Karcinoid crvuljka — разлика између измена

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== Literatura ==
== Literatura ==
* Rui Pedro Neto da Silva Abreu, Appendiceal neuroendocrine tumors: approach and treatment, Journal of Coloproctology, {{cite journal|author= |title= |journal= |date= |volume=|issue=|pages=|doi=10.1016j.jcol.2018.05.010}}. (2018).
* Rui Pedro Neto da Silva Abreu, Appendiceal neuroendocrine tumors: approach and treatment, Journal of Coloproctology, {{cite journal|author= |title= |journal= |date= |volume=|issue=|pages=|doi=10.1016j.jcol.2018.05.010|doi-broken-date= 2023-09-06}}. (2018).


* Salman Guraya, Prognostic significance of circulating microRNA-21 expression in esophageal, pancreatic and colorectal cancers; a systematic review and meta-analysis, International Journal of Surgery, {{cite journal|author= |title= |journal= |date= |volume=|issue=|pages=|doi=10.1016j.ijsu.2018.10.030}}. (2018).
* Salman Guraya, Prognostic significance of circulating microRNA-21 expression in esophageal, pancreatic and colorectal cancers; a systematic review and meta-analysis, International Journal of Surgery, {{cite journal|title= Prognostic significance of circulating microRNA-21 expression in esophageal, pancreatic and colorectal cancers; a systematic review and meta-analysis|journal= International Journal of Surgery|date= 2018|volume=60|issue=|pages=41–47|doi=10.1016/j.ijsu.2018.10.030|last1= Guraya|first1= Salman|pmid= 30336280|s2cid= 53019329}}. (2018).
* Q.B. Tran, R. Mizumoto, S. Ratnayake and B. Strekozov, Metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma and synchronous carcinoid tumour mimicking appendicitis: A case report, International Journal of Surgery Case Reports, {{cite journal|author= |title= |journal= |date= |volume=|issue=|pages=|doi=10.1016j.ijscr.2018.02.023}}. 44, (93-97), (2018).
* Q.B. Tran, R. Mizumoto, S. Ratnayake and B. Strekozov, Metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma and synchronous carcinoid tumour mimicking appendicitis: A case report, International Journal of Surgery Case Reports, {{cite journal|title= Metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma and synchronous carcinoid tumour mimicking appendicitis: A case report|journal= International Journal of Surgery Case Reports|date= 2018|volume=44|issue=|pages=93–97|doi=10.1016/j.ijscr.2018.02.023|last1= Tran|first1= Q.B.|last2= Mizumoto|first2= R.|last3= Ratnayake|first3= S.|last4= Strekozov|first4= B.|pmid= 29482082|pmc= 5856669}}. 44, (93-97), (2018).
* Goran Augustin, Acute Appendicitis, Acute Abdomen During Pregnancy, {{cite journal|author= |title= |journal= |date= |volume=|issue=|pages=|doi=10.1007978-3-319-72995-4_1}}. (3-53), (2018).
* Goran Augustin, Acute Appendicitis, Acute Abdomen During Pregnancy, {{cite book|title= Acute Abdomen During Pregnancy|chapter= Acute Appendicitis|date= 2018|volume=|pages=3–53|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-72995-4_1|last1= Augustin|first1= Goran|isbn= 978-3-319-72994-7}}. (3-53), (2018).
* Frederico José Ribeiro Teixeira, Sérgio Dias do Couto Netto, Eduardo Hiroshi Akaishi, Edivaldo Massazo Utiyama, Carlos Augusto Metidieri Menegozzo and Marcelo Cristiano Rocha, Acute appendicitis, inflammatory appendiceal mass and the risk of a hidden malignant tumor: a systematic review of the literature, World Journal of Emergency Surgery, {{cite journal|author= |title= |journal= |date= |volume=|issue=|pages=|doi=10.1186s13017-017-0122-9}}. 12, 1, (2017).
