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[[File:Italian olive oil 2007.jpg|thumb|upright|Boca [[olive oil|maslinovog ulja]] koje se koristi kao sastojak hrane]]
#Преусмери [[Уље (вишезначна одредница)]]
{{rut}}
'''Ulje''' je svaka [[polarity (chemistry)|nepolarna]] [[hemijska supstanca]] koja je [[viscosity|viskosyna]] [[liquid|tečnost]] na sobnoj temperaturi i koja je [[hydrophobe|hydrofobna]] (ne meša se sa [[water|vodom]], doslovno „strah od vode”) i [[lipophilicity|lipofilna]] (meša se sa drugim uljima, doslovno „voli mast”). Ulja imaju visok sadržaj ugljenika i vodonika i obično su zapaljiva i [[surfactant|površinski aktivna]].

The general definition of oil includes classes of chemical compounds that may be otherwise unrelated in structure, properties, and uses. Oils may be [[animal fats|animal]], [[vegetable oil|vegetable]], or [[petrochemistry|petrochemical]] in origin, and may be [[Volatility (chemistry)|volatile]] or non-volatile.<ref>{{OED|oil}}</ref> They are used for food (e.g., [[olive oil]]), fuel (e.g., [[heating oil]]), medical purposes (e.g., [[mineral oil]]), [[lubrication]] (e.g. [[motor oil]]), and the manufacture of many types of paints, plastics, and other materials. Specially prepared oils are used in some religious ceremonies and rituals as purifying agents.

== Tipovi ==

=== Organska ulja ===
Organic oils are produced in remarkable diversity by plants, animals, and other organisms through natural [[metabolic]] processes. ''[[Lipid]]'' is the scientific term for the [[fatty acid]]s, [[steroid]]s and similar chemicals often found in the oils produced by living things, while oil refers to an overall mixture of chemicals. Organic oils may also contain chemicals other than lipids, including [[protein]]s, [[wax]]es (class of compounds with oil-like properties that are solid at common temperatures) and [[alkaloid]]s.

Lipids can be classified by the way that they are made by an organism, their chemical structure and their limited [[solubility]] in water compared to oils. They have a high [[carbon]] and [[hydrogen]] content and are considerably lacking in [[oxygen]] compared to other organic compounds and minerals; they tend to be relatively [[Chemical polarity|nonpolar]] molecules, but may include both polar and nonpolar regions as in the case of [[phospholipid]]s and steroids.<ref name=alberts>Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter. ''Molecular Biology of the Cell''. New York: Garland Science, 2002, pp. 62, 118-119.</ref>

=== Mineralna ulja ===
Crude oil, or [[petroleum]], and its refined components, collectively termed ''[[petrochemicals]]'', are crucial resources in the modern economy. Crude oil originates from ancient [[fossilized]] [[organic material]]s, such as [[zooplankton]] and [[algae]], which [[geochemical]] processes convert into oil.<ref>
{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.orggeochem.2005.09.001
|title=Organic geochemistry – A retrospective of its first 70 years
|year=2006|last1=Kvenvolden|first1=Keith A.|journal=Organic Geochemistry
|volume=37|page=1|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1000677
}}</ref> The name "mineral oil" is a [[misnomer]], in that minerals are not the source of the oil—ancient plants and animals are. Mineral oil is organic. However, it is classified as "mineral oil" instead of as "organic oil" because its organic origin is remote (and was unknown at the time of its discovery), and because it is obtained in the vicinity of rocks, underground traps, and sands. ''[[Mineral oil]]'' also refers to several specific distillates of crude oil.

== Primene ==

=== Kuvanje ===
{{Main article-lat|Jestivo ulje}}
Several edible vegetable and animal oils, and also [[fat]]s, are used for various purposes in cooking and food preparation. In particular, many foods are fried in oil much hotter than boiling water. Oils are also used for flavoring and for modifying the texture of foods (e.g. [[stir frying|Stir Fry]]). Cooking oils are derived either from animal fat, as [[butter]], [[lard]] and other types, or plant oils from the [[olive oil|olive]], [[corn oil|maize]], [[sunflower oil|sunflower]] and many other species.

=== Kozmetika ===
Oils are applied to hair to give it a lustrous look, to prevent tangles and roughness and to stabilize the hair to promote growth. See [[hair conditioner]].

