-01-01-00001218.^[10]
Dinastija Ćin	2,3^[12]	7000171000000000000♠1,71%	-999999999780-01-01-0000220. p. n. e.^[12]
Holandsko kolonijalno carstvo	2,1^[17]	7000156000000000000♠1,56%	000000001938-01-01-00001938.^[17]
Prvo francusko carstvo	2,1^[10]	7000156000000000000♠1,56%	000000001813-01-01-00001813.^[10]
Kijevska Rusija	2,1^[10]^[11]	7000156000000000000♠1,56%	000000001000-01-01-00001000.^[10]^[11]
Mamelučki sultanat	2,1^[10]^[11]	7000156000000000000♠1,56%	000000001300-01-01-00001300.^[10] ili 000000001400-01-01-00001400.^[11]
Južna dinastija Sung	2,1^[10]	7000156000000000000♠1,56%	000000001127-01-01-00001127.^[10]
Treće portugalsko carstvo	2,1^[10]	7000156000000000000♠1,56%	000000001900-01-01-00001900.^[10]
Almohadski kalifat	2,0^[11]–2,3^[10]	7000148000000000000♠1,48%–7000171000000000000♠1,71%	000000001200-01-01-00001200.^[11] ili 000000001150-01-01-00001150.^[10]
Cao Vej	2,0^[12]	7000148000000000000♠1,48%	000000000263-01-01-0000263.^[12]
Raniji Ćin	2,0^[12]	7000148000000000000♠1,48%	000000000376-01-01-0000376.^[12]
Raniji Žao	2,0^[12]	7000148000000000000♠1,48%	000000000316-01-01-0000316.^[12]
Dinastija Gurid	2,0^[17]	7000148000000000000♠1,48%	000000001200-01-01-00001200.^[17]
Carstvo Inka	2,0^[10]^[11]	7000148000000000000♠1,48%	000000001527-01-01-00001527.^[10]^[11]
Kušansko carstvo	2,0^[11]–2,5^[12]	7000148000000000000♠1,48%–7000186000000000000♠1,86%	000000000200-01-01-0000200.^[11]^[12]
Dinastija Liu Song	2,0^[12]	7000148000000000000♠1,48%	000000000450-01-01-0000450.^[12]
Sjeverni Vej	2,0^[12]	7000148000000000000♠1,48%	000000000450-01-01-0000450.^[12]
Zapadno rimsko carstvo	2,0^[12]	7000148000000000000♠1,48%	000000000395-01-01-0000395.^[12]
Ajubidi	1,7.^[10]–2,0^[11]	7000126000000000000♠1,26%–7000148000000000000♠1,48%	000000001200-01-01-00001200.^[10] ili 000000001190-01-01-00001190.^[11]
Gupta carstvo	1,7^[12]–3,5^[11]	7000126000000000000♠1,26%–7000260000000000000♠2,60%	000000000440-01-01-0000440.^[12] ili 000000000400-01-01-0000400.^[11]
Eftalijsko carstvo	1,7^[24]–4,0^[12]	7000126000000000000♠1,26%–7000297000000000000♠2,97%	000000000500-01-01-0000500.^[24] ili 000000000470-01-01-0000470.^[12]
Dinastija Bujid	1,6^[10]^[11]	7000119000000000000♠1,19%	000000000980-01-01-0000980.^[10]^[11]
Istočni Vu	1,5^[12]	7000111000000000000♠1,11%	000000000221-01-01-0000221.^[12]
Sjeverni Ći	1,5^[12]	7000111000000000000♠1,11%	000000000557-01-01-0000557.^[12]
Sjeverni Sjongnu	1,5^[12]	7000111000000000000♠1,11%	000000000060-01-01-000060.^[12]
Sjeverni Žu	1,5^[12]	7000111000000000000♠1,11%	000000000577-01-01-0000577.^[12]
Novoasirsko carstvo	1,4^[11]^[25]	7000104000000000000♠1,04%	-999999999330-01-01-0000670. p. n. e.^[11]^[25]
Istočno maurijsko carstvo	1,3^[12]	6999960000000000000♠0,96%	-999999999790-01-01-0000210. p. n. e.^[12]
Dinastija Lijang	1,3^[11]^[12]	6999960000000000000♠0,96%	000000000502-01-01-0000502.,^[12] 000000000549-01-01-0000549.,^[12] ili 000000000579-01-01-0000579.^[11]
Kadžarsko carstvo	1,29^[26]	7000961000000000000♠9,61%	000000001873-01-01-00001873.^[26]
Kraljevstvo Aksum	1,25^[11]	6999930000000000000♠0,93%	000000000350-01-01-0000350.^[11]
Dinastija Šang	1,25^[11]^[25]	6999930000000000000♠0,93%	-999999998878-01-01-00001122. p. n. e.^[11]^[25]
Franačka	1,2^[10]^[11]	6999890000000000000♠0,89%	000000000814-01-01-0000814.^[10]^[11]
Šriviđaja	1,2^[11]	6999890000000000000♠0,89%	000000001200-01-01-00001200.^[11]
Indo-grčko kraljevstvo	1,1^[12]	6999820009999900000♠0,82%	-999999999850-01-01-0000150. p. n. e.^[12]
Carstvo Mali	1,1^[10]^[11]	6999820009999900000♠0,82%	000000001380-01-01-00001380.^[10]^[11]
Zajednica Poljske i Litvanije	1,1^[10]^[11]	6999820009999900000♠0,82%	000000001480-01-01-00001480.^[11] ili 000000001650-01-01-00001650.^[10]
Dinastija Almoravida	1,0^[11]	6999740000000000000♠0,74%	000000001120-01-01-00001120.^[11]
Dinastija Pušjibhuti	1,0^[10]^[11]	6999740000000000000♠0,74%	000000000625-01-01-0000625.^[10] ili 000000000648-01-01-0000648.^[10]^[11]
Dinastija Gudžara—Pratihara	1,0^[10]	6999740000000000000♠0,74%	000000000860-01-01-0000860.^[10]
Sveto rimsko carstvo	1,0^[10]	6999740000000000000♠0,74%	000000001050-01-01-00001050.^[10]
Hazarski kanat	1,0^[10]–3,0^[11]	6999740000000000000♠0,74%–7000223000000000000♠2,23%	000000000900-01-01-0000900.^[10] ili 000000000850-01-01-0000850.^[11]
Kmersko carstvo	1,0^[10]^[11]	6999740000000000000♠0,74%	000000001290-01-01-00001290.^[10]^[11]
Novo kraljevstvo Egipta	1,0^[11]^[25]	6999740000000000000♠0,74%	-999999998550-01-01-00001450. p. n. e.^[25] ili -999999998700-01-01-00001300. p. n. e.^[11]
Ptolemejsko kraljevstvo	1,0^[12]	6999740000000000000♠0,74%	-999999999699-01-01-0000301. p. n. e.^[12]
Kara Kitaj	1,0^[10]–1,5^[11]	6999740000000000000♠0,74%–7000111000000000000♠1,11%	000000001130-01-01-00001130.^[10] ili 000000001210-01-01-00001210.^[11]
Skitija	1,0^[24]	6999740000000000000♠0,74%	-999999999600-01-01-0000400. p. n. e.^[24]
Šu Han	1,0^[12]	6999740000000000000♠0,74%	000000000221-01-01-0000221.^[12]
Tahiridi	1,0^[10]	6999740000000000000♠0,74%	000000000800-01-01-0000800.^[10]
Zapadni Sja	1,0^[11]	6999740000000000000♠0,74%	000000001100-01-01-00001100.^[11]
Švedsko carstvo	0,99^[27]	6999730000000000000♠0,73%	000000001700-01-01-00001700.^[27]
Nacistička Njemačka	0,824^[19]	6999610000000000000♠0,61%	000000001941-01-01-00001941.^[19]
Akadsko carstvo	0,8^[25]	6999590000000000000♠0,59%	-999999997750-01-01-00002250. p. n. e.^[25]
Avarski kanat	0,8^[12]	6999590000000000000♠0,59%	000000000600-01-01-0000600.^[12]
Ču	0,8^[12]	6999590000000000000♠0,59%	-999999999700-01-01-0000300. p. n. e.^[12]
Huni	0,8^[12]	6999590000000000000♠0,59%	000000000287-01-01-0000287.^[12]
Songajsko carstvo	0,8^[10]	6999590000000000000♠0,59%	000000001550-01-01-00001550.^[10]
Hiksi	0,65^[25]	6999480000000000000♠0,48%	-999999998350-01-01-00001650. p. n. e.^[25]