* Frederico José Ribeiro Teixeira, Sérgio Dias do Couto Netto, Eduardo Hiroshi Akaishi, Edivaldo Massazo Utiyama, Carlos Augusto Metidieri Menegozzo and Marcelo Cristiano Rocha, Acute appendicitis, inflammatory appendiceal mass and the risk of a hidden malignant tumor: a systematic review of the literature, World Journal of Emergency Surgery, {{cite journal|title= Acute appendicitis, inflammatory appendiceal mass and the risk of a hidden malignant tumor: A systematic review of the literature|journal= World Journal of Emergency Surgery|date= 2017|volume=12|issue=|doi=10.1186/s13017-017-0122-9|doi-access= free|last1= Teixeira|first1= Frederico José Ribeiro|last2= Couto Netto|first2= Sérgio Dias do|last3= Akaishi|first3= Eduardo Hiroshi|last4= Utiyama|first4= Edivaldo Massazo|last5= Menegozzo|first5= Carlos Augusto Metidieri|last6= Rocha|first6= Marcelo Cristiano|page= 12|pmid= 28286544|pmc= 5343298}}. 12, 1, (2017).
* Ujalla Sheikh, Evita Henderson-Jackson, Jalil Muhammad, Domenico Coppola and Aejaz Nasir, Neuroendocrine Neoplasms of the Appendix, Neuroendocrine Tumors: Review of Pathology, Molecular and Therapeutic Advances, {{cite journal|author= |title= |journal= |date= |volume=|issue=|pages=|doi=10.1007978-1-4939-3426-3_15}}. (289-308), (2016).
* Ujalla Sheikh, Evita Henderson-Jackson, Jalil Muhammad, Domenico Coppola and Aejaz Nasir, Neuroendocrine Neoplasms of the Appendix, Neuroendocrine Tumors: Review of Pathology, Molecular and Therapeutic Advances, {{cite book|title= Neuroendocrine Tumors: Review of Pathology, Molecular and Therapeutic Advances|chapter= Neuroendocrine Neoplasms of the Appendix|date= 2016|volume=|pages=289–308|doi=10.1007/978-1-4939-3426-3_15|last1= Sheikh|first1= Ujalla|last2= Henderson-Jackson|first2= Evita|last3= Muhammad|first3= Jalil|last4= Coppola|first4= Domenico|last5= Nasir|first5= Aejaz|isbn= 978-1-4939-3424-9}}. (289-308), (2016).
* Krystallenia I Alexandraki, Gregory A Kaltsas, Simona Grozinsky-Glasberg, Eleftherios Chatzellis and Ashley B Grossman, Appendiceal neuroendocrine neoplasms: diagnosis and management, Endocrine-Related Cancer, {{cite journal|author= |title= |journal= |date= |volume=|issue=|pages=|doi=10.1530ERC-15-0310}}. 23, 1, (R27-R41), (2016).
* Krystallenia I Alexandraki, Gregory A Kaltsas, Simona Grozinsky-Glasberg, Eleftherios Chatzellis and Ashley B Grossman, Appendiceal neuroendocrine neoplasms: diagnosis and management, Endocrine-Related Cancer, {{cite journal|title= Appendiceal neuroendocrine neoplasms: Diagnosis and management|journal= Endocrine-Related Cancer|date= 2016|volume=23|issue=1|pages=R27–R41|doi=10.1530/ERC-15-0310|last1= Alexandraki|first1= Krystallenia I.|last2= Kaltsas|first2= Gregory A.|last3= Grozinsky-Glasberg|first3= Simona|last4= Chatzellis|first4= Eleftherios|last5= Grossman|first5= Ashley B.|pmid= 26483424|s2cid= 22750392}}. 23, 1, (R27-R41), (2016).
* Rebecca F Lyons, Muhammad Irfan, Ronan Waldron, Niamh Bambury, Fadel Bennani, Tamas Nemeth, Waqar Khan and Kevin Barry, Malignant neuroendocrine tumour of the appendix in childhood with loco-regional lymph node invasion, Diagnostic Pathology, {{cite journal|author= |title= |journal= |date= |volume=|issue=|pages=|doi=10.1186s13000-015-0287-z}}. 10, 1, (2015).
* Rebecca F Lyons, Muhammad Irfan, Ronan Waldron, Niamh Bambury, Fadel Bennani, Tamas Nemeth, Waqar Khan and Kevin Barry, Malignant neuroendocrine tumour of the appendix in childhood with loco-regional lymph node invasion, Diagnostic Pathology, {{cite journal|title= Malignant neuroendocrine tumour of the appendix in childhood with loco-regional lymph node invasion|journal= Diagnostic Pathology|date= 2015|volume=10|issue=|doi=10.1186/s13000-015-0287-z|doi-access= free|last1= Lyons|first1= Rebecca F.|last2= Irfan|first2= Muhammad|last3= Waldron|first3= Ronan|last4= Bambury|first4= Niamh|last5= Bennani|first5= Fadel|last6= Nemeth|first6= Tamas|last7= Khan|first7= Waqar|last8= Barry|first8= Kevin|page= 55|pmid= 26022184|pmc= 4446797}}. 10, 1, (2015).
