Modrica — разлика између измена

Klasifikacija	D ICD-10: S00-S90, T14.0; ICD-9-CM: 920-924; MeSH: D003288; DiseasesDB: 31998; SNOMED CT: 125667009;
Spoljašnji resursi	MedlinePlus: 007213; eMedicine: article/88153;

Modrica
Modrica
Sinonimi	Konfuzija, ekhimoza
	Modrice na natkoljenici uzrokovane tupim predmetom
Specijalnosti	Hitna medicinska pomoć
	[uredi na Vikipodacima]

Интерактиван преглед историје

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Верзија на датум 6. март 2023. у 19:31

Modrica ili masnica, poznata i kao ekhimoza ili kontuzija, vrsta je hematome tkiva,^[3] čiji su najčešći uzrok oštećenja kapilara traumom, što izaziva lokalizovano krvarenje koje ekstravazira u okolna intersticijska tkiva. Većina modrica nije jako duboko ispod kože, tako da krvarenje izaziva vidljivu promenu boje. Modrica zatim ostaje vidljiva sve dok krv ne apsorbuje tkivo ili se ne očisti dejstvom imunskog sistema. Modrice, koje ne poblede pod pritiskom, mogu uključivati kapilare na nivou kože, potkožnog tkiva, mišića ili kostiju.^[4]^[5] Modrice se ne trebaju poistovećivati sa drugim lezijama sličnog izgleda. Ove lezije uključuju petehije (<3 mm rezultat mnogih i različitih etiologija, kao što su neželjene reakcije lekova kao što je varfarin, naprezanje, asfiksija, poremećaji trombocita i bolesti poput citomegalovirusa),^[6] purpura (3 mm do 1 cm, klasifikovana kao palpabilna purpura ili nepapabilna purpura i ukazuje na različita patološka stanja, kao što je trombocitopenija).^[7] Izraz ekhimoza (definisan kao površina od >1 cm) je sinoniman.^[2]

Kao vrsta hematoma, modrica je uvek izazvana unutrašnjim krvarenjem u intersticijska tkiva koje se ne probijaju kroz kožu, a obično iniciranim tupom traumom, koja oštećuje fizičkim silama kompresije i usporavanja. Trauma dovoljna da izazove modrice može se javiti u širokom rasponu situacija, uključujući nesreće, padove i operacije. Stanja bolesti poput nedovoljnog ili nepravilnog funkcionisanja trombocita, drugih nedostataka koagulacije ili vaskularnih poremećaja, poput venske blokade povezane sa teškim alergijama^[8] mogu dovesti do stvaranja purpura, što ne treba mešati sa modricama/kontuzijama uzrokovanim traumom.^[9] Ako je trauma dovoljna da podere kožu i omogući krvi da pobegne iz međuprostornih tkiva, povreda nije modrica, već krvarenje, što je različita vrsta hemoragije. Takve povrede mogu biti praćene modricama drugde.^[10]

Znaci i simptomi

Modrice često izazivaju bol odmah nakon traume koja rezultira njihovim nastankom, ali male modrice obično nisu opasne same po sebi. Ponekad modrice mogu biti ozbiljne, što dovodi do drugih opasnijih po život oblika hematoma, poput onih povezanih sa ozbiljnim povredama, uključujući prelome i jača unutrašnja krvarenja. Verovatnoća i težina modrica zavisi od mnogih faktora, uključujući tip i zdravstveno stanje pogođenih tkiva. Manje modrice mogu se lako prepoznati kod ljudi sa svetlom bojom kože po karakterističnom plavom ili ljubičastom izgledu (idiomatski opisano kao „crno i plavo”) u danima nakon povrede.

Hematomi se mogu podeliti po veličini. Po definiciji, ekhimoze su veličine 1 centimetra ili veće i stoga su veće od petehija (prečnika manjeg od 3 milimetra)^[11] ili purpura (prečnika od 3 do 10 milimetara).^[12] Ekhimoze takođe imaju difuzniju granicu od ostalih purpura.^[13] Šira definicija ekhimoze je bekstvo krvi u tkiva iz puknutih krvnih sudova.^[14]^[15] Izraz se takođe odnosi na potkožnu promenu boje koja je posledica prodiranja krvi u povredjeno tkivo.