Dvadesetšesta egipatska dinastija	0,65^[25]	6999480000000000000♠0,48%	-999999999450-01-01-0000550. p. n. e.^[25]
Rozvijsko carstvo	0,624^[28]	6999460000000000000♠0,46%	000000001700-01-01-00001700.^[28]
Austrougarska	0,62^[29]	7002461290000000000♠461,29%	000000001905-01-01-00001905.^[29]
Kordopski kalifat	0,6^[10]	6999450000000000000♠0,45%	000000001000-01-01-00001000.^[10]
Prvo portugalsko carstvo	0,6^[10]	6999450000000000000♠0,45%	000000001580-01-01-00001580.^[10]
Vizigotsko kraljevstvo	0,6^[12]	6999450000000000000♠0,45%	000000000580-01-01-0000580.^[12]
Dinastija Džou	0,55^[30]	6999410009999900000♠0,41%	-999999998900-01-01-00001100. p. n. e.^[30]
Siksko carstvo	0,52^[31]	7001384400000000000♠38,44%	000000001839-01-01-00001839.^[31]
Kordopski emirat	0,5^[10]	6999370000000000000♠0,37%	000000000756-01-01-0000756.^[10]
Kosala	0,5^[12]	6999370000000000000♠0,37%	-999999999457-01-01-0000543. p. n. e.^[12]
Lidija	0,5^[25]	6999370000000000000♠0,37%	-999999999415-01-01-0000585. p. n. e.^[25]
Magada	0,5^[12]	6999370000000000000♠0,37%	-999999999490-01-01-0000510. p. n. e.^[12]
Srednje kraljevstvo Egipta	0,5^[25]	6999370000000000000♠0,37%	-999999998150-01-01-00001850. p. n. e.^[25]
Novovavilonsko carstvo	0,5^[25]	6999370000000000000♠0,37%	-999999999438-01-01-0000562. p. n. e.^[25]
Satavahana carstvo	0,5^[12]	6999370000000000000♠0,37%	000000000150-01-01-0000150.^[12]
Dvadesetpeta egipatska dinastija	0,5^[25]	6999370000000000000♠0,37%	-999999999285-01-01-0000715. p. n. e.^[25]
Zapadni Satrapi	0,5^[12]	6999370000000000000♠0,37%	000000000100-01-01-0000100.^[12]
Novohetitsko carstvo	0,45^[25]	6999330000000000000♠0,33%	-999999998750-01-01-00001250. p. n. e. – -999999998780-01-01-00001220. p. n. e.^[25]
Dinastija Sja	0,45^[25]	6999330000000000000♠0,33%	-999999998200-01-01-00001800. p. n. e.^[25]
Prvo bugarsko carstvo	0,4^[32]	6999300000000000000♠0,30%	000000000850-01-01-0000850.^[32]
Kraljevstvo Francuske u srednjem vijeku	0,4^[10]	6999300000000000000♠0,30%	000000001250-01-01-00001250.^[10]
Srednjeasirsko carstvo	0,4^[25]	6999300000000000000♠0,30%	-999999998920-01-01-00001080. p. n. e.^[25]
Staro kraljevstvo Egipta	0,4^[25]	6999300000000000000♠0,30%	-999999997600-01-01-00002400. p. n. e.^[25]
Sokotski kalifat	0,4^[33]	6999300000000000000♠0,30%	000000001804-01-01-00001804.^[33]
Latinsko carstvo	0,35^[12]	6999260000000000000♠0,26%	000000001204-01-01-00001204.^[12]
Antička Kartagina	0,3^[12]	6999220000000000000♠0,22%	-999999999780-01-01-0000220. p. n. e.^[12]
Civilizacija doline Inda	0,3^[30]	6999220000000000000♠0,22%	-999999998200-01-01-00001800. p. n. e.^[30]
Mitani	0,3^[25]	6999220000000000000♠0,22%	-999999998550-01-01-00001450. p. n. e. – -999999998625-01-01-00001375. p. n. e.^[25]
Ašantsko carstvo	0,25^[34]	6999190000000000000♠0,19%	000000001820-01-01-00001820.^[34]
Staro vavilonsko carstvo	0,25^[25]	6999190000000000000♠0,19%	-999999998310-01-01-00001690. p. n. e.^[25]
Carstvo Asteka	0,22^[10]	6999160000000000000♠0,16%	000000001520-01-01-00001520.^[10]
Kraljevstvo Zulu	0,21^[35]	7001153800000000000♠15,38%	000000001822-01-01-00001822.^[35]
Elamitsko carstvo	0,2^[25]	6999150000000000000♠0,15%	-999999998840-01-01-00001160. p. n. e.^[25]
Frigija	0,2^[25]	6999150000000000000♠0,15%	-999999999250-01-01-0000750. p. n. e.^[25]
Druga dinastija Isina	0,2^[25]	6999150000000000000♠0,15%	-999999998870-01-01-00001130. p. n. e.^[25]
Urartu	0,2^[25]	6999150000000000000♠0,15%	-999999999200-01-01-0000800. p. n. e.^[25]
Istočni Žu	0,15^[25]	6999110000000000000♠0,11%	-999999999230-01-01-0000770. p. n. e.^[25]
Srednjohetitsko carstvo	0,15^[25]	6999110000000000000♠0,11%	-999999998550-01-01-00001450. p. n. e.^[25]
Staroasirsko carstvo	0,15^[25]	6999110000000000000♠0,11%	-999999998270-01-01-00001730. p. n. e.^[25]
Starohetitsko carstvo	0,15^[25]	6999110000000000000♠0,11%	-999999998470-01-01-00001530. p. n. e.^[25]
Ojo carstvo	0,15^[36]	6999110000000000000♠0,11%	000000001680-01-01-00001680.^[36]
Carstvo Bornu	0,13^[37]	7000961000000000000♠9,61%	000000001892-01-01-00001892.^[37]
Larsa	0,1^[25]	6998700000000000000♠0,07%	-999999998250-01-01-00001750. p. n. e. – -999999998300-01-01-00001700. p. n. e.^[25]
Treća dinastija Ura	0,1^[25]	6998700000000000000♠0,07%	-999999998000-01-01-00002000. p. n. e.^[25]
Carstvo Taraska	0,075^[38]	6998600000000000000♠0,06%	000000001450-01-01-00001450.^[38]
Lagaš	0,05^[30]	6998400000000000000♠0,04%	-999999997600-01-01-00002400. p. n. e.^[30]
Sumer	0,05^[25]	6998400000000000000♠0,04%	-999999997600-01-01-00002400. p. n. e.^[25]
^ Najveće površine bivših kolonija nakon sticanja nezavisnosti bile su 9,98 miliona km² Kanade 1945. godine, Sjedinjenih Država 9,67 miliona km² 1899. i Australije 7,68 miliona km² 1945.^[10] ^ Mongolsko carstvo se na kraju podijelilo na četiri odvojena kanata: dinastiju Juan, Čagatajski kanat, Ilkanat i Zlatnu hordu. ^ Njena država nasljednica Sovjetski Savez i njena nasljednica Ruska Federacija dostigle su maksimalnu površinu od 22,3 miliona km² 1945. i 17,1 milion km² 1991.^[10] ^ Njena država nasljednica Republika Kina (1912–1949) i njena nasljednica, Narodna Republika Kina (od 1949), dostigle su maksimalnu površinu od 7,7 miliona km² 1912. i 9,7 miliona km² 1950.^[10] ^ ^a ^b Brazilsko carstvo je imalo veću površinu 1889. nego što je Portugalsko carstvo imalo 1820. godine, uprkos tome što je Brazil bio portugalska kolonija, Zbog toga što su portugalski doseljenici imali efektivnu kontrolu samo nad otprilike polovinom Brazila u vrijeme brazilske nezavisnosti 1822.^[10] ^ Privremena unija španske i portugalske krune prije maksimalnog teritorijalnog proširenja kolonijalnih posjeda jedne od njih.^[16] ^ Novija ponovna procjena istorijskih dokaza, kako arheoloških tako i tekstualnih, navela je moderne naučnike da dovode u pitanje prethodna shvatanja o opsjegu carstva Medijaca, pa čak i o njegovom postojanju kao jedinstvene države.^[22]

