Наутичка миља — разлика између измена
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. ознака: везе до вишезначних одредница |
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{{short description|Јединица растојанја (1,852 m)}} |
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{{Друга употреба|Миља}} |
{{Друга употреба|Миља}} |
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{{Infobox unit |
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| name = Наутичка миља |
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| image = |
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| standard = [[International System of Units|Не-СИ јединца]] |
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| quantity = [[Дужина]] |
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| symbol = M, NM{{efn|Alternative meanings of the abbreviation "nm" or "NM" are listed [[Nm (disambiguation)#Units_of_measure|here]].}}, или nmi |
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| dimension = L |
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| namedafter = |
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| units1 = [[метар]] |
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| inunits1 = 1.852<ref name="BIPM">{{cite book |editor1-last=Göbel |editor1-first=E.|editor2-last=Mills |editor2-first=I.M. |editor3-last=Wallard |editor3-first=Andrew|title=The International System of Units (SI) |edition=8th |year=2006 |language= en |isbn=92-822-2213-6 |url = http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si_brochure_8_en.pdf |location=Paris |publisher=[[Bureau International des Poids et Mesures]] |access-date=2017-06-20 |page=127 }}</ref> |
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| units2 = [[Foot (unit)|стопа]] |
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| inunits2 = ≈6.076 |
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| units3 = [[statute mile|статусна миља]] |
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| inunits3 = ≈1.151 |
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| units4 = [[Cable length|кабал]] |
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| inunits4 = 10 |
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}} |
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'''Наутичка миља''' (или '''[[наутичка миља|морска миља]]''') је јединица за дужину, настала као следбеница [[Географска миља|географске миље]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.britannica.com/science/mile|title=mile {{!}} unit of measurement |website = Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2016-06-10 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/part2.htm |title=UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA |website=www.un.org |access-date=2016-06-10 }}</ref> Њена употреба заједно са [[СИ јединица]]ма је прихваћена, али она сама није СИ-јединица. Користи се широм света за морнаричке и авијацијске потребе. Употреба јој је устаљена у међународноим законима и споразумима, посебно када је реч о границима [[територијалне воде|територијалних вода]]. |
'''Наутичка миља''' (или '''[[наутичка миља|морска миља]]''') је јединица за дужину, настала као следбеница [[Географска миља|географске миље]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.britannica.com/science/mile|title=mile {{!}} unit of measurement |website = Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2016-06-10 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/part2.htm |title=UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA |website=www.un.org |access-date=2016-06-10 }}</ref> Њена употреба заједно са [[СИ јединица]]ма је прихваћена, али она сама није СИ-јединица. Користи се широм света за морнаричке и авијацијске потребе. Употреба јој је устаљена у међународноим законима и споразумима, посебно када је реч о границима [[територијалне воде|територијалних вода]]. |
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== Ознака == |
== Ознака == |
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[[File:Nautic mile definition v2 English.svg|frame|right|Историјска дефиниција – 1 наутичка миља]] |
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Нема званичне стандардне ознаке за наутичку миљу. Зависно од поља на које се односи, обележава се са -{M, NM, nm}- и -{nmi}-. Треба напоменути да ознаку -{nm}- овде не треба помешати са ознаком за [[нанометар]], иако до овога долази ретко јер су обе јединице коришћене на међусобно различитим пољима и у углавном препознатљивим контекстима. |
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У различитим језицима среће се још симбола. На пример -{sm}- од [[Немачки језик|немачког]] ''-{Seemeile}-'', -{mpk}- од [[Фински језик|финског]] ''-{meripeninkulma}-'' и -{M}- од [[Исландски језик|исландског]] ''-{sjómíla}-''. Сви ови изрази значе ''наутичка миља''. |