Boje modrice variraju od crvene, plave ili gotovo crne, u zavisnosti od ozbiljnosti razbijenih kapilara ili krvnih sudova unutar mesta modrice. Polomljene venule ili arteriole često rezultiraju dubokom plavom ili tamnocrvenom modricom. Modrice tamnije boje mogu biti rezultat jačeg krvarenja iz krvnih sudova.^[10]^[16]

Uzroci

There are many causes of subcutaneous hematomas including ecchymoses. Coagulopathies such as hemophilia A may cause ecchymosis formation in children.^[17] The medication betamethasone can have the adverse effect of causing ecchymosis.^[18]

The presence of bruises may be seen in patients with platelet or coagulation disorders, or those who are being treated with an anticoagulant. Unexplained bruising may be a warning sign of child abuse, domestic abuse, or serious medical problems such as leukemia or meningoccocal infection. Unexplained bruising can also indicate internal bleeding or certain types of cancer. Long-term glucocorticoid therapy can cause easy bruising. Bruising present around the navel (belly button) with severe abdominal pain suggests acute pancreatitis. Connective tissue disorders such as Ehlers–Danlos syndrome may cause relatively easy or spontaneous bruising depending on the severity. Spontaneous bruising or bruising with minimal trauma in the absence of other explanations and together with other minor or major criteria suggestive of vascular Ehlers–Danlos Syndrome (vEDS) suggests genetic testing for the condition.^[19]

Reference

^ Jain, B. (2004). Guide to Forensic Medicine & Toxicology (на језику: енглески). B. Jain Publishers. стр. 64. ISBN 978-81-8056-526-7.
^ ^а ^б Kapoor, Rajat; Barnes, Katy I. (2013). Crash Course Paediatrics – E-Book (на језику: енглески). Elsevier Health Sciences. стр. 64. ISBN 978-0-7234-3793-2.
^ „contusion at Dorland's Medical Dictionary”.
^ Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (17th изд.). McGraw-Hill Professional. 2008.
^ „Easy Bruising Symptoms”.
^ Kinnaman, Karen; Binder, William; Nadel, Eric; Brown, David (2015). „Petechiae, anemia, and throbocytopenia”. The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 48 (4): 461—65. PMID 25661311. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2014.12.023.
^ Lotti, Torello (januar 1994). „The Purpuras”. International Journal of Dermatology. 33 (1): 1—10. PMID 8112930. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4362.1994.tb01483.x.
^ Turley, Lois (10. 3. 2004). „Shiners-dark circles & swollen eyes”. Архивирано из оригинала 12. 12. 2009. г. Приступљено 8. 10. 2009.
^ „UCSF Purpura Module” (PDF). Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 2. 10. 2013. г. Приступљено 13. 1. 2013.
^ ^а ^б Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson; & Mitchell, Richard N. (2007). Robbins Basic Pathology (8th ed.). Saunders Elsevier. p. 86 ISBN 978-1-4160-2973-1
^ Robbins basic pathology. Kumar, Vinay, 1944-, Abbas, Abul K.,, Aster, Jon C.,, Perkins, James A. (10th изд.). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 28. 3. 2017. стр. 101. ISBN 9780323353175. OCLC 960844656.
^ McKenzie, Shirlyn B. (2014). Clinical Laboratory Hematology. Williams, Joanne Lynne; Landis-Piwowar, Kristin (3rd изд.). Boston. стр. 665. ISBN 978-0133076011. OCLC 878098857.
^ „Case Based Pediatrics Chapter”. Приступљено 8. 1. 2009.
^ Ecchymosis, at Merriam-Webster Dictionary, accessed 6/7/2020
^ Gould, George M. The Practitioner's Medical Dictionary, P. Blakiston's Son & Co., 1916 et seq.; p. 311
^ „WebMD article on bruises”.
^ Lee, AC (јун 2008). „Bruises, blood coagulation tests and the battered child syndrome” (PDF). Singapore Medical Journal. 49 (6): 445—49. PMID 18581014.
^ „betamethasone” (PDF). F.A. Davis. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 2017-09-08. г. Приступљено 2020-02-11.
^ Byers PH. Vascular Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome. 1999 Sep 2 [Updated 2019 Feb 21]. In: Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, et al., editors. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993–2020. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK1494/