=== Religija ===
Oil has been used throughout history as a religious medium. It is often considered a spiritually purifying agent and is used for [[anointing]] purposes. As a particular example, [[holy anointing oil]] has been an important ritual liquid for [[Judaism]] and [[Christianity]].

=== Slikarstvo ===
{{Main-lat|Uljano slikarstvo}}
Color [[pigments]] are easily [[Suspension (chemistry)|suspended]] in oil, making it suitable as a supporting medium for [[Oil paint|paints]]. The oldest known extant oil paintings date from 650 AD.<ref>[http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2008/02/19/oldest-oil-painting.html "Oldest Oil Paintings Found in Afghanistan"], Rosella Lorenzi, Discovery News. Feb. 19, 2008. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603234713/http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2008/02/19/oldest-oil-painting.html |date=June 3, 2011 }}</ref>

=== Prenos toplote ===
{{See also-lat|Transformersko ulje}}

Oils are used as coolants in [[oil cooling]], for instance in electric [[Transformer#Coolant|transformers]]. Heat transfer oils are used both as [[coolant]]s (see [[oil cooling]]), for heating (e.g. in [[oil heater]]s) and in other applications of heat transfer.

=== Lubrikacija ===
[[File:Motor oil.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Synthetic motor oil]]

Given that they are non-polar, oils do not easily adhere to other substances. This makes them useful as [[lubricants]] for various engineering purposes. Mineral oils are more commonly used as machine lubricants than biological oils are. [[Whale oil]] is preferred for lubricating clocks, because it does not evaporate, leaving dust, although its use was banned in the USA in 1980.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.frankenmuthclock.com/questionscuckoo.htm|title=Bavarian Clock Haus and Frankenmuth Clock Company|work=Frankenmuth Clock Company & Bavarian Clock Haus}}</ref>

It is a long-running myth that [[spermaceti]] from whales has still been used in NASA projects such as the [[Hubble Telescope]] and the [[Voyager program|Voyager]] probe because of its extremely low freezing temperature. Spermaceti is not actually an oil, but a mixture mostly of wax esters, and there is no evidence that NASA has used whale oil.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ksj.mit.edu/tracker/2014/03/who-would-believe-nasa-used-whale-oil-vo/|title=Troubled waters: Who Would Believe NASA Used Whale Oil on Voyager and Hubble?|work=Knight Science Journalism at MIT}}</ref>

=== Gorivo ===
{{Main-alt|Ulje za loženje}}

Some oils [[Combustion|burn]] in liquid or [[aerosol]] form, generating [[light]], and [[heat]] which can be used directly or converted into other forms of energy such as electricity or mechanical work. In order to obtain many fuel oils, [[crude oil]] is pumped from the ground and is shipped via [[oil tanker]] or a [[pipeline transport|pipeline]] to an [[oil refinery]]. There, it is converted from crude oil to [[diesel fuel]] (petrodiesel), [[ethane]] (and other short-chain [[alkanes]]), [[fuel oil]]s (heaviest of commercial fuels, used in ships/furnaces), [[gasoline]] (petrol), [[jet fuel]], [[kerosene]], [[benzene]] (historically), and [[liquefied petroleum gas]]. A {{convert|42|USgal|impgal L|adj=on}} barrel of crude oil produces approximately {{convert|10|USgal|impgal L}} of diesel, {{convert|4|USgal|impgal L}} of jet fuel, {{convert|19|USgal|impgal L}} of gasoline, {{convert|7|USgal|impgal L}} of other products, {{convert|3|USgal|impgal L}} split between heavy fuel oil and liquified petroleum gases,<ref name=EIA>[http://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/index.cfm?page=oil_home U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)] — Retrieved 2011-10-02.</ref> and {{convert|2|USgal|impgal L}} of heating oil. The total production of a barrel of crude into various products results in an increase to {{convert|45|USgal|impgal L}}.<ref name=EIA/> Not all oils used as fuels are mineral oils, see [[biodiesel]], [[vegetable oil fuel]], and [[olive oil]].