Hronologija najvećih carstava[uredi | uredi izvor]

Najranije carstvo za koje se smatra sa sigurnošću da je bilo veće od svih prethodnih carstava bilo je Carstvo Gornjeg i Donjeg Egipta, koje je pokrivalo deset puta veću površinu od prethodne najveće civilizacije oko 3000. godine prije nove ere.^[39]

Carstvo	Površina (milioni km²)	Godina
Carstvo Gornjeg i Donjeg Egipta	0,1^[25]	-999999997000-01-01-00003000. p. n. e.^[25]
Staro kraljevstvo Egipta	0,25^[25]	-999999997150-01-01-00002850. p. n. e.^[25]
Staro kraljevstvo Egipta	0,4^[25]	-999999997600-01-01-00002400. p. n. e.^[25]
Akadsko carstvo	0,65^[25]	-999999997700-01-01-00002300. p. n. e.^[25]
Akadsko carstvo	0,8^[25]	-999999997750-01-01-00002250. p. n. e.^[25]
Novo kraljevstvo Egipta	1,0^[25]	-999999998550-01-01-00001450. p. n. e.^[25]
Dinastija Šang	1,25^[25]	-999999998878-01-01-00001122. p. n. e.^[25]
Novoasirsko carstvo	1,4^[25]	-999999999330-01-01-0000670. p. n. e.^[25]
Medijansko carstvo^[a]	2,8^[12]	-999999999415-01-01-0000585. p. n. e.^[12]
Ahemenidsko carstvo	3,6^[12]	-999999999461-01-01-0000539. p. n. e.^[12]
Ahemenidsko carstvo	5,5^[12]	-999999999500-01-01-0000500. p. n. e.^[12]
Sjongnu	9,0^[12]	-999999999824-01-01-0000176. p. n. e.^[12]
Omejadski kalifat	11,1^[10]	000000000720-01-01-0000720.^[10]
Mongolsko carstvo	13,5^[10]	000000001227-01-01-00001227.^[10]
Mongolsko carstvo	24,0^[10]	000000001309-01-01-00001309.^[10]
Britanska imperija	24,5^[10]	000000001880-01-01-00001880.^[10]
Britanska imperija	35,5^[10]	000000001920-01-01-00001920.^[10]
^ Novija ponovna procjena istorijskih dokaza, kako arheoloških tako i tekstualnih, navela je moderne naučnike da dovode u pitanje prethodna shvatanja o opsjegu carstva Medijaca, pa čak i o njegovom postojanju kao jedinstvene države.^[22] Ako Medijansko carstvo nikada nije premašilo veličinu Neoasirskog carstva, ono je ostalo najveće carstvo koje je ikada postojalo sve dok ga Ahemenidsko carstvo nije nadmašilo.^[25]^[12]