Literatura

Simon, Leslie V.; Lopez, Richard A.; King, Kevin C. (2020). „Blunt Force Trauma”. StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. PMID 29262209. Приступљено 1. 1. 2021.
Cimino-Fiallos, Nicole (28. 5. 2020). „Hard Hits: Blunt Force Trauma”. login.medscape.com. Medscape. Архивирано из оригинала 2017-09-24. г. Приступљено 1. 1. 2021.
Shkrum, Michael J.; Ramsay, David A. (6. 11. 2007). „8. Blunt trauma: with reference to planes, trains and automobiles”. Forensic Pathology of Trauma (на језику: енглески). Springer Science & Business Media. стр. 406. ISBN 978-1-58829-458-6.
Isenhour JL, Marx J (август 2007). „Advances in abdominal trauma”. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America. 25 (3): 713—733, ix. PMID 17826214. doi:10.1016/j.emc.2007.06.002.
„Assessment of abdominal trauma – Differential diagnosis of symptoms | BMJ Best Practice”. bestpractice.bmj.com (на језику: енглески). 14. 8. 2018. Приступљено 1. 1. 2021.
Bansal V, Conroy C, Tominaga GT, Coimbra R (децембар 2009). „The utility of seat belt signs to predict intra-abdominal injury following motor vehicle crashes”. Traffic Injury Prevention. 10 (6): 567—572. PMID 19916127. S2CID 9040242. doi:10.1080/15389580903191450.
Fitzgerald JE, Larvin M (2009). „Chapter 15: Management of Abdominal Trauma”. Ур.: Baker Q, Aldoori M. Clinical Surgery: A Practical Guide. CRC Press. стр. 192—204. ISBN 978-1-4441-0962-7.
Mukhopadhyay M (октобар 2009). „Intestinal Injury from Blunt Abdominal Trauma: A Study of 47 Cases”. Oman Med J. 24 (4): 256—259. PMC 3243872 . PMID 22216378. doi:10.5001/omj.2009.52.
Advanced Trauma Life Support Student Course Manual (PDF) (9th изд.). American College of Surgeons. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 21. 12. 2018. г. Приступљено 17. 12. 2018.
Mack L, Forbes TL, Harris KA (јануар 2002). „Acute aortic thrombosis following incorrect application of the Heimlich maneuver”. Ann Vasc Surg. 16 (1): 130—133. PMID 11904818. S2CID 46698020. doi:10.1007/s10016-001-0147-z.
O'Connor TE, Skinner LJ, Kiely P, Fenton JE (август 2011). „Return to contact sports following infectious mononucleosis: the role of serial ultrasonography”. Ear Nose Throat J. 90 (8): E21—24. PMID 21853428. S2CID 7530057. doi:10.1177/014556131109000819 .
Brophy RH, Gamradt SC, Barnes RP, Powell JW, DelPizzo JJ, Rodeo SA, Warren RF (јануар 2008). „Kidney injuries in professional American football: implications for management of an athlete with 1 functioning kidney”. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 36 (1): 85—90. PMID 17986635. S2CID 25602860. doi:10.1177/0363546507308940.
Blyth A (март 2014). „Thoracic trauma”. BMJ. 348: g1137. PMID 24609501. S2CID 44608099. doi:10.1136/bmj.g1137.
Falter, Florian; Nair, Sukumaran (2012). Intercostal Chest Drain Insertion. Bedside Procedures in the ICU. Springer, London. стр. 105—111. ISBN 9781447122586. doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-2259-3_10.
Maisch B, Ristić AD, Seferović PM, Tsang TS (2011). Interventional Pericardiology. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-11334-5. OCLC 1036224056. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-11335-2.
Bhargava M, Wazni OM, Saliba WI (март 2016). „Interventional Pericardiology”. Current Cardiology Reports. 18 (3): 31. PMID 26908116. S2CID 27688193. doi:10.1007/s11886-016-0698-9.
Platz JJ, Fabricant L, Norotsky M (август 2017). „Thoracic Trauma: Injuries, Evaluation, and Treatment”. The Surgical Clinics of North America. 97 (4): 783—799. PMID 28728716. doi:10.1016/j.suc.2017.03.004.
Haydel, Micelle; Scott, Dulebohn (2021). „Blunt Head Trauma”. StatPearls. PubMed. PMID 28613521. Приступљено 11. 12. 2018.
Nickson, Chris. „Traumatic Brain Injury”. Life in the Fast Lane. Приступљено 13. 12. 2018.