* A. D. Malkan, F. N. Wahid, I. Fernandez-Pineda and J. A. Sandoval, Appendiceal carcinoid tumor in children: implications for less radical surgery?, Clinical and Translational Oncology, {{cite journal|author= |title= |journal= |date= |volume=|issue=|pages=|doi=10.1007s12094-014-1196-4}}. 17, 3, (197-200), (2014).
* A. D. Malkan, F. N. Wahid, I. Fernandez-Pineda and J. A. Sandoval, Appendiceal carcinoid tumor in children: implications for less radical surgery?, Clinical and Translational Oncology, {{cite journal|title= Appendiceal carcinoid tumor in children: Implications for less radical surgery?|journal= Clinical and Translational Oncology|date= 2015|volume=17|issue=3|pages=197–200|doi=10.1007/s12094-014-1196-4|last1= Malkan|first1= A. D.|last2= Wahid|first2= F. N.|last3= Fernandez-Pineda|first3= I.|last4= Sandoval|first4= J. A.|pmid= 24965691|s2cid= 6176516}}. 17, 3, (197-200), (2014).
* Hirotaka Shoji, Hirofumi Kon, Takahisa Ishikawa, Susumu Shibasaki, Shigenori Homma, Hideki Kawamura, Norihiko Takahashi and Akinobu Taketomi, A Case of Goblet Cell Carcinoid of the Appendix: A Review of the Published 57 Literatures in Japan, Nihon Gekakei Rengo Gakkaishi (Journal of Japanese College of Surgeons), {{cite journal|author= |title= |journal= |date= |volume=|issue=|pages=|doi=10.4030jjcs.40.266}}. 40, 2, (266-272), (2015).
* Hirotaka Shoji, Hirofumi Kon, Takahisa Ishikawa, Susumu Shibasaki, Shigenori Homma, Hideki Kawamura, Norihiko Takahashi and Akinobu Taketomi, A Case of Goblet Cell Carcinoid of the Appendix: A Review of the Published 57 Literatures in Japan, Nihon Gekakei Rengo Gakkaishi (Journal of Japanese College of Surgeons), {{cite journal|title= A Case of Goblet Cell Carcinoid of the Appendix: A Review of the Published 57 Literatures in Japan|journal= Nihon Gekakei Rengo Gakkaishi (Journal of Japanese College of Surgeons)|date= 2015|volume=40|issue=2|pages=266–272|doi=10.4030/jjcs.40.266|last1= Shoji|first1= Hirotaka|last2= Kon|first2= Hirofumi|last3= Ishikawa|first3= Takahisa|last4= Shibasaki|first4= Susumu|last5= Homma|first5= Shigenori|last6= Kawamura|first6= Hideki|last7= Takahashi|first7= Norihiko|last8= Taketomi|first8= Akinobu}}. 40, 2, (266-272), (2015).
* Kung-Chen Ho, Chien-Liang Liu, Jie-Jen Lee, Tsan-Pai Liu, Wen-Chin Ko and Jiunn-Chang Lin, Goblet Cell Carcinoid of Appendix, Journal of Cancer Research and Practice, {{cite journal|author= |title= |journal= |date= |volume=|issue=|pages=|doi=10.1016S2311-3006(16)30029-5}}. 1, 1, (82-87), (2014).
* Kung-Chen Ho, Chien-Liang Liu, Jie-Jen Lee, Tsan-Pai Liu, Wen-Chin Ko and Jiunn-Chang Lin, Goblet Cell Carcinoid of Appendix, Journal of Cancer Research and Practice, {{cite journal|title= Goblet Cell Carcinoid of Appendix|journal= Journal of Cancer Research and Practice|date= 2014|volume=1|issue=|pages=82–87|doi=10.1016/S2311-3006(16)30029-5|last1= Ho|first1= Kung-Chen|last2= Liu|first2= Chien-Liang|last3= Lee|first3= Jie-Jen|last4= Liu|first4= Tsan-Pai|last5= Ko|first5= Wen-Chin|last6= Lin|first6= Jiunn-Chang}}. 1, 1, (82-87), (2014).
* Alpin D. Malkan and John A. Sandoval, Controversial tumors in pediatric surgical oncology, Current Problems in Surgery, {{cite journal|author= |title= |journal= |date= |volume=|issue=|pages=|doi=10.1067j.cpsurg.2014.11.004}}. 51, 12, (478-520), (2014).
* Alpin D. Malkan and John A. Sandoval, Controversial tumors in pediatric surgical oncology, Current Problems in Surgery, {{cite journal|title= Controversial tumors in pediatric surgical oncology|journal= Current Problems in Surgery|date= 2014|volume=51|issue=12|pages=478–520|doi=10.1067/j.cpsurg.2014.11.004|last1= Malkan|first1= Alpin D.|last2= Sandoval|first2= John A.|pmid= 25524425}}. 51, 12, (478-520), (2014).