Нема званичне стандардне ознаке за наутичку миљу. Зависно од поља на које се односи, обележава се са -{M, NM, nm}- и -{nmi}-. Треба напоменути да ознаку -{nm}- овде не треба помешати са ознаком за [[нанометар]], иако до овога долази ретко јер су обе јединице коришћене на међусобно различитим пољима и у углавном препознатљивим контекстима. У различитим језицима среће се још симбола. На пример -{sm}- од [[Немачки језик|немачког]] ''-{Seemeile}-'', -{mpk}- од [[Фински језик|финског]] ''-{meripeninkulma}-'' и -{M}- од [[Исландски језик|исландског]] ''-{sjómíla}-''. Сви ови изрази значе ''наутичка миља''. |
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{{rut}} |
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There is no single internationally agreed symbol, with several symbols in use.<ref name="BIPM" /> |
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* '''M''' is used as the abbreviation for the nautical mile by the [[International Hydrographic Organization]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Symboles, Abréviations et Termes utilisés sur les cartes marines |trans-title=Symbols, Abbreviations and Terms used on Charts |year=2016 |publisher=Service Hydrographique et Océanographique de la Marine (SHOM) |language=fr, en |edition=6th |url=https://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-4/INT1_FR_Ed6_2016.pdf |access-date=2018-01-04 |volume=1D (INT1) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821103500/https://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-4/INT1_FR_Ed6_2016.pdf |archive-date=2016-08-21 |url-status=dead }} also available as {{cite book |title = Symbols and Abbreviations used on ADMIRALTY Paper Charts|publisher=[[United Kingdom Hydrographic Office]] |year=2016 |edition=6th |at=section B, line 45 |isbn=978-0-70-774-1741 |volume=NP5011 }}</ref> |
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* '''NM''' is used by the [[International Civil Aviation Organization]].<ref>{{cite web |title = WS SIGMET Quick Reference Guide |url = http://www.icao.int/APAC/Documents/edocs/WS-SIGMET.pdf |website=ICAO|publisher=ICAO |access-date=2016-06-09}}</ref><ref>International Standards and Recommended Practices, Annex 5 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, “Units of measurement to be Used in Air and Ground Operations”, ICAO, Fifth Edition, July 2010.</ref> |
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* '''nmi''' is used by the [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]]<ref>{{cite web |title = APPENDIX A: SYMBOLS AND PREFIXES |url = http://www.ieee-pes.org/appendix-a-symbols-and-prefixes |publisher=IEEE |access-date=2016-06-09 }}</ref> and the [[United States Government Publishing Office]].<ref>{{cite web |title = U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual |url = https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2000/html/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2000-13.htm |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |access-date=2016-06-10 }}</ref> |
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* '''nm''' is a non-standard abbreviation used in many maritime applications and texts, including U.S. Government Coast Pilots and Sailing Directions.<ref>{{cite book | title = Dutton's Navigation and Piloting| publisher=[[Naval Institute Press]]|location=[[Annapolis, MD]] | year=1985|edition=14th|isbn=0-87021-157-9}}</ref> |
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== Историја == |
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[[File:Nauticalmilecomparison.svg|thumb|left|350px|Visual comparison of a kilometre, statute mile and nautical mile]] |
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The word mile is from the [[Latin]] word for a thousand paces: [[Mile#Roman mile|mille passus]]. Navigation at sea was done by eye<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url = http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3407500195.html |title=Mile, Nautical and Statute – FREE Mile, Nautical and Statute information {{!}} Encyclopedia.com: Find Mile, Nautical and Statute research |website=www.encyclopedia.com |access-date=2016-06-10 }}</ref> until around 1500 when navigational instruments were developed and cartographers began using a [[coordinate system]] with [[Circle of latitude|parallels]] of [[latitude]] and [[Meridian (geography)|meridians]] of [[longitude]]. |
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By the late 16th century, Englishmen knew that the ratio of distances at sea to degrees was constant along any [[great circle]] such as the [[equator]] or any meridian, assuming that Earth was a sphere. [[Robert Hues]] wrote in 1594 that the distance along a great circle was 60 miles per degree, that is, one nautical mile per arcminute.<ref name=Waters>{{citation |last=Waters |first=David W. |title=The Art of Navigation in England in Elizabethan and Early Stuart Times |year=1958 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.51856/page/n493 |page=374|mode=cs1}}</ref> [[Edmund Gunter]] wrote in 1623 that the distance along a great circle was 20 [[league (unit)|league]]s per degree.<ref name=Waters/> Thus, Hues explicitly used nautical miles while Gunter did not. |