Hronologija najvećih carstava po godinama[uredi | uredi izvor]

Carstvo	Površina (milioni km²)^[30]	Procijenjeni period^[30]
Carstvo Gornjeg i Donjeg Egipta	0,1	-999999997000-01-01-00003000. p. n. e.
Staro kraljevstvo Egipta	0,25–0,4	-999999997200-01-01-00002800. p. n. e. – -999999997600-01-01-00002400. p. n. e.
Akadsko carstvo	0,2–0,6	-999999997700-01-01-00002300. p. n. e. – -999999997800-01-01-00002200. p. n. e.
Civilizacija doline Inda	0,15	-999999997900-01-01-00002100. p. n. e.
Srednje kraljevstvo Egipta	0,2–0,5	-999999998000-01-01-00002000. p. n. e. – -999999998200-01-01-00001800. p. n. e.
Dinastija Sja	0,4	-999999998300-01-01-00001700. p. n. e.
Hiksi	0,65	-999999998400-01-01-00001600. p. n. e.
Novo kraljevstvo Egipta	0,65–1,0	-999999998500-01-01-00001500. p. n. e. – -999999998700-01-01-00001300. p. n. e.
Dinastija Šang	0,9–1,1	-999999998750-01-01-00001250. p. n. e. – -999999998850-01-01-00001150. p. n. e.
Novo kraljevstvo Egipta	0,5–0,6	-999999998900-01-01-00001100. p. n. e. – -999999998950-01-01-00001050. p. n. e.
Dinastija Džou	0,35–0,45	-999999999000-01-01-00001000. p. n. e. – -999999999100-01-01-0000900. p. n. e.
Novoasirsko carstvo	0,4–1,4	-999999999150-01-01-0000850. p. n. e. – -999999999350-01-01-0000650. p. n. e.
Medijansko carstvo^[a]	3,0	-999999999400-01-01-0000600. p. n. e.
Ahemenidsko carstvo	2,5–5,5	-999999999450-01-01-0000550. p. n. e. – -999999999650-01-01-0000350. p. n. e.
Makedonsko carstvo	5,2	-999999999677-01-01-0000323. p. n. e.
Seleukidsko carstvo	4,0	-999999999700-01-01-0000300. p. n. e.
Maurijsko carstvo	3,5	-999999999750-01-01-0000250. p. n. e.
Dinastija Han	2,5	-999999999800-01-01-0000200. p. n. e.
Carstvo Sjongnu	5,7	-999999999850-01-01-0000150. p. n. e.
Dinastija Han	4,2–6,5	-999999999900-01-01-0000100. p. n. e. – 000000000200-01-01-0000200.
Rimsko carstvo	4,4	000000000250-01-01-0000250.–000000000350-01-01-0000350.
Sasanidsko carstvo	3,5	000000000400-01-01-0000400.
Hunsko carstvo	4,0	000000000450-01-01-0000450.
Sasanidsko carstvo	3,5	000000000500-01-01-0000500.
Prvi turkijski kanat	3,0–5,2	000000000550-01-01-0000550.–000000000600-01-01-0000600.
Pravedni kalifat	5,2	000000000650-01-01-0000650.
Omejadski kalifat	9,0–11,0	000000000700-01-01-0000700.–000000000750-01-01-0000750.
Abasidski kalifat	8,3–11,0	000000000750-01-01-0000750.–000000000800-01-01-0000800.
Tibet	2,5–4,7	000000000850-01-01-0000850.–000000000950-01-01-0000950.
Dinastija Sung	3,0	000000001000-01-01-00001000.
Seldžučko carstvo	3,0–4,0	000000001050-01-01-00001050.–000000001100-01-01-00001100.
Tibet	2,5	000000001150-01-01-00001150.
Dinastija Đin (1115—1234)	2,3	000000001200-01-01-00001200.
Mongolsko carstvo	18,0–24,0	000000001250-01-01-00001250.–000000001300-01-01-00001300.
Dinastija Juan	11,0	000000001350-01-01-00001350.
Timuridsko carstvo	4,0	000000001400-01-01-00001400.
Dinastija Ming	4,7–6,5	000000001450-01-01-00001450.–000000001500-01-01-00001500.
Osmansko carstvo	4,3	000000001550-01-01-00001550.
Rusko carstvo	6,0–12,0	000000001600-01-01-00001600.–000000001700-01-01-00001700.
Ruska Imperija	14,0–17,0	000000001750-01-01-00001750.–000000001800-01-01-00001800.
Britanska imperija	23,0–34,0	000000001850-01-01-00001850.–000000001925-01-01-00001925.
Sovjetski Savez	22,5	000000001950-01-01-00001950.–000000001975-01-01-00001975.
^ Novija ponovna procjena istorijskih dokaza, kako arheoloških tako i tekstualnih, navela je moderne naučnike da dovode u pitanje prethodna shvatanja o opsjegu carstva Medijaca, pa čak i o njegovom postojanju kao jedinstvene države.^[22] Ako najveće carstvo 600. godine prije nove ere nije bilo Medijansko, onda je to bilo Kasni Egipat sa površinom od d 0,55 million km².

Najveća carstva po udjelu svjetske populacije[uredi | uredi izvor]

Zbog trenda povećanja svjetske populacije tokom vremena, smatra se da su apsolutne brojke stanovništva manje relevantne za poređenje između različitih carstava od njihovih odgovarajućih udjela u svjetskoj populaciji u to vrijeme.^[40] Veći deo vremena od otprilike 400. godine prije nove ere, kombinovani udio dva najmnogoljudnija carstva u svjetskoj populaciji bio je 30–40%. Većinu vremena, najmnogoljudnije carstvo se nalazilo u Kini.^[41]