Spoljašnje veze

What is a bruise? for kids
Bruises in sports

Molimo Vas, obratite pažnju na važno upozorenje
u vezi sa temama iz oblasti medicine (zdravlja).

[Jain-2004-1] Jain, B. (2004). Guide to Forensic Medicine & Toxicology (на језику: енглески). B. Jain Publishers. стр. 64. ISBN 978-81-8056-526-7.

[Kap2013-2] а ^б Kapoor, Rajat; Barnes, Katy I. (2013). Crash Course Paediatrics – E-Book (на језику: енглески). Elsevier Health Sciences. стр. 64. ISBN 978-0-7234-3793-2.

[3] „contusion at Dorland's Medical Dictionary”.

[4] Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (17th изд.). McGraw-Hill Professional. 2008.

[5] „Easy Bruising Symptoms”.

[6] Kinnaman, Karen; Binder, William; Nadel, Eric; Brown, David (2015). „Petechiae, anemia, and throbocytopenia”. The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 48 (4): 461—65. PMID 25661311. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2014.12.023.

[7] Lotti, Torello (januar 1994). „The Purpuras”. International Journal of Dermatology. 33 (1): 1—10. PMID 8112930. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4362.1994.tb01483.x.

[allergynursing-8] Turley, Lois (10. 3. 2004). „Shiners-dark circles & swollen eyes”. Архивирано из оригинала 12. 12. 2009. г. Приступљено 8. 10. 2009.

[9] „UCSF Purpura Module” (PDF). Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 2. 10. 2013. г. Приступљено 13. 1. 2013.

[Robbins-10] а ^б Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson; & Mitchell, Richard N. (2007). Robbins Basic Pathology (8th ed.). Saunders Elsevier. p. 86 ISBN 978-1-4160-2973-1

[:0-11] Robbins basic pathology. Kumar, Vinay, 1944-, Abbas, Abul K.,, Aster, Jon C.,, Perkins, James A. (10th изд.). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 28. 3. 2017. стр. 101. ISBN 9780323353175. OCLC 960844656.

[12] McKenzie, Shirlyn B. (2014). Clinical Laboratory Hematology. Williams, Joanne Lynne; Landis-Piwowar, Kristin (3rd изд.). Boston. стр. 665. ISBN 978-0133076011. OCLC 878098857.

[urlCase_Based_Pediatrics_Chapter-13] „Case Based Pediatrics Chapter”. Приступљено 8. 1. 2009.

[14] Ecchymosis, at Merriam-Webster Dictionary, accessed 6/7/2020

[15] Gould, George M. The Practitioner's Medical Dictionary, P. Blakiston's Son & Co., 1916 et seq.; p. 311

[16] „WebMD article on bruises”.

[Singapore-17] Lee, AC (јун 2008). „Bruises, blood coagulation tests and the battered child syndrome” (PDF). Singapore Medical Journal. 49 (6): 445—49. PMID 18581014.

[18] „betamethasone” (PDF). F.A. Davis. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 2017-09-08. г. Приступљено 2020-02-11.

[19] Byers PH. Vascular Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome. 1999 Sep 2 [Updated 2019 Feb 21]. In: Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, et al., editors. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993–2020. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK1494/