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Since the Earth is not a perfect sphere but is an [[oblate spheroid]] with slightly flattened poles, a minute of latitude is not constant, but about 1,861 metres at the poles and 1,843 metres at the [[Equator]].<ref name="rasc">{{cite web |last1=McNish |first1=Larry |title=RASC Calgary Centre - Latitude and Longitude |url=https://calgary.rasc.ca/latlong.htm |website=The Royal Astronomical Society of Canada |access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref> France and other metric countries state that in principle a nautical mile is an arcminute of a meridian at a latitude of 45°, but that is a modern justification for a more mundane calculation that was developed a century earlier. By the mid-19th century, France had defined a nautical mile via the original 1791 [[definition of the metre]], one ten-millionth of a [[quarter meridian]].<ref name=Annuaires1933>{{citation |author=Bureau des Longitudes |journal=Annuaire Pour l'An 1933 |title=Mesures employées sur les cartes marines |year=1933 |page=392 |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k65733736/f426.image |quote=The nautical mile [''mille marin''] is in principle the length of the sexagesimal minute of a meridian at a latitude of 45°. ... If we assume that the metre is exactly the ten-millionth part of the terrestrial quarter meridian, it would be equal to 1,851.85 m.|mode=cs1}} – Translation by Wikipedia.</ref><ref name=Annuaries1848>{{citation |author=Bureau des Longitudes |journal=Annuaire Pour l'An 1848 |title=Mesures itinéraires |year=1848 |page=74 |url = https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k65412527/f80.image |mode=cs1}}</ref> Thus {{nowrap|{{sfrac|10,000,000 m|90 × 60}} {{=}} 1,851.85 m ≈ 1,852 m}} became the metric length for a nautical mile. France made it legal for the French Navy in 1906, and many metric countries voted to sanction it for international use at the 1929 International Hydrographic Conference. |
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Both the United States and the United Kingdom used an average arcminute, specifically, a minute of arc of a great circle of a sphere having the same surface area as the [[Earth ellipsoid|Clarke 1866 ellipsoid]].<ref name=Galzebrook>{{citation |last=Blazebrook |first=Richard |title=A Dictionary of Physics |volume=1 |year=1922 |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofappl025484mbp/page/n593 |page=587|publisher=Macmillan and Co,Limited }}</ref> The [[authalic radius|''authalic'' (equal area) radius]] of the Clarke 1866 ellipsoid is {{convert|6370997.2|m|ft}}.<ref name=Snyder>{{citation |last=Snyder |first=John P. |title=Map Projections: A Working Manual |year=1987 |page=16|mode=cs1}}</ref> The resulting arcminute is {{convert|1,853.2480|m|ft}}. The United States chose five significant digits for its nautical mile, 6,080.2 [[Foot (unit)|feet]], whereas the United Kingdom chose four significant digits for its Admiralty mile, 6,080 feet. |
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In 1929, the international nautical mile was defined by the First International Extraordinary Hydrographic Conference in [[Monaco]] as exactly 1,852 metres.<ref name="BIPM" /> The United States did not adopt the international nautical mile until 1954.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://geodesy.noaa.gov/PUBS_LIB/FedRegister/FRdoc59-5442.pdf |title=Refinement of values for the yard and the pound |last1=Astin |first1=A.V. |last2=Karo |first2=H. Arnold |date=June 25, 1959 |website=NOAA.gov |publisher=National Bureau of Standards |access-date=2018-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309210627/http://geodesy.noaa.gov/PUBS_LIB/FedRegister/FRdoc59-5442.pdf |archive-date=March 9, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Britain adopted it in 1970,<ref>{{cite web |title=Nautical mile definition and meaning {{!}} Collins English Dictionary |url= https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/nautical-mile |website=Collins Dictionary |access-date=1 September 2019 }}</ref> but legal references to the obsolete unit are now converted to 1,853 metres.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1995/1804/schedule/made|title=The Units of Measurement Regulations 1995 |website=www.legislation.gov.uk |access-date=2016-06-10}}</ref> |
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== Сличне дефиниција == |