* Aydın Ş Köksal, İsmail Hakkı Kalkan, Hakan Yıldız, Rıza Sarper Ökten, Gürel Neşşar and Nurgül Şaşmaz, Direct Visualization of an Extremely Rare Malignancy: Adenocarcinoma of the Appendix, American Journal of Gastroenterology, {{cite journal|author= |title= |journal= |date= |volume=|issue=|pages=|doi=10.1038ajg.2012.339}}. 108, 1, (149-150), (2013).
* Aydın Ş Köksal, İsmail Hakkı Kalkan, Hakan Yıldız, Rıza Sarper Ökten, Gürel Neşşar and Nurgül Şaşmaz, Direct Visualization of an Extremely Rare Malignancy: Adenocarcinoma of the Appendix, American Journal of Gastroenterology, {{cite journal|title= Direct Visualization of an Extremely Rare Malignancy: Adenocarcinoma of the Appendix|journal= American Journal of Gastroenterology|date= 2013|volume=108|issue=1|pages=149–150|doi=10.1038/ajg.2012.339|last1= Köksal|first1= Aydın Ş.|last2= Kalkan|first2= İsmail Hakkı|last3= Yıldız|first3= Hakan|last4= Ökten|first4= Rıza Sarper|last5= Neşşar|first5= Gürel|last6= Şaşmaz|first6= Nurgül|pmid= 23287952|s2cid= 28373764}}. 108, 1, (149-150), (2013).
* Kelly R. Dietz, Arnold C. Merrow, Daniel J. Podberesky and Alexander J. Towbin, Beyond acute appendicitis: imaging of additional pathologies of the pediatric appendix, Pediatric Radiology, {{cite journal|author= |title= |journal= |date= |volume=|issue=|pages=|doi=10.1007s00247-012-2565-1}}. 43, 2, (232-242), (2012).
* Kelly R. Dietz, Arnold C. Merrow, Daniel J. Podberesky and Alexander J. Towbin, Beyond acute appendicitis: imaging of additional pathologies of the pediatric appendix, Pediatric Radiology, {{cite journal|title= Beyond acute appendicitis: Imaging of additional pathologies of the pediatric appendix|journal= Pediatric Radiology|date= 2013|volume=43|issue=2|pages=232–242|doi=10.1007/s00247-012-2565-1|last1= Dietz|first1= Kelly R.|last2= Merrow|first2= Arnold C.|last3= Podberesky|first3= Daniel J.|last4= Towbin|first4= Alexander J.|pmid= 23179488|s2cid= 9801418}}. 43, 2, (232-242), (2012).
* T. Ploenes, N. Börner, C. J. Kirkpatrick and A. Heintz, Neuroendocrine Tumour, Mucinous Adenocarcinoma and Signet-Ring Cell Carcinoma of the Appendix: Three Cases and Review of Literature, Indian Journal of Surgery, {{cite journal|author= |title= |journal= |date= |volume=|issue=|pages=|doi=10.1007s12262-012-0704-4}}. 75, S1, (299-302), (2012).
* T. Ploenes, N. Börner, C. J. Kirkpatrick and A. Heintz, Neuroendocrine Tumour, Mucinous Adenocarcinoma and Signet-Ring Cell Carcinoma of the Appendix: Three Cases and Review of Literature, Indian Journal of Surgery, {{cite journal|title= Neuroendocrine Tumour, Mucinous Adenocarcinoma and Signet-Ring Cell Carcinoma of the Appendix: Three Cases and Review of Literature|journal= Indian Journal of Surgery|date= 2013|volume=75|issue=Suppl 1|pages=299–302|doi=10.1007/s12262-012-0704-4|last1= Ploenes|first1= T.|last2= Börner|first2= N.|last3= Kirkpatrick|first3= C. J.|last4= Heintz|first4= A.|pmid= 24426597|pmc= 3693327}}. 75, S1, (299-302), (2012).
* Ulrich-Frank Pape, Aurel Perren, Bruno Niederle, David Gross, Thomas Gress, Frederico Costa, Rudolf Arnold, Timm Denecke, Ursula Plöckinger, Ramon Salazar and Ashley Grossman, ENETS Consensus Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Neuroendocrine Neoplasms from the Jejuno-Ileum and the Appendix Including Goblet Cell Carcinomas, Neuroendocrinology, {{cite journal|author= |title= |journal= |date= |volume=|issue=|pages=|doi=10.1159000335629}}. 95, 2, (135-156), (2012).
