Livenje pod pritiskom

Blok motora napravljen kalupnim livenjem aluminijuma i magnezijuma

Kalupno livenje je metal casting process that is characterized by forcing molten metal under high pressure into a mould cavity. The mould cavity is created using two hardened tool steel dies which have been machined into shape and work similarly to an injection mould during the process. Most die castings are made from non-ferrous metals, specifically zinc, copper, aluminium, magnesium, lead, pewter, and tin-based alloys. Depending on the type of metal being cast, a hot- or cold-chamber machine is used.

The casting equipment and the metal dies represent large capital costs and this tends to limit the process to high-volume production. Manufacture of parts using die casting is relatively simple, involving only four main steps, which keeps the incremental cost per item low. It is especially suited for a large quantity of small- to medium-sized castings, which is why die casting produces more castings than any other casting process. Die castings are characterized by a very good surface finish (by casting standards) and dimensional consistency.

Istorija

Die casting equipment was invented in 1838 for the purpose of producing movable type for the printing industry. The first die casting-related patent was granted in 1849 for a small hand-operated machine for the purpose of mechanized printing type production. In 1885 Otto Mergenthaler invented the Linotype machine, which cast an entire line of type as a single unit, using a die casting process. It nearly completely replaced setting type by hand in the publishing industry. The Soss die-casting machine, manufactured in Brooklyn, NY, was the first machine to be sold in the open market in North America. Other applications grew rapidly, with die casting facilitating the growth of consumer goods, and appliances, by greatly reducing the production cost of intricate parts in high volumes. In 1966, General Motors released the Acurad process.

Livni metal

The main die casting alloys are: zinc, aluminium, magnesium, copper, lead, and tin; although uncommon, ferrous die casting is also possible. Specific die casting alloys include: zinc aluminium; aluminium to, e.g. The Aluminum Association (AA) standards: AA 380, AA 384, AA 386, AA 390; and AZ91D magnesium. The following is a summary of the advantages of each alloy:

• Zinc: the easiest metal to cast; high ductility; high impact strength; easily plated; economical for small parts; promotes long die life.
• Aluminium: lightweight; high dimensional stability for very complex shapes and thin walls; good corrosion resistance; good mechanical properties; high thermal and electrical conductivity; retains strength at high temperatures.
• Magnesium: the easiest metal to machine; excellent strength-to-weight ratio; lightest alloy commonly die cast.
• Copper: high hardness; high corrosion resistance; highest mechanical properties of alloys die cast; excellent wear resistance; excellent dimensional stability; strength approaching that of steel parts.
• Silicon tombac: high-strength alloy made of copper, zinc and silicon. Often used as an alternative for investment cast steel parts.
• Lead and tin: high density; extremely close dimensional accuracy; used for special forms of corrosion resistance. Such alloys are not used in foodservice applications for public health reasons. Type metal, an alloy of lead, tin and antimony (with sometimes traces of copper) is used for casting hand-set type in letterpress printing and hot foil blocking. Traditionally cast in hand jerk moulds now predominantly die cast after the industrialisation of the type foundries. Around 1900 the slug casting machines came onto the market and added further automation, with sometimes dozens of casting machines at one newspaper office.

Maximum weight limits for aluminium, brass, magnesium, and zinc castings are approximately 70 lb (32 kg), 10 lb (4,5 kg), 44 lb (20 kg), and 75 lb (34 kg), respectively.

The material used defines the minimum section thickness and minimum draft required for a casting as outlined in the table below. The thickest section should be less than 13 mm (0,5 in), but can be greater.

Metal	Minimum section	Minimum draft
Aluminium alloys	089 mm (3,504 in)	1:100 (0.6°)
Brass and bronze	127 mm (5,000 in)	1:80 (0.7°)
Magnesium alloys	127 mm (5,000 in)	1:100 (0.6°)
Zinc alloys	063 mm (2,480 in)	1:200 (0.3°)

Literatura

• Davis, J. (1995), Tool Materials, Materials Park: ASM International, ISBN 978-0-87170-545-7. 
• Degarmo, E. Paul; Black, J T.; Kohser, Ronald A. (2003), Materials and Processes in Manufacturing (9th изд.), Wiley, ISBN 0-471-65653-4. 
• Andresen, Bill (2005), Die Casting Engineering, New York: Marcel Dekker, ISBN 978-0-8247-5935-3. 
• Blair, Malcolm; Stevens, Thomas L. (1995), Steel castings handbook (6th изд.), ASM International, ISBN 978-0-87170-556-3. 
• Degarmo, E. Paul; Black, J T.; Kohser, Ronald A. (2003), Materials and Processes in Manufacturing (9th изд.), Wiley, ISBN 0-471-65653-4 .
• Kalpakjian, Serope; Schmid, Steven (2006), Manufacturing Engineering and Technology (5th изд.), Pearson, ISBN 0-13-148965-8 .
• Kissell, J. Randolph; Ferry, Robert L. (2002), Aluminum structures: a guide to their specifications and design (2nd изд.), John Wiley and Sons, ISBN 978-0-471-01965-7. 
• Schleg, Frederick P.; Kohloff, Frederick H.; Sylvia, J. Gerin; American Foundry Society (2003), Technology of Metalcasting, American Foundry Society, ISBN 978-0-87433-257-5 .
• Stefanescu, Doru Michael (2008), Science and Engineering of Casting Solidification (2nd изд.), Springer, ISBN 978-0-387-74609-8 .
• Ravi, B (2010), Metal Casting: Computer-aided Design and Analysis (1st изд.), PHI, ISBN 81-203-2726-8 .

Spoljašnje veze

• North American Die Casting Association
• Tolerances for die casting (according to DIN 1688 GTA 13, German Standards)
• General Die Casting Design Data Sheet