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The [[metre]] was originally defined as {{frac|1|10,000,000}} of the length of the meridian arc from the North pole to the equator,{{efn |No meridian was specified in either 1791, 1793, 1795 or 1799. For example, the Law of 18 Germinal an III (April 7, 1795) states: "''Meter'', the measure of length equal to the ten-millionth part of a terrestrial meridian contained between the north pole and the equator."<ref name=evolution>{{citation |last1=Hallock |first1=William |last2=Wade |first2=Herbert T. |title=Outlines of the Evolution of Weights and Measures and the Metric System |year=1906 |page=54 |publisher=New York The Macmillan company |url=https://archive.org/details/outlinesofevolut00halluoft/page/54}}</ref>}} thus one kilometre of distance corresponds to one [[Centigrade (angle)|centigrad]] (also known as centesimal arc minute) of latitude. The [[Earth's circumference]] is therefore approximately 40,000 km. The equatorial circumference is slightly longer than the polar circumference{{snd}} the measurement based on this ({{sfrac|40,075.017 km|360 × 60}} = 1,855.3 metres) is known as the [[geographical mile]]. |
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== Поређење са осталим јединицама == |
== Поређење са осталим јединицама == |
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* 2.025,372 [[јард]]а |
* 2.025,372 [[јард]]а |
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* 6.076,1155 [[Стопа (јединица)|стопа]] |
* 6.076,1155 [[Стопа (јединица)|стопа]] |
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* 1 [[лучни минут]] [[меридијан]]а на нултој надморској висини |
* 1 [[лучни минут]] [[Меридијан (географија)|меридијан]]а на нултој надморској висини |
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== Напомене == |
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{{notelist}} |
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== Референце == |
== Референце == |
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{{reflist}} |
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== Литература == |
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{{refbegin|30em}} |
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* {{cite book|last=Cardarelli|first=François|title=Encyclopaedia of Scientific Units, Weights, and Measures: Their SI Equivalences and Origins|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofs0000card|url-access=registration|year=2003|publisher=Springer|isbn=9781852336820 }} |
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* {{cite book|last=Hinkelman|first=Edward G.|author2=Sibylla Putzi |title=Dictionary Of International Trade: Handbook Of The Global Trade Community|year=2005|publisher=World Trade Press|page=245|isbn=9781885073723}} |
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* {{cite book|last=Judson|first=Lewis Van Hagen|title=Units of Weight and Measure (United States Customary and Metric): Definitions and Tables of Equivalents, Issue,233|year=1960|pages=3–4|publisher=U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mialg1senzMC&q=Units+of+Weight+and+Measure+%28United+States+Customary+and+Metric%29 |access-date=16 October 2012}} |
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* {{cite web |url=http://www.bipm.org/en/CGPM/db/17/1/ |title=17th General Conference on Weights and Measures (1983), Resolution 1. |access-date=2012-09-19}} |
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* {{cite web |url=http://usmilitary.about.com/od/theorderlyroom/f/faqklickdef.htm |title=How Far is a 'Klick' in the Military? |author=Rod Powers |publisher=[[About.com]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060217151419/http://usmilitary.about.com/od/theorderlyroom/f/faqklickdef.htm |archive-date=17 February 2006 |access-date=13 April 2010 |url-status=dead }} |
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* {{cite book|author=Donald Fenna|title=A dictionary of weights, measures, and units|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofweig0000fenn|url-access=registration|access-date=8 January 2012|date=26 October 2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-860522-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofweig0000fenn/page/130 130]–1}} |
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* {{cite journal |last=Moritz |first=H. |date=March 2000 |title=Geodetic Reference System 1980 |journal=Journal of Geodesy |volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=128–133 |doi=10.1007/s001900050278 |bibcode = 2000JGeod..74..128. |s2cid=195290884 }} |
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* {{cite journal|last1=Battat|first1=J. B. R.|last2=Murphy|first2=T. W.|last3=Adelberger|first3=E. G.|title=The Apache Point Observatory Lunar Laser-ranging Operation (APOLLO): Two Years of Millimeter-Precision Measurements of the Earth-Moon Range|journal=Astronomical Society of the Pacific|date=January 2009|volume=121|issue=875|pages=29–40|doi=10.1086/596748|jstor=10.1086/596748|bibcode = 2009PASP..121...29B |doi-access=free}} |