* Ulrich-Frank Pape, Aurel Perren, Bruno Niederle, David Gross, Thomas Gress, Frederico Costa, Rudolf Arnold, Timm Denecke, Ursula Plöckinger, Ramon Salazar and Ashley Grossman, ENETS Consensus Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Neuroendocrine Neoplasms from the Jejuno-Ileum and the Appendix Including Goblet Cell Carcinomas, Neuroendocrinology, {{cite journal|title= ENETS Consensus Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Neuroendocrine Neoplasms from the Jejuno-Ileum and the Appendix Including Goblet Cell Carcinomas|journal= Neuroendocrinology|date= 2012|volume=95|issue=2|pages=135–156|doi=10.1159/000335629|last1= Pape|first1= Ulrich-Frank|last2= Perren|first2= Aurel|last3= Niederle|first3= Bruno|last4= Gross|first4= David|last5= Gress|first5= Thomas|last6= Costa|first6= Frederico|last7= Arnold|first7= Rudolf|last8= Denecke|first8= Timm|last9= Plöckinger|first9= Ursula|last10= Salazar|first10= Ramon|last11= Grossman|first11= Ashley|author12= Barcelona Consensus Conference participants|pmid= 22262080|s2cid= 14406655}}. 95, 2, (135-156), (2012).
* Dora Lam-Himlin and Elizabeth A. Montgomery, The neoplastic appendix: a practical approach, Diagnostic Histopathology, {{cite journal|author= |title= |journal= |date= |volume=|issue=|pages=|doi=10.1016j.mpdhp.2011.06.012}}. 17, 9, (395-403), (2011).
* Dora Lam-Himlin and Elizabeth A. Montgomery, The neoplastic appendix: a practical approach, Diagnostic Histopathology, {{cite journal|title= The neoplastic appendix: A practical approach|journal= Diagnostic Histopathology|date= 2011|volume=17|issue=9|pages=395–403|doi=10.1016/j.mpdhp.2011.06.012|last1= Lam-Himlin|first1= Dora|last2= Montgomery|first2= Elizabeth A.}}. 17, 9, (395-403), (2011).
* Kjell Öberg, Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumors (Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors) and the Carcinoid Syndrome, Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease, {{cite journal|author= |title= |journal= |date= |volume=|issue=|pages=|doi=10.1016B978-1-4160-6189-2.00031-7}}. (475-490.e4), (2010).
* Kjell Öberg, Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumors (Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors) and the Carcinoid Syndrome, Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease, {{cite book|title= Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease|chapter= Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumors (Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors) and the Carcinoid Syndrome|date= 2010|volume=|pages=475–490.e4|doi=10.1016/B978-1-4160-6189-2.00031-7|last1= Öberg|first1= Kjell|isbn= 9781416061892}}. (475-490.e4), (2010).
* Yoon Ho KO, Se Hoon PARK, Chan‐Kwon JUNG, Hye Sung WON, Sook Hee HONG, Ji Chan PARK, Sang Young ROH, In Sook WOO, Jin Hyoung KANG, Young Seon HONG and Jae Ho BYUN, Clinical characteristics and prognostic factors for primary appendiceal carcinoma, Asia-Pacific Journal of Clinical Oncology, 6, 1, (19-27), (2010).
* Yoon Ho KO, Se Hoon PARK, Chan‐Kwon JUNG, Hye Sung WON, Sook Hee HONG, Ji Chan PARK, Sang Young ROH, In Sook WOO, Jin Hyoung KANG, Young Seon HONG and Jae Ho BYUN, Clinical characteristics and prognostic factors for primary appendiceal carcinoma, Asia-Pacific Journal of Clinical Oncology, 6, 1, (19-27), (2010).
* Rondell Patrell Darrell Graham, Nadia Patricia Williams and Kamille Aisha West, Primary epithelial tumours of the appendix in a black population: A review of cases, World Journal of Gastroenterology, {{cite journal|author= |title= |journal= |date= |volume=|issue=|pages=|doi=10.3748wjg.15.1472}}. 15, 12, (1472), (2009).
* Rondell Patrell Darrell Graham, Nadia Patricia Williams and Kamille Aisha West, Primary epithelial tumours of the appendix in a black population: A review of cases, World Journal of Gastroenterology, {{cite journal|title= Primary epithelial tumours of the appendix in a black population: A review of cases|journal= World Journal of Gastroenterology|date= 2009|volume=15|issue=12|doi=10.3748/wjg.15.1472|doi-access= free|last1= Graham|first1= Rondell Patrell Darrell|last2= Williams|first2= Nadia Patricia|last3= West|first3= Kamille Aisha|pages= 1472–1474|pmid= 19322920|pmc= 2665141}}. 15, 12, (1472), (2009).
