Лобања

Лобања
Volume rendering of a mouse skull
Детаљи
Систем	Скелетни систем
Идентификатори
MeSH	D012886
FMA	54964
Анатомска терминологија

Кости главе мачке — лобања и вилице

Лобања Homo sapiensa — 3D

Лобања или лубања (лат. cranium) или лобањска/кранијална чаура обухвата све оне кости које чине компактни коштани овој у коме је смештен мозак. It supports the structures of the face and provides a protective cavity for the brain. The skull is composed of two parts: the cranium and the mandible. In humans, these two parts are the neurocranium and the viscerocranium (facial skeleton) that includes the mandible as its largest bone. The skull forms the anterior-most portion of the skeleton and is a product of cephalisation—housing the brain, and several sensory structures such as the eyes, ears, nose, and mouth. In humans these sensory structures are part of the facial skeleton.

Functions of the skull include protection of the brain, fixing the distance between the eyes to allow stereoscopic vision, and fixing the position of the ears to enable sound localisation of the direction and distance of sounds. In some animals, such as horned ungulates (mammals with hooves), the skull also has a defensive function by providing the mount (on the frontal bone) for the horns.

The English word skull is probably derived from Old Norse skulle, while the Latin word cranium comes from the Greek root κρανίον (kranion).

The skull is made up of a number of fused flat bones, and contains many foramina, fossae, processes, and several cavities or sinuses. In zoology there are openings in the skull called fenestrae.

Коштани део главе код већине кичмењака изграђен је из лобање и костију вилица. Кичмењаци који имају компактну лобању називају се Craniata. Кости лобање чине: чеона кост, темена кост, клинаста кост, слепоочна кост, потиљачна кост и ситаста кост.

Структура

Humans

За details and the constituent bones погледајте страницу Neurocranium. За and погледајте страницу Facial skeleton.

Skull in situ

Anatomy of a flat bone - the periosteum of the neurocranium is known as the pericranium

Human skull from the front

Side bones of skull

The human skull is the bone structure that forms the head in the human skeleton. It supports the structures of the face and forms a cavity for the brain. Like the skulls of other vertebrates, it protects the brain from injury.

The skull consists of three parts, of different embryological origin—the neurocranium, the sutures, and the facial skeleton (also called the membraneous viscerocranium). The neurocranium (or braincase) forms the protective cranial cavity that surrounds and houses the brain and brainstem. The upper areas of the cranial bones form the calvaria (skullcap). The membranous viscerocranium includes the mandible.

The sutures are fairly rigid joints between bones of the neurocranium.

The facial skeleton is formed by the bones supporting the face.

Клинички знача

Craniosynostosis is a condition in which one or more of the fibrous sutures in an infant skull prematurely fuses, and changes the growth pattern of the skull. Because the skull cannot expand perpendicular to the fused suture, it grows more in the parallel direction. Sometimes the resulting growth pattern provides the necessary space for the growing brain, but results in an abnormal head shape and abnormal facial features. In cases in which the compensation does not effectively provide enough space for the growing brain, craniosynostosis results in increased intracranial pressure leading possibly to visual impairment, sleeping impairment, eating difficulties, or an impairment of mental development.

A copper beaten skull is a phenomenon wherein intense intracranial pressure disfigures the internal surface of the skull. The name comes from the fact that the inner skull has the appearance of having been beaten with a ball-peen hammer, such as is often used by coppersmiths. The condition is most common in children.

Повреде и третман

Injuries to the brain can be life-threatening. Normally the skull protects the brain from damage through its hard unyieldingness; the skull is one of the least deformable structures found in nature with it needing the force of about 1 ton to reduce the diameter of the skull by 1 cm. In some cases, however, of head injury, there can be raised intracranial pressure through mechanisms such as a subdural haematoma. In these cases the raised intracranial pressure can cause herniation of the brain out of the foramen magnum ("coning") because there is no space for the brain to expand; this can result in significant brain damage or death unless an urgent operation is performed to relieve the pressure. This is why patients with concussion must be watched extremely carefully.

Dating back to Neolithic times, a skull operation called trepanning was sometimes performed. This involved drilling a burr hole in the cranium. Examination of skulls from this period reveals that the patients sometimes survived for many years afterward. It seems likely that trepanning was also performed purely for ritualistic or religious reasons. Nowadays this procedure is still used but is normally called a craniectomy.

In March 2013, for the first time in the U.S., researchers replaced a large percentage of a patient's skull with a precision, 3D-printed polymer implant. About 9 months later, the first complete cranium replacement with a 3D-printed plastic insert was performed on a Dutch woman. She had been suffering from hyperostosis, which increased the thickness of her skull and compressed her brain.

A study conducted in 2018 by the researchers of Harvard Medical School in Boston, funded by National Institutes of Health (NIH) suggested that instead of travelling via blood, there are "tiny channels" in the skull through which the immune cells combined with the bone marrow reach the areas of inflammation after an injury to the brain tissues.

Transgender procedures

Surgical alteration of sexually dimorphic skull features may be carried out as a part of facial feminization surgery, a set of reconstructive surgical procedures that can alter male facial features to bring them closer in shape and size to typical female facial features. These procedures can be an important part of the treatment of transgender people for gender dysphoria.

Види још

• Разуман човек

Литература

• Јовановић,, Славољуб В. Надежда А. Јеличић (2000). Анатомија човека – глава и врат. Београд: Савремена администрација. ISBN 978-86-387-0604-4. 
• Јовановић,, Славољуб В. Нева Л. Лотрић (1987). Дескриптивна и топографска анатомија човека. Београд, Загреб: Научна књига. 

Спољашње везе

• Колекција животињских лобања (преко 300 животињских лобања, које је сакупио амерички средњошколски професор)
• Анатомија кранијалне шупљине
• Приручник о анатомији главе
• Skull Module (California State University Department of Anthology)
• Bird Skull Collection Bird skull database with very large collection of skulls (Agricultural University of Wageningen)
• Human skull base (in German)
• Human Skulls / Anthropological Skulls / Comparison of Skulls of Vertebrates (PDF; 502 kB)

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