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* {{cite web | url = http://www.nature.com/news/the-astronomical-unit-gets-fixed-1.11416 | title = The astronomical unit gets fixed: Earth–Sun distance changes from slippery equation to single number. | author = Geoff Brumfiel | date = 14 Sep 2012 | access-date = 14 Sep 2012 }} |
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* {{citation| url = http://www.iau.org/public_press/themes/measuring/ | title = The IAU and astronomical units | publisher = International Astronomical Union | access-date=2008-07-05}} |
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* {{cite book|last1=Quinn|first1=T.J.|last2=Leschiutta|first2=S.|last3=Tavella|first3=P.|title=Recent advances in metrology and fundamental constants|date=August 2000|publisher=IOS Press, 2001. Proceedings of the International School of Physics "Enrico Fermi"|location=Amsterdam ; Washington, DC|pages=142–143|isbn=9781586031671|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WE22Fez60EcC&q=bohr+ruler&pg=PA142}} |
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* {{cite web |publisher=NIST |title=Compton wavelength over 2 pi |url=http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?ecomwlbar |work=The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty |access-date=15 October 2012}} |
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* {{cite web |publisher=[[NIST]] |title=Planck length |url=http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?plkl |work=The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty |access-date=15 October 2012}} |
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* {{cite book|last=Whitelaw|first=Ian|title=A Measure of All Things: The Story of Man and Measurement|year=2007|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=9780312370268}} |
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{{refend}} |
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== Спољашње везе == |
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* {{Commons category-inline|Nautical mile}} |
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{{нормативна контрола}} |
{{нормативна контрола}} |
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Верзија на датум 8. јул 2022. у 00:38
| Наутичка миља | |
|---|---|
| Систем | Не-СИ јединца |
| Јединица | Дужина |
| Симбол | M, NM[а], или nmi |
| Јединична претварања | |
| 1 M, NM[а], или nmi у ... | ... је једнак са ... |
| метар | 1.852[1] |
| стопа | ≈6.076 |
| статусна миља | ≈1.151 |
| кабал | 10 |
Наутичка миља (или морска миља) је јединица за дужину, настала као следбеница географске миље.[2][3] Њена употреба заједно са СИ јединицама је прихваћена, али она сама није СИ-јединица. Користи се широм света за морнаричке и авијацијске потребе. Употреба јој је устаљена у међународноим законима и споразумима, посебно када је реч о границима територијалних вода.
Дефиниција
По међународним стандардима једна наутичка миља се дефинише као тачно 1.852 метра.
Ознака
Нема званичне стандардне ознаке за наутичку миљу. Зависно од поља на које се односи, обележава се са M, NM, nm и nmi. Треба напоменути да ознаку nm овде не треба помешати са ознаком за нанометар, иако до овога долази ретко јер су обе јединице коришћене на међусобно различитим пољима и у углавном препознатљивим контекстима. У различитим језицима среће се још симбола. На пример sm од немачког Seemeile, mpk од финског meripeninkulma и M од исландског sjómíla. Сви ови изрази значе наутичка миља.
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There is no single internationally agreed symbol, with several symbols in use.[1]
- M is used as the abbreviation for the nautical mile by the International Hydrographic Organization.[4]
- NM is used by the International Civil Aviation Organization.[5][6]
- nmi is used by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers[7] and the United States Government Publishing Office.[8]
- nm is a non-standard abbreviation used in many maritime applications and texts, including U.S. Government Coast Pilots and Sailing Directions.[9]
Историја
The word mile is from the Latin word for a thousand paces: mille passus. Navigation at sea was done by eye[10] until around 1500 when navigational instruments were developed and cartographers began using a coordinate system with parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude.
By the late 16th century, Englishmen knew that the ratio of distances at sea to degrees was constant along any great circle such as the equator or any meridian, assuming that Earth was a sphere. Robert Hues wrote in 1594 that the distance along a great circle was 60 miles per degree, that is, one nautical mile per arcminute.[11] Edmund Gunter wrote in 1623 that the distance along a great circle was 20 leagues per degree.[11] Thus, Hues explicitly used nautical miles while Gunter did not.