Carstvo	Stanovništvo kao procenat od svjetske populacije^[42]	Godina^[42]
Dinastija Ćing	37	000000001800-01-01-00001800.
Sjeverna Dinastija Sung	33	000000001100-01-01-00001100.
Zapadna Dinastija Han	32	000000000001-01-01-00001.
Mongolsko carstvo	31	000000001290-01-01-00001290.
Rimsko carstvo	30	000000000150-01-01-0000150.
Dinastija Đin (265–420)	28	000000000280-01-01-0000280.
Dinastija Ming	28	000000001600-01-01-00001600.
Dinastija Ćin	24	-999999999780-01-01-0000220. p. n. e.
Mogulsko carstvo	24	000000001700-01-01-00001700.
Dinastija Tang	23	000000000900-01-01-0000900.
Delhijski sultanat	23	000000001350-01-01-00001350.
Britanska imperija	23	000000001938-01-01-00001938.
Japansko carstvo	20	000000001943-01-01-00001943.
Maurijsko carstvo	19	-999999999750-01-01-0000250. p. n. e.
Raniji Ćin	19	000000000376-01-01-0000376.
Sjeverni Žu	16	000000000580-01-01-0000580.
Makedonsko carstvo	15	-999999999677-01-01-0000323. p. n. e.
Carstvo Harša	15	000000000647-01-01-0000647.
Gupta carstvo	13	000000000450-01-01-0000450.
Sjeverni Vej	13	000000000500-01-01-0000500.
Omejadski kalifat	13	000000000750-01-01-0000750.
Ahemenidsko carstvo	12	-999999999550-01-01-0000450. p. n. e.
Raniji Jan	12	000000000366-01-01-0000366.
Dinastija Đin (1115—1234)	12	000000001200-01-01-00001200.
Nacistička Njemačka	12	000000001943-01-01-00001943.

Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]

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^ ^a ^b ^v ^g ^d ^đ Soldaten-Atlas (Tornisterschrift des Oberkommandos der Wehrmacht, Heft 39). Leipzig: Bibliographisches Institut. 1941. str. 8, 32.
^ ^a ^b Ashworth, Philip Arthur; and, others (1911). „Germany”. Ur.: Chisholm, Hugh. Encyclopædia Britannica (na jeziku: engleski). 11 (11 izd.). Cambridge University Press. str. 804–828.
^ ^a ^b Korchmina, Elena; Sharp, Paul (jun 2020). „Denmark and Russia: What can we learn from the historical comparison of two great Arctic agricultural empires?” (PDF). European Historical Economics Society. str. 3. Arhivirano (PDF) iz originala 8. 7. 2020. g. Pristupljeno 13. 9. 2023. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
^ ^a ^b ^v Waters, Matthew (2005). Lanfranchi, Giovanni B.; Roaf, Michael; Rollinger, Robert, ur. „Media and Its Discontents”. Journal of the American Oriental Society. 125 (4): 517—533. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 20064424.
^ ^a ^b Townsend, Mary Evelyn; Peake, Cyrus Henderson (1941). European Colonial Expansion Since 1871. J.B. Lippincott. str. 19. Arhivirano iz originala 19. 7. 2020. g. Pristupljeno 13. 9. 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^v ^g Turchin, Peter (2009). „A theory for formation of large empires” (PDF). Journal of Global History. 4 (2): 202. ISSN 1740-0228. S2CID 73597670. doi:10.1017/S174002280900312X. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 31. 1. 2020. g. Pristupljeno 13. 9. 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^v ^g ^d ^đ ^e ^ž ^z ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^lj ^m ⁿ ^nj ^o ^p ^r ^s ^t ^ć ^u ^f ^h ^c ^č ^dž ^š ^aa ^ab ^av ^ag ^ad ^ađ ^ae ^až ^az ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^alj ^am ^an ^anj ^ao ^ap ^ar ^as ^at ^ać ^au ^af ^ah ^ac ^ač ^adž ^aš ^ba ^bb ^bv ^bg ^bd ^bđ ^be ^bž ^bz ^bi ^bj Taagepera, Rein (1978). „Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 3000 to 600 B.C.” (PDF). Social Science Research. 7 (2): 182—189. ISSN 0049-089X. doi:10.1016/0049-089x(78)90010-8. Arhivirano (PDF) iz originala 7. 7. 2020. g. Pristupljeno 13. 9. 2023.
^ ^a ^b Hughes, William (1873). A Class-book of Modern Geography: With Examination Questions. G. Philip & Son. str. 175. Arhivirano iz originala 26. 8. 2020. g. Pristupljeno 13. 9. 2023.
^ ^a ^b Sundberg, Ulf (2018). Swedish defensive fortress warfare in the Great Northern War 1702-1710 (PDF). Åbo: Åbo Akademis förlag. str. 26. ISBN 978-951-765-897-3. OCLC 1113941754. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 3. 7. 2020. g.
^ ^a ^b Cornell, James (1978). Lost Lands and Forgotten People. Sterling Publishing Company. str. 24. ISBN 978-0-8069-3926-1.
^ ^a ^b Briliant, Oscar; and, others (1911). „Austria-Hungary”. Ur.: Chisholm, Hugh. Encyclopædia Britannica (na jeziku: engleski). 03 (11 izd.). Cambridge University Press. str. 2–39.
^ ^a ^b ^v ^g ^d ^đ ^e ^ž Taagepera, Rein (1978). „Size and duration of empires: Systematics of size” (PDF). Social Science Research. 7 (2): 116—117. ISSN 0049-089X. doi:10.1016/0049-089X(78)90007-8. Arhivirano (PDF) iz originala 7. 7. 2020. g. Pristupljeno 13. 9. 2023.
^ ^a ^b Singh, Amarpal (15. 8. 2010). The First Anglo-Sikh War. Amberley Publishing Limited. ISBN 978-1-4456-2038-1.
^ ^a ^b Rashev, Rasho (2008). Bъlgarskata ezičeska kultura VII -IX v./Bulgarian Pagan Culture VII – IX ctr. 38 (na jeziku: bugarski). Klasika i stil. ISBN 9789543270392. |access-date= zahteva |url= (pomoć)
^ ^a ^b Wesseling, H. L. (23. 10. 2015). The European Colonial Empires: 1815-1919. Routledge. str. 93. ISBN 978-1-317-89507-7. Arhivirano iz originala 8. 7. 2020. g. Pristupljeno 13. 9. 2023.
^ ^a ^b Iliffe, John (25. 8. 1995). Africans: The History of a Continent. Cambridge University Press. str. 143. ISBN 978-0-521-48422-0.
^ ^a ^b Gluckman, Max (1960). „The Rise of a Zulu Empire”. Scientific American. 202 (4): 162. Bibcode:1960SciAm.202d.157G. ISSN 0036-8733. JSTOR 24940454. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0460-157. Pristupljeno 13. 9. 2023.
^ ^a ^b Thornton, John (28. 4. 1998). Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400-1800. Cambridge University Press. str. 104. ISBN 978-0-521-62724-5. Pristupljeno 13. 9. 2023.
^ ^a ^b Hughes, William; Williams, J. Francon (1892). A Class-book of Modern Geography: With Examination Questions, Notes, & Index. G. Philip & son. str. 281. Arhivirano iz originala 30. 5. 2021. g.
^ ^a ^b Blanford, Adam Jared (2014). Rethinking Tarascan Political and Spatial Organization (PDF) (PhD thesis). University of Colorado Boulder. str. 6. S2CID 147339315. Arhivirano iz originala 13. 2. 2020. g. Pristupljeno 13. 9. 2023.
^ Taagepera, Rein (1997). „Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia” (PDF). International Studies Quarterly. 41 (3): 480. ISSN 0020-8833. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053. Arhivirano (PDF) iz originala 7. 7. 2020. g. Pristupljeno 13. 9. 2023.
^ Scheidel, Walter (2020). „The Scale of Empire: Territory, Population, Distribution”. Ur.: Bang, Peter Fibiger; Bayly, C. A.; Scheidel, Walter. The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume One: The Imperial Experience. Oxford University Press. str. 102. ISBN 978-0-19-977311-4.
^ Myrdal, Janken (2013). „Empire: The comparative study of imperialism”. Ur.: Hornborg, Alf; Clark, Brett; Hermele, Kenneth. Ecology and Power: Struggles over Land and Material Resources in the Past, Present and Future. Routledge. str. 43. ISBN 978-1-136-33529-7.
^ ^a ^b Scheidel, Walter (2020). „The Scale of Empire: Territory, Population, Distribution”. Ur.: Bang, Peter Fibiger; Bayly, C. A.; Scheidel, Walter. The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume One: The Imperial Experience. Oxford University Press. str. 103. ISBN 978-0-19-977311-4.