In the 18th and 19th centuries, [[whale oil]] was commonly used for lamps, which was replaced with natural gas and then electricity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.petroleumhistory.org/OilHistory/pages/Whale/whale.html|title=Whale Oil|work=petroleumhistory.org}}</ref>

=== Hemijska sirovina ===

Crude oil can be refined into a wide variety of component [[hydrocarbons]]. ''[[Petrochemicals]]'' are the refined [[components of crude oil]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Eya6BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA2&dq=%C2%A0+Petrochemicals+are+refined+components+of+crude+oil#v=onepage&q=%C2%A0%20Petrochemicals%20are%20refined%20components%20of%20crude%20oil&f=false|title=Oil Pollution in the Baltic Sea|last=Kostianoy|first=Andrey G.|last2=Lavrova|first2=Olga Yu|date=2014-07-08|publisher=Springer|isbn=9783642384769|language=en}}</ref> and the chemical products made from them. They are used as [[detergents]], [[fertilizers]], [[medicines]], [[paints]], [[plastics]], [[synthetic fiber]]s, and [[synthetic rubber]].

Organic oils are another important chemical feedstock, especially in [[green chemistry]].

== Vidi još ==
* [[Emulsifier]], a chemical which allows oil and water to mix

== Reference ==
{{Reflist|}}

== Spoljašnje veze ==
{{Commons category-lat|Oil}}
* -{[http://www.petroleumonline.com/ Petroleum Online e-Learning resource from IHRDC]}-

{{Authority control-lat}}

[[Категорија:Уља| ]]
[[Категорија:Хемијске супстанце]]

Верзија на датум 30. август 2019. у 18:42

Boca maslinovog ulja koje se koristi kao sastojak hrane

Ulje je svaka nepolarna hemijska supstanca koja je viskosyna tečnost na sobnoj temperaturi i koja je hydrofobna (ne meša se sa vodom, doslovno „strah od vode”) i lipofilna (meša se sa drugim uljima, doslovno „voli mast”). Ulja imaju visok sadržaj ugljenika i vodonika i obično su zapaljiva i površinski aktivna.

The general definition of oil includes classes of chemical compounds that may be otherwise unrelated in structure, properties, and uses. Oils may be animal, vegetable, or petrochemical in origin, and may be volatile or non-volatile.[1] They are used for food (e.g., olive oil), fuel (e.g., heating oil), medical purposes (e.g., mineral oil), lubrication (e.g. motor oil), and the manufacture of many types of paints, plastics, and other materials. Specially prepared oils are used in some religious ceremonies and rituals as purifying agents.

Tipovi

Organska ulja

Organic oils are produced in remarkable diversity by plants, animals, and other organisms through natural metabolic processes. Lipid is the scientific term for the fatty acids, steroids and similar chemicals often found in the oils produced by living things, while oil refers to an overall mixture of chemicals. Organic oils may also contain chemicals other than lipids, including proteins, waxes (class of compounds with oil-like properties that are solid at common temperatures) and alkaloids.

Lipids can be classified by the way that they are made by an organism, their chemical structure and their limited solubility in water compared to oils. They have a high carbon and hydrogen content and are considerably lacking in oxygen compared to other organic compounds and minerals; they tend to be relatively nonpolar molecules, but may include both polar and nonpolar regions as in the case of phospholipids and steroids.[2]

Mineralna ulja

Crude oil, or petroleum, and its refined components, collectively termed petrochemicals, are crucial resources in the modern economy. Crude oil originates from ancient fossilized organic materials, such as zooplankton and algae, which geochemical processes convert into oil.[3] The name "mineral oil" is a misnomer, in that minerals are not the source of the oil—ancient plants and animals are. Mineral oil is organic. However, it is classified as "mineral oil" instead of as "organic oil" because its organic origin is remote (and was unknown at the time of its discovery), and because it is obtained in the vicinity of rocks, underground traps, and sands. Mineral oil also refers to several specific distillates of crude oil.

Primene

Kuvanje

Glavni članak: Jestivo ulje

Several edible vegetable and animal oils, and also fats, are used for various purposes in cooking and food preparation. In particular, many foods are fried in oil much hotter than boiling water. Oils are also used for flavoring and for modifying the texture of foods (e.g. Stir Fry). Cooking oils are derived either from animal fat, as butter, lard and other types, or plant oils from the olive, maize, sunflower and many other species.

Kozmetika

Oils are applied to hair to give it a lustrous look, to prevent tangles and roughness and to stabilize the hair to promote growth. See hair conditioner.

Religija

Oil has been used throughout history as a religious medium. It is often considered a spiritually purifying agent and is used for anointing purposes. As a particular example, holy anointing oil has been an important ritual liquid for Judaism and Christianity.