Since the Earth is not a perfect sphere but is an oblate spheroid with slightly flattened poles, a minute of latitude is not constant, but about 1,861 metres at the poles and 1,843 metres at the Equator.[12] France and other metric countries state that in principle a nautical mile is an arcminute of a meridian at a latitude of 45°, but that is a modern justification for a more mundane calculation that was developed a century earlier. By the mid-19th century, France had defined a nautical mile via the original 1791 definition of the metre, one ten-millionth of a quarter meridian.[13][14] Thus 10,000,000 m/90 × 60 = 1,851.85 m ≈ 1,852 m became the metric length for a nautical mile. France made it legal for the French Navy in 1906, and many metric countries voted to sanction it for international use at the 1929 International Hydrographic Conference.
Both the United States and the United Kingdom used an average arcminute, specifically, a minute of arc of a great circle of a sphere having the same surface area as the Clarke 1866 ellipsoid.[15] The authalic (equal area) radius of the Clarke 1866 ellipsoid is 63.709.972 m (209.022.218 ft).[16] The resulting arcminute is 1,8532480 m (6,080210 ft). The United States chose five significant digits for its nautical mile, 6,080.2 feet, whereas the United Kingdom chose four significant digits for its Admiralty mile, 6,080 feet.
In 1929, the international nautical mile was defined by the First International Extraordinary Hydrographic Conference in Monaco as exactly 1,852 metres.[1] The United States did not adopt the international nautical mile until 1954.[17] Britain adopted it in 1970,[18] but legal references to the obsolete unit are now converted to 1,853 metres.[19]
Сличне дефиниција
The metre was originally defined as 1⁄10,000,000 of the length of the meridian arc from the North pole to the equator,[б] thus one kilometre of distance corresponds to one centigrad (also known as centesimal arc minute) of latitude. The Earth's circumference is therefore approximately 40,000 km. The equatorial circumference is slightly longer than the polar circumference – the measurement based on this (40,075.017 km/360 × 60 = 1,855.3 metres) is known as the geographical mile.
Поређење са осталим јединицама
Једна наутичка миља износи:
- 1,852 метра (тачно)
- 1,150779 миља
- 2.025,372 јарда
- 6.076,1155 стопа
- 1 лучни минут меридијана на нултој надморској висини
Напомене
- ^ Alternative meanings of the abbreviation "nm" or "NM" are listed here.
- ^ No meridian was specified in either 1791, 1793, 1795 or 1799. For example, the Law of 18 Germinal an III (April 7, 1795) states: "Meter, the measure of length equal to the ten-millionth part of a terrestrial meridian contained between the north pole and the equator."[20]
Референце
- ^ а б в Göbel, E.; Mills, I.M.; Wallard, Andrew, ур. (2006). The International System of Units (SI) (PDF) (на језику: енглески) (8th изд.). Paris: Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. стр. 127. ISBN 92-822-2213-6. Приступљено 2017-06-20.
- ^ „mile | unit of measurement”. Encyclopædia Britannica. Приступљено 2016-06-10.
- ^ „UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA”. www.un.org. Приступљено 2016-06-10.
- ^ Symboles, Abréviations et Termes utilisés sur les cartes marines [Symbols, Abbreviations and Terms used on Charts] (PDF) (на језику: француски и енглески). 1D (INT1) (6th изд.). Service Hydrographique et Océanographique de la Marine (SHOM). 2016. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 2016-08-21. г. Приступљено 2018-01-04. also available as Symbols and Abbreviations used on ADMIRALTY Paper Charts. NP5011 (6th изд.). United Kingdom Hydrographic Office. 2016. section B, line 45. ISBN 978-0-70-774-1741.
- ^ „WS SIGMET Quick Reference Guide” (PDF). ICAO. ICAO. Приступљено 2016-06-09.
- ^ International Standards and Recommended Practices, Annex 5 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, “Units of measurement to be Used in Air and Ground Operations”, ICAO, Fifth Edition, July 2010.
- ^ „APPENDIX A: SYMBOLS AND PREFIXES”. IEEE. Приступљено 2016-06-09.
- ^ „U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual”. U.S. Government Printing Office. Приступљено 2016-06-10.
- ^ Dutton's Navigation and Piloting (14th изд.). Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. 1985. ISBN 0-87021-157-9.
- ^ „Mile, Nautical and Statute – FREE Mile, Nautical and Statute information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Mile, Nautical and Statute research”. www.encyclopedia.com. Приступљено 2016-06-10.