Spoljašnje veze[uredi | uredi izvor]

Neka od najvećih carstava na sajtu britannica.com

[11] Najveće površine bivših kolonija nakon sticanja nezavisnosti bile su 9,98 miliona km² Kanade 1945. godine, Sjedinjenih Država 9,67 miliona km² 1899. i Australije 7,68 miliona km² 1945.^[10]

[12] Mongolsko carstvo se na kraju podijelilo na četiri odvojena kanata: dinastiju Juan, Čagatajski kanat, Ilkanat i Zlatnu hordu.

[14] Njena država nasljednica Sovjetski Savez i njena nasljednica Ruska Federacija dostigle su maksimalnu površinu od 22,3 miliona km² 1945. i 17,1 milion km² 1991.^[10]

[15] Njena država nasljednica Republika Kina (1912–1949) i njena nasljednica, Narodna Republika Kina (od 1949), dostigle su maksimalnu površinu od 7,7 miliona km² 1912. i 9,7 miliona km² 1950.^[10]

[PortugalVsBrazil-17] Brazilsko carstvo je imalo veću površinu 1889. nego što je Portugalsko carstvo imalo 1820. godine, uprkos tome što je Brazil bio portugalska kolonija, Zbog toga što su portugalski doseljenici imali efektivnu kontrolu samo nad otprilike polovinom Brazila u vrijeme brazilske nezavisnosti 1822.^[10]

[22] Privremena unija španske i portugalske krune prije maksimalnog teritorijalnog proširenja kolonijalnih posjeda jedne od njih.^[16]

[29] Novija ponovna procjena istorijskih dokaza, kako arheoloških tako i tekstualnih, navela je moderne naučnike da dovode u pitanje prethodna shvatanja o opsjegu carstva Medijaca, pa čak i o njegovom postojanju kao jedinstvene države.^[22]

[47] Novija ponovna procjena istorijskih dokaza, kako arheoloških tako i tekstualnih, navela je moderne naučnike da dovode u pitanje prethodna shvatanja o opsjegu carstva Medijaca, pa čak i o njegovom postojanju kao jedinstvene države.^[22] Ako Medijansko carstvo nikada nije premašilo veličinu Neoasirskog carstva, ono je ostalo najveće carstvo koje je ikada postojalo sve dok ga Ahemenidsko carstvo nije nadmašilo.^[25]^[12]

[48] Novija ponovna procjena istorijskih dokaza, kako arheoloških tako i tekstualnih, navela je moderne naučnike da dovode u pitanje prethodna shvatanja o opsjegu carstva Medijaca, pa čak i o njegovom postojanju kao jedinstvene države.^[22] Ako najveće carstvo 600. godine prije nove ere nije bilo Medijansko, onda je to bilo Kasni Egipat sa površinom od d 0,55 million km².

[1] Taagepera, Rein (1978). „Size and duration of empires: Systematics of size” (PDF). Social Science Research. 7 (2): 111. ISSN 0049-089X. doi:10.1016/0049-089X(78)90007-8. Arhivirano (PDF) iz originala 7. 7. 2020. g. Pristupljeno 13. 9. 2023.

[2] Taagepera, Rein (1978). „Size and duration of empires: Systematics of size” (PDF). Social Science Research. 7 (2): 108—127. ISSN 0049-089X. doi:10.1016/0049-089X(78)90007-8. Arhivirano (PDF) iz originala 7. 7. 2020. g. Pristupljeno 13. 9. 2023.

[3] Taagepera, Rein (1978). „Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 3000 to 600 B.C.” (PDF). Social Science Research. 7 (2): 180—196. ISSN 0049-089X. doi:10.1016/0049-089x(78)90010-8. Arhivirano (PDF) iz originala 7. 7. 2020. g. Pristupljeno 13. 9. 2023.

[4] Taagepera, Rein (1979). „Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.”. Social Science History. 3 (3/4): 115—138. JSTOR 1170959. doi:10.2307/1170959. |access-date= zahteva |url= (pomoć)

[5] Taagepera, Rein (septembar 1997). „Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia” (PDF). International Studies Quarterly. 41 (3): 475—504. JSTOR 2600793. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053. Arhivirano (PDF) iz originala 7. 7. 2020. g. Pristupljeno 13. 9. 2023. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)

[6] Taagepera, Rein (1979). „Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.”. Social Science History. 3 (3/4): 117. JSTOR 1170959. doi:10.2307/1170959. |access-date= zahteva |url= (pomoć)

[7] „World”, The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 18. 7. 2022, Arhivirano iz originala 20. 6. 2022. g., Pristupljeno 13. 9. 2023

[8] „Kako bi izgledala Britanska imperija kada bi danas postojala”. opusteno.rs. Pristupljeno 13. 9. 2023.

[9] Magdoff, Harry (1979). Imperialism: From the Colonial Age to the Present. NYU Press. str. 29. ISBN 978-0-85345-498-4. Arhivirano iz originala 19. 7. 2020. g. Pristupljeno 13. 9. 2023.