* Anne Couvelard and Alain Sauvanet, Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: indications for and pitfalls of frozen section examination, Virchows Archiv, {{cite journal|author= |title= |journal= |date= |volume=|issue=|pages=|doi=10.1007s00428-008-0678-6}}. 453, 5, (441-448), (2008).
* Anne Couvelard and Alain Sauvanet, Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: indications for and pitfalls of frozen section examination, Virchows Archiv, {{cite journal|title= Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: Indications for and pitfalls of frozen section examination|journal= Virchows Archiv|date= 2008|volume=453|issue=5|pages=441–448|doi=10.1007/s00428-008-0678-6|last1= Couvelard|first1= Anne|last2= Sauvanet|first2= Alain|pmid= 18839209|s2cid= 1563859}}. 453, 5, (441-448), (2008).
* Robert G. Magner and Timothy L. Owens, Goblet Cell Carcinoid of the Appendix, Journal of Diagnostic Medical Sonography, {{cite journal|author= |title= |journal= |date= |volume=|issue=|pages=|doi=10.11778756479307308184}}. 23, 6, (357-360), (2016).
* Robert G. Magner and Timothy L. Owens, Goblet Cell Carcinoid of the Appendix, Journal of Diagnostic Medical Sonography, {{cite journal|title= Goblet Cell Carcinoid of the Appendix|journal= Journal of Diagnostic Medical Sonography|date= 2007|volume=23|issue=6|pages=357–360|doi=10.1177/8756479307308184|last1= Magner|first1= Robert G.|last2= Owens|first2= Timothy L.|s2cid= 73277045}}. 23, 6, (357-360), (2016).
* Mark E. O’Donnell, Stephen A. Badger, Garth C. Beattie, Jim Carson and W. Ian H. Garstin, Malignant neoplasms of the appendix, International Journal of Colorectal Disease, {{cite journal|author= |title= |journal= |date= |volume=|issue=|pages=|doi=10.1007s00384-007-0304-0}}. 22, 10, (1239-1248), (2007).
* Mark E. O’Donnell, Stephen A. Badger, Garth C. Beattie, Jim Carson and W. Ian H. Garstin, Malignant neoplasms of the appendix, International Journal of Colorectal Disease, {{cite journal|title= Malignant neoplasms of the appendix|journal= International Journal of Colorectal Disease|date= 2007|volume=22|issue=10|pages=1239–1248|doi=10.1007/s00384-007-0304-0|last1= o'Donnell|first1= Mark E.|last2= Badger|first2= Stephen A.|last3= Beattie|first3= Garth C.|last4= Carson|first4= Jim|last5= Garstin|first5= W. Ian H.|pmid= 17447078|s2cid= 22377463}}. 22, 10, (1239-1248), (2007).
* Rosario Fornaro, Marco Frascio, Camilla Sticchi, Luigi De Salvo, Cesare Stabilini, Francesca Mandolfino, Barbara Ricci and Ezio Gianetta, Appendectomy or Right Hemicolectomy in the Treatment of Appendiceal Carcinoid Tumors?, Tumori Journal, {{cite journal|author= |title= |journal= |date= |volume=|issue=|pages=|doi=10.1177030089160709300612}}. 93, 6, (587-590), (2018).
* Rosario Fornaro, Marco Frascio, Camilla Sticchi, Luigi De Salvo, Cesare Stabilini, Francesca Mandolfino, Barbara Ricci and Ezio Gianetta, Appendectomy or Right Hemicolectomy in the Treatment of Appendiceal Carcinoid Tumors?, Tumori Journal, {{cite journal|title= Appendectomy or Right Hemicolectomy in the Treatment of Appendiceal Carcinoid Tumors?|journal= Tumori Journal|date= 2007|volume=93|issue=6|pages=587–590|doi=10.1177/030089160709300612|last1= Fornaro|first1= Rosario|last2= Frascio|first2= Marco|last3= Sticchi|first3= Camilla|last4= De Salvo|first4= Luigi|last5= Stabilini|first5= Cesare|last6= Mandolfino|first6= Francesca|last7= Ricci|first7= Barbara|last8= Gianetta|first8= Ezio|pmid= 18338494|s2cid= 20449912}}. 93, 6, (587-590), (2018).