Slikarstvo

Glavni članak: Uljano slikarstvo

Color pigments are easily suspended in oil, making it suitable as a supporting medium for paints. The oldest known extant oil paintings date from 650 AD.[4]

Prenos toplote

Takođe pogledajte: Transformersko ulje

Oils are used as coolants in oil cooling, for instance in electric transformers. Heat transfer oils are used both as coolants (see oil cooling), for heating (e.g. in oil heaters) and in other applications of heat transfer.

Lubrikacija

Synthetic motor oil

Given that they are non-polar, oils do not easily adhere to other substances. This makes them useful as lubricants for various engineering purposes. Mineral oils are more commonly used as machine lubricants than biological oils are. Whale oil is preferred for lubricating clocks, because it does not evaporate, leaving dust, although its use was banned in the USA in 1980.[5]

It is a long-running myth that spermaceti from whales has still been used in NASA projects such as the Hubble Telescope and the Voyager probe because of its extremely low freezing temperature. Spermaceti is not actually an oil, but a mixture mostly of wax esters, and there is no evidence that NASA has used whale oil.[6]

Gorivo

Шаблон:Main-alt

Some oils burn in liquid or aerosol form, generating light, and heat which can be used directly or converted into other forms of energy such as electricity or mechanical work. In order to obtain many fuel oils, crude oil is pumped from the ground and is shipped via oil tanker or a pipeline to an oil refinery. There, it is converted from crude oil to diesel fuel (petrodiesel), ethane (and other short-chain alkanes), fuel oils (heaviest of commercial fuels, used in ships/furnaces), gasoline (petrol), jet fuel, kerosene, benzene (historically), and liquefied petroleum gas. A 42 US gal (35 imp gal; 160 L) barrel of crude oil produces approximately 10 US gal (8,3 imp gal; 38 L) of diesel, 4 US gal (3,3 imp gal; 15 L) of jet fuel, 19 US gal (16 imp gal; 72 L) of gasoline, 7 US gal (5,8 imp gal; 26 L) of other products, 3 US gal (2,5 imp gal; 11 L) split between heavy fuel oil and liquified petroleum gases,[7] and 2 US gal (1,7 imp gal; 7,6 L) of heating oil. The total production of a barrel of crude into various products results in an increase to 45 US gal (37 imp gal; 170 L).[7] Not all oils used as fuels are mineral oils, see biodiesel, vegetable oil fuel, and olive oil.

In the 18th and 19th centuries, whale oil was commonly used for lamps, which was replaced with natural gas and then electricity.[8]

Hemijska sirovina

Crude oil can be refined into a wide variety of component hydrocarbons. Petrochemicals are the refined components of crude oil[9] and the chemical products made from them. They are used as detergents, fertilizers, medicines, paints, plastics, synthetic fibers, and synthetic rubber.

Organic oils are another important chemical feedstock, especially in green chemistry.

Vidi još

  • Emulsifier, a chemical which allows oil and water to mix

Reference

  1. ^ „oil”. Oxford English Dictionary (3rd изд.). Oxford University Press. септембар 2005.  (Потребна је претплата или чланска картица јавне библиотеке УК.)
  2. ^ Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter. Molecular Biology of the Cell. New York: Garland Science, 2002, pp. 62, 118-119.
  3. ^ Kvenvolden, Keith A. (2006). „Organic geochemistry – A retrospective of its first 70 years”. Organic Geochemistry. 37: 1. doi:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2005.09.001. 
  4. ^ "Oldest Oil Paintings Found in Afghanistan", Rosella Lorenzi, Discovery News. Feb. 19, 2008. Архивирано јун 3, 2011 на сајту Wayback Machine
  5. ^ „Bavarian Clock Haus and Frankenmuth Clock Company”. Frankenmuth Clock Company & Bavarian Clock Haus. 
  6. ^ „Troubled waters: Who Would Believe NASA Used Whale Oil on Voyager and Hubble?”. Knight Science Journalism at MIT. 
  7. ^ а б U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) — Retrieved 2011-10-02.
  8. ^ „Whale Oil”. petroleumhistory.org. 
  9. ^ Kostianoy, Andrey G.; Lavrova, Olga Yu (2014-07-08). Oil Pollution in the Baltic Sea (на језику: енглески). Springer. ISBN 9783642384769. 

Spoljašnje veze

Ulje na Vikimedijinoj ostavi.
Преузето из „https://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulje&oldid=22108744”