[Taagepera1997-10] v ^g ^d ^đ ^e ^ž ^z ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^lj ^m ⁿ ^nj ^o ^p ^r ^s ^t ^ć ^u ^f ^h ^c ^č ^dž ^š ^aa ^ab ^av ^ag ^ad ^ađ ^ae ^až ^az ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^alj ^am ^an ^anj ^ao ^ap ^ar ^as ^at ^ać ^au ^af ^ah ^ac ^ač ^adž ^aš ^ba ^bb ^bv ^bg ^bd ^bđ ^be ^bž ^bz ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^blj ^bm ^bn ^bnj ^bo ^bp ^br ^bs ^bt ^bć ^bu ^bf ^bh ^bc ^bč ^bdž ^bš ^va ^vb ^vv ^vg ^vd ^vđ ^ve ^vž ^vz ^vi ^vj ^vk ^vl ^vlj ^vm ^vn ^vnj ^vo ^vp ^vr ^vs ^vt ^vć ^vu ^vf ^vh ^vc ^vč ^vdž ^vš ^ga ^gb ^gv ^gg ^gd ^gđ ^ge ^gž ^gz ^gi ^gj ^gk Taagepera, Rein (septembar 1997). „Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia” (PDF). International Studies Quarterly. 41 (3): 492—502. JSTOR 2600793. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053. Arhivirano (PDF) iz originala 7. 7. 2020. g. Pristupljeno 13. 9. 2023. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)

[Turchin2006-13] v ^g ^d ^đ ^e ^ž ^z ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^lj ^m ⁿ ^nj ^o ^p ^r ^s ^t ^ć ^u ^f ^h ^c ^č ^dž ^š ^aa ^ab ^av ^ag ^ad ^ađ ^ae ^až ^az ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^alj ^am ^an ^anj ^ao ^ap ^ar ^as ^at ^ać ^au ^af ^ah ^ac ^ač ^adž ^aš ^ba ^bb ^bv ^bg ^bd ^bđ ^be ^bž ^bz ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^blj ^bm ^bn ^bnj ^bo ^bp ^br ^bs ^bt ^bć ^bu ^bf ^bh ^bc ^bč ^bdž ^bš ^va ^vb ^vv ^vg ^vd ^vđ ^ve ^vž ^vz ^vi ^vj ^vk ^vl ^vlj ^vm ^vn ^vnj ^vo ^vp ^vr ^vs ^vt ^vć ^vu ^vf ^vh ^vc ^vč ^vdž ^vš Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (decembar 2006). „East-West Orientation of Historical Empires” (PDF). Journal of World-Systems Research. 12 (2): 222—223. ISSN 1076-156X. Arhivirano (PDF) iz originala 7. 7. 2020. g. Pristupljeno 13. 9. 2023. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)

[Taagepera1979-16] v ^g ^d ^đ ^e ^ž ^z ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^lj ^m ⁿ ^nj ^o ^p ^r ^s ^t ^ć ^u ^f ^h ^c ^č ^dž ^š ^aa ^ab ^av ^ag ^ad ^ađ ^ae ^až ^az ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^alj ^am ^an ^anj ^ao ^ap ^ar ^as ^at ^ać ^au ^af ^ah ^ac ^ač ^adž ^aš ^ba ^bb ^bv ^bg ^bd ^bđ ^be ^bž ^bz ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^blj ^bm ^bn ^bnj ^bo ^bp ^br ^bs ^bt ^bć ^bu ^bf ^bh ^bc ^bč ^bdž ^bš ^va ^vb ^vv ^vg ^vd ^vđ ^ve ^vž ^vz ^vi ^vj ^vk ^vl ^vlj ^vm ^vn ^vnj ^vo ^vp ^vr ^vs ^vt ^vć ^vu ^vf ^vh ^vc ^vč Taagepera, Rein (1979). „Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.”. Social Science History. 3 (3/4): 121—122, 124—129, 132—133. JSTOR 1170959. doi:10.2307/1170959. |access-date= zahteva |url= (pomoć)

[IBGE-18] „Área Territorial Brasileira”. www.ibge.gov.br (na jeziku: portugalski). Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Arhivirano iz originala 23. 10. 2016. g. Pristupljeno 13. 9. 2023.

[Conrad-19] Conrad, Sebastian (2014). „The Dialectics of Remembrance: Memories of Empire in Cold War Japan” (PDF). Comparative Studies in Society and History. 56 (1): 8. ISSN 0010-4175. JSTOR 43908281. S2CID 146284542. doi:10.1017/S0010417513000601. Arhivirano (PDF) iz originala 8. 7. 2020. g. Pristupljeno 13. 9. 2023.

[JapaneseEmpire-20] James, David H. (1. 11. 2010). The Rise and Fall of the Japanese Empire. Routledge. ISBN 9781136925467. Arhivirano iz originala 6. 7. 2019. g. Pristupljeno 13. 9. 2023.

[21] R. de Oliveira Marques, António Henrique (1972). History of Portugal. str. 322.

[OxfordArea-23] v ^g ^d ^đ ^e ^ž ^z ⁱ Bang, Peter Fibiger; Bayly, C. A.; Scheidel, Walter (2. 12. 2020). The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume One: The Imperial Experience. Oxford University Press. str. 92—94. ISBN 978-0-19-977311-4. Pristupljeno 13. 9. 2023.

[rodr-24] Rodríguez, Jaime; Vincent, Kathryn (1997). „The Colonization and Loss of Texas: A Mexican Perspective”. Myths, Misdeeds and Misunderstandings: The Roots of Conflict in US-Mexican Relations (First izd.). Wilmington, DE, USA: Scholarly Resources Inc. str. 47. ISBN 0-8420-2662-2. Arhivirano iz originala 15. 6. 2020. g. Pristupljeno 13. 9. 2023.

[SoldatenAtlas-25] v ^g ^d ^đ Soldaten-Atlas (Tornisterschrift des Oberkommandos der Wehrmacht, Heft 39). Leipzig: Bibliographisches Institut. 1941. str. 8, 32.

[BritannicaGermany-26] Ashworth, Philip Arthur; and, others (1911). „Germany”. Ur.: Chisholm, Hugh. Encyclopædia Britannica (na jeziku: engleski). 11 (11 izd.). Cambridge University Press. str. 804–828.