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@@ Ред 2: / Ред 2: @@
 {{Infobox medical condition (new)-lat
 | name            = Modrica
-| synonyms        = Konfuzija, ekhimoza<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jain |first1=B. |title=Guide to Forensic Medicine & Toxicology |date=2004 |publisher=B. Jain Publishers |isbn=978-81-8056-526-7 |page=64 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Guide_to_Forensic_Medicine_Toxicology/6omaYmDF0AwC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=ecchymosis+synonyms+bruise&pg=PA64 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Kap2013">{{cite book |last1=Kapoor |first1=Rajat |last2=Barnes |first2=Katy I. |title=Crash Course Paediatrics – E-Book |date=2013 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-7234-3793-2 |page=64 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Crash_Course_Paediatrics_E_Book/VK7ix7sP34YC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=ecchymosis+synonyms+bruise&pg=PA64 |language=en}}</ref>
+| synonyms        = Konfuzija, ekhimoza<ref name="Jain-2004">{{cite book |last1=Jain |first1=B. |title=Guide to Forensic Medicine & Toxicology |date=2004 |publisher=B. Jain Publishers |isbn=978-81-8056-526-7 |page=64 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Guide_to_Forensic_Medicine_Toxicology/6omaYmDF0AwC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=ecchymosis+synonyms+bruise&pg=PA64 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Kap2013">{{cite book |last1=Kapoor |first1=Rajat |last2=Barnes |first2=Katy I. |title=Crash Course Paediatrics – E-Book |date=2013 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-7234-3793-2 |page=64 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Crash_Course_Paediatrics_E_Book/VK7ix7sP34YC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=ecchymosis+synonyms+bruise&pg=PA64 |language=en}}</ref>
 | image           = Pferdekuss.jpg
 | caption         = Modrice na natkoljenici uzrokovane tupim predmetom
@@ Ред 35: / Ред 35: @@
 Hematomi se mogu podeliti po veličini. Po definiciji, ekhimoze su veličine 1 centimetra ili veće i stoga su veće od [[petechia|petehija]] (prečnika manjeg od 3 milimetra)<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Robbins basic pathology|publisher=|others=Kumar, Vinay, 1944-, Abbas, Abul K.,, Aster, Jon C.,, Perkins, James A.|isbn=9780323353175|edition=10th|location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|pages=101|oclc=960844656|date=28. 3. 2017}}</ref> ili [[purpura]] (prečnika od 3 do 10 milimetara).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Clinical Laboratory Hematology|last=McKenzie, Shirlyn B.|publisher=|others=Williams, Joanne Lynne; Landis-Piwowar, Kristin|year=2014|isbn=978-0133076011|edition=3rd|location=Boston|pages=665|oclc=878098857}}</ref> Ekhimoze takođe imaju difuzniju granicu od ostalih purpura.<ref name="urlCase Based Pediatrics Chapter">{{cite web |url=http://www.hawaii.edu/medicine/pediatrics/pedtext/s16c03.html |title=Case Based Pediatrics Chapter |accessdate=8. 1. 2009}}</ref> Šira definicija ekhimoze je bekstvo krvi u tkiva iz puknutih krvnih sudova.<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ecchymosis Ecchymosis, at Merriam-Webster Dictionary], accessed 6/7/2020</ref><ref>Gould, George M. ''The Practitioner's Medical Dictionary'', P. Blakiston's Son & Co., 1916 et seq.; p. 311</ref> Izraz se takođe odnosi na potkožnu promenu boje koja je posledica prodiranja krvi u povredjeno tkivo.
-Boje modrice variraju od crvene, plave ili gotovo crne, u zavisnosti od ozbiljnosti razbijenih kapilara ili krvnih sudova unutar mesta modrice. Polomljene [[venule]] ili [[arteriole]] često rezultiraju dubokom plavom ili tamnocrvenom modricom. Modrice tamnije boje mogu biti rezultat jačeg krvarenja iz krvnih sudova.
+Boje modrice variraju od crvene, plave ili gotovo crne, u zavisnosti od ozbiljnosti razbijenih kapilara ili krvnih sudova unutar mesta modrice. Polomljene [[venule]] ili [[arteriole]] često rezultiraju dubokom plavom ili tamnocrvenom modricom. Modrice tamnije boje mogu biti rezultat jačeg krvarenja iz krvnih sudova.<ref name=Robbins /><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/ecchymosis#2-3 | title = WebMD article on bruises }}</ref>
+== Uzroci ==
+{{rut}}