- ^ а б Waters, David W. (1958). The Art of Navigation in England in Elizabethan and Early Stuart Times. стр. 374.
- ^ McNish, Larry. „RASC Calgary Centre - Latitude and Longitude”. The Royal Astronomical Society of Canada. Приступљено 30. 8. 2019.
- ^ Bureau des Longitudes (1933). „Mesures employées sur les cartes marines”. Annuaire Pour l'An 1933: 392. „The nautical mile [mille marin] is in principle the length of the sexagesimal minute of a meridian at a latitude of 45°. ... If we assume that the metre is exactly the ten-millionth part of the terrestrial quarter meridian, it would be equal to 1,851.85 m.” – Translation by Wikipedia.
- ^ Bureau des Longitudes (1848). „Mesures itinéraires”. Annuaire Pour l'An 1848: 74.
- ^ Blazebrook, Richard (1922), A Dictionary of Physics, 1, Macmillan and Co,Limited, стр. 587
- ^ Snyder, John P. (1987). Map Projections: A Working Manual. стр. 16.
- ^ Astin, A.V.; Karo, H. Arnold (25. 6. 1959). „Refinement of values for the yard and the pound” (PDF). NOAA.gov. National Bureau of Standards. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 9. 3. 2013. г. Приступљено 2018-07-07.
- ^ „Nautical mile definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary”. Collins Dictionary. Приступљено 1. 9. 2019.
- ^ „The Units of Measurement Regulations 1995”. www.legislation.gov.uk. Приступљено 2016-06-10.
- ^ Hallock, William; Wade, Herbert T. (1906), Outlines of the Evolution of Weights and Measures and the Metric System, New York The Macmillan company, стр. 54
Литература
- Cardarelli, François (2003). Encyclopaedia of Scientific Units, Weights, and Measures: Their SI Equivalences and Origins
. Springer. ISBN 9781852336820. - Hinkelman, Edward G.; Sibylla Putzi (2005). Dictionary Of International Trade: Handbook Of The Global Trade Community. World Trade Press. стр. 245. ISBN 9781885073723.
- Judson, Lewis Van Hagen (1960). Units of Weight and Measure (United States Customary and Metric): Definitions and Tables of Equivalents, Issue,233. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards. стр. 3–4. Приступљено 16. 10. 2012.
- „17th General Conference on Weights and Measures (1983), Resolution 1.”. Приступљено 2012-09-19.
- Rod Powers. „How Far is a 'Klick' in the Military?”. About.com. Архивирано из оригинала 17. 2. 2006. г. Приступљено 13. 4. 2010.
- Donald Fenna (26. 10. 2002). A dictionary of weights, measures, and units. Oxford University Press. стр. 130–1. ISBN 978-0-19-860522-5. Приступљено 8. 1. 2012.
- Moritz, H. (март 2000). „Geodetic Reference System 1980”. Journal of Geodesy. 74 (1): 128—133. Bibcode:2000JGeod..74..128.. S2CID 195290884. doi:10.1007/s001900050278.
- Battat, J. B. R.; Murphy, T. W.; Adelberger, E. G. (јануар 2009). „The Apache Point Observatory Lunar Laser-ranging Operation (APOLLO): Two Years of Millimeter-Precision Measurements of the Earth-Moon Range”. Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 121 (875): 29—40. Bibcode:2009PASP..121...29B. JSTOR 10.1086/596748. doi:10.1086/596748
. - Geoff Brumfiel (14. 9. 2012). „The astronomical unit gets fixed: Earth–Sun distance changes from slippery equation to single number.”. Приступљено 14. 9. 2012.
- The IAU and astronomical units, International Astronomical Union, Приступљено 2008-07-05
- Quinn, T.J.; Leschiutta, S.; Tavella, P. (август 2000). Recent advances in metrology and fundamental constants. Amsterdam ; Washington, DC: IOS Press, 2001. Proceedings of the International School of Physics "Enrico Fermi". стр. 142—143. ISBN 9781586031671.
- „Compton wavelength over 2 pi”. The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. Приступљено 15. 10. 2012.
- „Planck length”. The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. Приступљено 15. 10. 2012.
- Whitelaw, Ian (2007). A Measure of All Things: The Story of Man and Measurement. Macmillan. ISBN 9780312370268.
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