[Danish-27] Korchmina, Elena; Sharp, Paul (jun 2020). „Denmark and Russia: What can we learn from the historical comparison of two great Arctic agricultural empires?” (PDF). European Historical Economics Society. str. 3. Arhivirano (PDF) iz originala 8. 7. 2020. g. Pristupljeno 13. 9. 2023. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)

[MediaAndItsDiscontents-28] v Waters, Matthew (2005). Lanfranchi, Giovanni B.; Roaf, Michael; Rollinger, Robert, ur. „Media and Its Discontents”. Journal of the American Oriental Society. 125 (4): 517—533. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 20064424.

[Townsend-30] Townsend, Mary Evelyn; Peake, Cyrus Henderson (1941). European Colonial Expansion Since 1871. J.B. Lippincott. str. 19. Arhivirano iz originala 19. 7. 2020. g. Pristupljeno 13. 9. 2023.

[Turchin2009-31] v ^g Turchin, Peter (2009). „A theory for formation of large empires” (PDF). Journal of Global History. 4 (2): 202. ISSN 1740-0228. S2CID 73597670. doi:10.1017/S174002280900312X. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 31. 1. 2020. g. Pristupljeno 13. 9. 2023.

[Taagepera1978-32] v ^g ^d ^đ ^e ^ž ^z ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^lj ^m ⁿ ^nj ^o ^p ^r ^s ^t ^ć ^u ^f ^h ^c ^č ^dž ^š ^aa ^ab ^av ^ag ^ad ^ađ ^ae ^až ^az ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^alj ^am ^an ^anj ^ao ^ap ^ar ^as ^at ^ać ^au ^af ^ah ^ac ^ač ^adž ^aš ^ba ^bb ^bv ^bg ^bd ^bđ ^be ^bž ^bz ^bi ^bj Taagepera, Rein (1978). „Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 3000 to 600 B.C.” (PDF). Social Science Research. 7 (2): 182—189. ISSN 0049-089X. doi:10.1016/0049-089x(78)90010-8. Arhivirano (PDF) iz originala 7. 7. 2020. g. Pristupljeno 13. 9. 2023.

[Hughes1873-33] Hughes, William (1873). A Class-book of Modern Geography: With Examination Questions. G. Philip & Son. str. 175. Arhivirano iz originala 26. 8. 2020. g. Pristupljeno 13. 9. 2023.

[Sundberg-34] Sundberg, Ulf (2018). Swedish defensive fortress warfare in the Great Northern War 1702-1710 (PDF). Åbo: Åbo Akademis förlag. str. 26. ISBN 978-951-765-897-3. OCLC 1113941754. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 3. 7. 2020. g.

[Rozvi-35] Cornell, James (1978). Lost Lands and Forgotten People. Sterling Publishing Company. str. 24. ISBN 978-0-8069-3926-1.

[BritannicaAustriaHungary-36] Briliant, Oscar; and, others (1911). „Austria-Hungary”. Ur.: Chisholm, Hugh. Encyclopædia Britannica (na jeziku: engleski). 03 (11 izd.). Cambridge University Press. str. 2–39.

[Taagepera1978a-37] v ^g ^d ^đ ^e ^ž Taagepera, Rein (1978). „Size and duration of empires: Systematics of size” (PDF). Social Science Research. 7 (2): 116—117. ISSN 0049-089X. doi:10.1016/0049-089X(78)90007-8. Arhivirano (PDF) iz originala 7. 7. 2020. g. Pristupljeno 13. 9. 2023.

[Sikh-38] Singh, Amarpal (15. 8. 2010). The First Anglo-Sikh War. Amberley Publishing Limited. ISBN 978-1-4456-2038-1.

[Класика_и_стил-39] Rashev, Rasho (2008). Bъlgarskata ezičeska kultura VII -IX v./Bulgarian Pagan Culture VII – IX ctr. 38 (na jeziku: bugarski). Klasika i stil. ISBN 9789543270392. |access-date= zahteva |url= (pomoć)

[Sokoto-40] Wesseling, H. L. (23. 10. 2015). The European Colonial Empires: 1815-1919. Routledge. str. 93. ISBN 978-1-317-89507-7. Arhivirano iz originala 8. 7. 2020. g. Pristupljeno 13. 9. 2023.

[IlliffeAsante-41] Iliffe, John (25. 8. 1995). Africans: The History of a Continent. Cambridge University Press. str. 143. ISBN 978-0-521-48422-0.

[Zulu-42] Gluckman, Max (1960). „The Rise of a Zulu Empire”. Scientific American. 202 (4): 162. Bibcode:1960SciAm.202d.157G. ISSN 0036-8733. JSTOR 24940454. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0460-157. Pristupljeno 13. 9. 2023.

[Oyo-43] Thornton, John (28. 4. 1998). Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400-1800. Cambridge University Press. str. 104. ISBN 978-0-521-62724-5. Pristupljeno 13. 9. 2023.

[Bornu-44] Hughes, William; Williams, J. Francon (1892). A Class-book of Modern Geography: With Examination Questions, Notes, & Index. G. Philip & son. str. 281. Arhivirano iz originala 30. 5. 2021. g.

[Tarascan-45] Blanford, Adam Jared (2014). Rethinking Tarascan Political and Spatial Organization (PDF) (PhD thesis). University of Colorado Boulder. str. 6. S2CID 147339315. Arhivirano iz originala 13. 2. 2020. g. Pristupljeno 13. 9. 2023.

[46] Taagepera, Rein (1997). „Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia” (PDF). International Studies Quarterly. 41 (3): 480. ISSN 0020-8833. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053. Arhivirano (PDF) iz originala 7. 7. 2020. g. Pristupljeno 13. 9. 2023.

[49] Scheidel, Walter (2020). „The Scale of Empire: Territory, Population, Distribution”. Ur.: Bang, Peter Fibiger; Bayly, C. A.; Scheidel, Walter. The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume One: The Imperial Experience. Oxford University Press. str. 102. ISBN 978-0-19-977311-4.

[50] Myrdal, Janken (2013). „Empire: The comparative study of imperialism”. Ur.: Hornborg, Alf; Clark, Brett; Hermele, Kenneth. Ecology and Power: Struggles over Land and Material Resources in the Past, Present and Future. Routledge. str. 43. ISBN 978-1-136-33529-7.

[OxfordPopulation-51] Scheidel, Walter (2020). „The Scale of Empire: Territory, Population, Distribution”. Ur.: Bang, Peter Fibiger; Bayly, C. A.; Scheidel, Walter. The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume One: The Imperial Experience. Oxford University Press. str. 103. ISBN 978-0-19-977311-4.

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