+There are many causes of subcutaneous hematomas including ecchymoses. [[Coagulopathy|Coagulopathies]] such as [[hemophilia A]] may cause ecchymosis formation in children.<ref name="Singapore">{{cite journal |last1=Lee|first1=AC|title=Bruises, blood coagulation tests and the battered child syndrome|journal=Singapore Medical Journal|volume=49 |issue=6 |pages=445–49 |date=June 2008|pmid=18581014|url=http://smj.sma.org.sg/4906/4906ra1.pdf}}</ref> The medication [[betamethasone]] can have the adverse effect of causing ecchymosis.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://davisplus.fadavis.com/3976/MedDeck/pdf/betamethasonesystemic.pdf | publisher = F.A. Davis | title = betamethasone | access-date = 2020-02-11 | archive-date = 2017-09-08 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170908175627/https://davisplus.fadavis.com/3976/MedDeck/pdf/betamethasonesystemic.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>
+The presence of bruises may be seen in patients with [[platelet]] or [[coagulation]] disorders, or those who are being treated with an [[anticoagulant]]. Unexplained bruising may be a warning sign of [[child abuse]], [[domestic abuse]], or serious medical problems such as [[leukemia]] or [[meningococcus|meningoccocal]] infection. Unexplained bruising can also indicate internal bleeding or certain types of cancer. Long-term glucocorticoid therapy can cause easy bruising. Bruising present around the [[navel]] (belly button) with severe abdominal pain suggests acute [[pancreatitis]]. Connective tissue disorders such as [[Ehlers–Danlos syndromes|Ehlers–Danlos syndrome]] may cause relatively easy or spontaneous bruising depending on the severity. Spontaneous bruising or bruising with minimal trauma in the absence of other explanations and together with other minor or major criteria suggestive of vascular Ehlers–Danlos Syndrome (vEDS) suggests genetic testing for the condition.<ref>Byers PH. Vascular Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome. 1999 Sep 2 [Updated 2019 Feb 21]. In: Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, et al., editors. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993–2020. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK1494/
+</ref>
 == Reference ==
 {{reflist}}
+== Literatura ==
+{{refbegin|30em}}
+* {{cite journal |last1=Simon |first1=Leslie V. |last2=Lopez |first2=Richard A. |last3=King |first3=Kevin C. |title=Blunt Force Trauma |journal=StatPearls |date=2020 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470338/ |access-date=1 January 2021 |publisher=StatPearls Publishing|pmid=29262209 }}
+* {{cite web|last1=Cimino-Fiallos|first1=Nicole|date=28 May 2020|title=Hard Hits: Blunt Force Trauma|url=https://reference.medscape.com/slideshow/blunt-force-trauma-6007991|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924065813/http://reference.medscape.com:80/slideshow/blunt-force-trauma-6007991 |archive-date=2017-09-24 |access-date=1 January 2021|website=login.medscape.com|publisher=Medscape|url-access=subscription}}
+* {{cite book |last1=Shkrum |first1=Michael J. |last2=Ramsay |first2=David A. |title=Forensic Pathology of Trauma |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-1-58829-458-6 |page=406 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xaQRx_6zxWMC&pg=PA405|language=en |chapter=8. Blunt trauma: with reference to planes, trains and automobiles|date=6 November 2007 }}
+* {{cite journal | vauthors = Isenhour JL, Marx J | title = Advances in abdominal trauma | journal = Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America | volume = 25 | issue = 3 | pages = 713–733, ix | date = August 2007 | pmid = 17826214 | doi = 10.1016/j.emc.2007.06.002 }}
+* {{cite journal |title=Assessment of abdominal trauma – Differential diagnosis of symptoms {{!}} BMJ Best Practice |website=bestpractice.bmj.com |date=14 August 2018 |url=https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1187 |access-date=1 January 2021 |language=en-us}}
+* {{cite journal | vauthors = Bansal V, Conroy C, Tominaga GT, Coimbra R | title = The utility of seat belt signs to predict intra-abdominal injury following motor vehicle crashes | journal = Traffic Injury Prevention | volume = 10 | issue = 6 | pages = 567–572 | date = December 2009 | pmid = 19916127 | doi = 10.1080/15389580903191450 | s2cid = 9040242 }}
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+{{refend}}
 == Spoljašnje veze ==

Klasifikacija	D ICD-10: S00-S90, T14.0 ICD-9-CM: 920-924 MeSH: D003288 DiseasesDB: 31998 SNOMED CT: 125667009
Spoljašnji resursi	MedlinePlus: 007213 eMedicine: article/88153