Feničansko pismo

Feničansko pismo
Feničansko pismo;
Tip	Abdžad
Jezici	Feničanski, Punski
Vremenski period	oko 1200–150. p. n. e.
Porodica	egipatski hijeroglifi protosinajski feničansko pismo; ;
Dečiji sistem	Aramejski alfabet; Grčki alfabet; Libijsko-berberski alfabet; Paleohebrejski alfabet; Paleošpanski alfabeti
Sestrinski sistem	Drevno južno arabijsko pismo
Pravac	zdesna nalevo
ISO 15924	Phnx, 115
Unikod naziv	Phoenician
Unikod	U+10900–U+1091F
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Feničansko ili feničko pismo, bilo je pismo kojim su se služili stari Feničani i nastalo je krajem drugog milenijuma pre nove ere. To je alfabet abdžadskog^[4] tipa, koji se sastoji od samo 22 suglasnička slova, ostavljajući implicitne samoglasnike, mada izvesni kasni varijeteti koriste matres lectionis za deo samoglasnika. On je korišćen za pisanje feničanskih, severno semitskih jezika, koje seu koristile antičke civilizacije Fenikije u današnjoj Siriji, Libanu, i severnom Izraelu.^[5] Na osnovu ovog pisma nastalo je grčko, aramejsko, hebrejsko i arapsko pismo.

Fenićanski alfabet je izveden iz egipatskih hijeroglifa.^[6] On je postao jedan od najšire korišćenih sistema pisanja, koji su fenićanski trgovci raširili po mediteranskom svetu, gde su ga adaptirale i modifikovale mnoge druge kulture. Paleohebrejski alfabet je lokalna varijanta fenićanskog,^[7] kao što je i aramejski alfabet, prethodnik modernog arapskog. Sovremeno hebrejsko pismo je stilska varijanta aramejskog. Grčki alfabet (sa svojim potomcima latinskim, ćiriličnim, runskim, i koptskim pismom) isto tako je izveden iz fenićanskog alfabeta.

Feničansko pismo je pronađeno na većem broju arheoloških nalazišta na Mediteranu gde su Feničani imali svoje kolonije, kao u Biblosu (Liban) i Kartagini (Tunis). Prvobitno, sva slova su bila urezivana u kamen, većina ih je bila poprečna i uspravna, kao i oznake u runama. Feničani su pisali zdesna nalevo, ali ponekad i sleva nadesno kao i u baustrofedonu, gde su redovi teksta naizmenično pisani zdesna nalevo i sleva nadesno. Neka slova su pisana na različite načine, kao npr. slovo tav koje se pisalo kao „+“ ali i kao „h“.

Pismo[uredi | uredi izvor]

Znak	Unicode	Ime	Značenje	Transliteracija	Odgovarajući znak u
Znak	Unicode	Ime	Značenje	Transliteracija	hebrejskom	arapskom	grčkom	latinici	ćirilici
	𐤀	ʼāleph	vo	ʼ	א	ﺍ	Α, α	A, a	A, a
	𐤁	bēth	kuća	b	ב	ﺏ	Β, β	B, b	B, b, V, v
	𐤂	gīmel	kamila	g	ג	ﺝ	Γ, γ	C, c, G, g	G, g
	𐤃	dāleth	vrata	d	ד	ﺩ، ذ	Δ, δ	D, d	D, d
	𐤄	hē	prozor	h	ה	ﮬ	Ε, ε	E, e	E, e, Є, є
	𐤅	wāw	udica	w	ו	ﻭ	(Ϝ, ϝ), Υ, υ	F, f, U, u, V, v, W, w, Y, y	U, u
	𐤆	zayin	oružje	z	ז	ﺯ	Ζ, ζ	Z, z	Z, z
	𐤇	ḥēth	ograda	ḥ	ח	ﺡ، خ	Η, η	H, h	I, i, Й, й
	𐤈	ṭēth	kolo	ṭ	ט	ﻁ، ظ	Θ, θ
	𐤉	yōdh	ruka	y	י	ﻱ، ى	Ι, ι	I, i, J, j	І, і, Ї, ї, J, j
	𐤊	kaph	dlan	k	כ	ﻙ	Κ, κ	K, k	K, k
	𐤋	lāmedh	palica	l	ל	ﻝ	Λ, λ	L, l	L, l
	𐤌	mēm	voda	m	מ	ﻡ	Μ, μ	M, m	M, m
	𐤍	nun	riba	n	נ	ﻥ	Ν, ν	N, n	N, n
	𐤎	sāmekh	stepenik	s	ס		Ξ,ξ, Χ, χ	X, x	H, h
	𐤏	ʼayin	oko	ʼ	ע	ﻉ، غ	Ο, ο	O, o	O, o
	𐤐	pē	usta	p	פ	ﻑ	Π, π	P, p	P, p
	𐤑	ṣādē	papirus (biljka)	ṣ	צ	ﺹ، ض	(Ϡ, ϡ)		C, c, Č, č
	𐤒	qōph	igleno uho	q	ק	ﻕ	(Ϙ, ϙ)	Q, q
	𐤓	rēš	glava	r	ר	ﺭ	Ρ, ρ	R, r	R, r
	𐤔	šin	zub	š	ש	س، ش	Σ, (ϲ), σ, ς	S, s	S, s, Š, š
	𐤕	tāw	znak	t	ת	ﺕ، ث	Τ, τ	T, t	T, t

Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]

^ Earliest attestation in the Bronze Age collapse period, classical form from about 1050 BC; gradually died out during the Hellenistic period as its evolved forms replaced it; obsolete with the destruction of Carthage in 149 BC.
^ The date of 1050 BC is conventional, the oldest known inscriptions are from the 10th century BC; the predecessor scripts used in the Syro-Hittite kingdoms of the 13th to 12th centuries BC is classified as "Proto-Canaanite". Greek travellers shared their alphabet with the people living there who made a new mix of the Greek alphabet, which the Greeks adopted. Use of the Phoenician script declined during the Hellenistic period as its evolved forms replaced it; it became obsolete with the destruction of Carthage in 149 BC.
^ Himelfarb, Elizabeth J. "First Alphabet Found in Egypt", Archaeology 53, Issue 1 (Jan./Feb. 2000): 21.
^ Fischer 2004, str. 90
^ „Phoenicia”. Ancient History Encyclopedia. Pristupljeno 12. 11. 2018.
^ Michael C. Howard (2012). Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies. P. 23.
^ Kratz 2015, str. 64

Literatura[uredi | uredi izvor]

Kratz, Reinhard G. (2015). Historical and Biblical Israel: The History, Tradition, and Archives of Israel and Judah. Oxford: Oxford University Press. str. 64. ISBN 978-0-19-104448-9. „[...] scribes wrote in Paleo-Hebrew, a local variant of the Phoenician alphabetic script [...]”
Fischer, Steven Roger (2004). A history of writing. Reaktion Books.
Markoe, Glenn E. (2000). Phoenicians. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-22613-5.
Ancient Hebrew and Aramaic on Coins, reading and transliterating Proto-Hebrew, online edition. (Judaea Coin Archive)
Jean-Pierre Thiollet, Je m'appelle Byblos, H & D, Paris, 2005. ISBN 2-914266-04-9
Maria Eugenia Aubet, The Phoenicians and the West Second Edition, Cambridge University Press, London, 2001.
Daniels, Peter T., et al. eds. The World's Writing Systems Oxford. (1996).
Jensen, Hans, Sign, Symbol, and Script, G.P. Putman's Sons, New York, 1969.
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Hock, Hans H. and Joseph, Brian D., Language History, Language Change, and Language Relationship, Mouton de Gruyter, New York, 1996.
"Alphabet, Hebrew". Encyclopaedia Judaica (CD-ROM Edition Version 1.0). Ed. Cecil Roth. Keter Publishing House. ISBN 965-07-0665-8
Feldman, Rachel (2010). „Most ancient Hebrew biblical inscription deciphered”. Arhivirano iz originala 7. 6. 2011. g. Pristupljeno 15. 6. 2011. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
Shanks, Hershel (2010). „Oldest Hebrew Inscription Discovered in Israelite Fort on Philistine Border”. Biblical Archaeology Review. 36 (2): 51—6. Arhivirano iz originala 2012-02-29. g. Pristupljeno 2020-07-18.
Albright, William F. (1966). The Proto-Sinaitic Inscriptions and their Decipherment.
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Colless, Brian E (2010). „Proto-alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi Arabah”. Antiguo Oriente. 8: 75—96.
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Stefan Jakob Wimmer / Samaher Wimmer-Dweikat: The Alphabet from Wadi el-Hôl – A First Try, in: Göttinger Miszellen. Beiträge zur ägyptologischen Diskussion, Heft 180, Göttingen 2001, p. 107–111
Darnell, John Coleman; Dobbs-Allsopp, F. W.; Lundberg, Marilyn J.; McCarter, P. Kyle; Zuckerman, Bruce (2005). „Two Early Alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi el-Hôl”. The Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 59: 63, 65, 67—71, 73—113, 115—124. JSTOR 3768583.
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Spoljašnje veze[uredi | uredi izvor]

Ancient Scripts.com (Phoenician)
Omniglot.com (Phoenician alphabet)
official Unicode standards document for Phoenician (PDF file)
Free-Libre GPL2 Licensed Unicode Phoenician Font
GNU FreeFont Unicode font family with Phoenician range in its serif face.
Phönizisch TTF-Font.
Paleo-Hebrew Abjad font—also allows writing in Phoenician (the current version of the font is 1.1.0)

[1] Earliest attestation in the Bronze Age collapse period, classical form from about 1050 BC; gradually died out during the Hellenistic period as its evolved forms replaced it; obsolete with the destruction of Carthage in 149 BC.

[2] The date of 1050 BC is conventional, the oldest known inscriptions are from the 10th century BC; the predecessor scripts used in the Syro-Hittite kingdoms of the 13th to 12th centuries BC is classified as "Proto-Canaanite". Greek travellers shared their alphabet with the people living there who made a new mix of the Greek alphabet, which the Greeks adopted. Use of the Phoenician script declined during the Hellenistic period as its evolved forms replaced it; it became obsolete with the destruction of Carthage in 149 BC.

[3] Himelfarb, Elizabeth J. "First Alphabet Found in Egypt", Archaeology 53, Issue 1 (Jan./Feb. 2000): 21.

[4] Fischer 2004, str. 90

[5] „Phoenicia”. Ancient History Encyclopedia. Pristupljeno 12. 11. 2018.

[6] Michael C. Howard (2012). Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies. P. 23.

[Kratz2015-7] Kratz 2015, str. 64

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