== Spoljašnje veze ==
== Spoljašnje veze ==

Верзија на датум 6. септембар 2023. у 04:50

Karcinoid crvuljka
SinonimiCarcinoid apendix veriformis
Karcinoid crvuljka
Specijalnostionkologija

Karcinoid crvuljka je najčešći tip tumora, koji čini 85% svih gastrointestinalnih endokrinih tumora.[1] Naziv karcinoid ovi tumori su dobili zbog sporog rasta i homogenog izgleda tumorskih ćelija, što je ranije ispitivače navelo da potcene njihov maligni potencijal. Uglavnom je asimptomatski i dijagnostikuju se kao slučajan nalaz u apendektomiji ili tokom drugih operacija u trbuhu. [2]

Epidemiologija

Posle apendektomija, histopatološkim pregledom, primarne novotvorine su identifikovane u ~ 0,5% svih hirurški uklonjenih crvuljaka, s karcinoidnim tumorima koje čine > 50% svih novotvorina crvuljka bilo koje etiologije.[3][4][3]

Koliko su retki ovi tumori govori podatak da većina hirurga susretne sa ovim entitetom samo jednom u životu.[2][5]

Karcinoid crvuljka su mirnog toka, a interval između početka simptoma i postavljanje dijagnoze u proseku je oko 4,5 godine.

Etiopatogeneza

Karcinoid crvuljka je najčešće lokalizovan na vrhu crvuljka, u obliku solidnog tumora promera do 1 cm. I pored intramuralne i transmuralna propagacija tumora, zahvatanje regionalnih limfnih čvorova je veoma retko.[6]

Karcinoidni tumori nastaju iz neuroendokrinih ćelija difuznog neuroendokrinog sistema, koje su identifikovane na mnogim lokacijama u organizmu ćovea, uključujući;

  • pluća (25,1%),
  • jajnike (0,5%),
  • bilijarni sistem (0,2%) i
  • gastrointestinalni traktt (73,4%).[7] Karcinoidni tumori crvuljka su retke neuroendokrine neoplazme koje se obično ponašaju kao benigni tumori, mada određeni oblici ove lezije imaju potencijal za malignitet i metastaziranje.[8]
Metastaze

Verovatnoća metastaziranja karcinoidnih tumora crvuljka je mala ~ 4,7% svih karcinoidnih tumora crvuljka.[9] Osnovni put širenje metastaza je kroz limfu, a najčešće lokalizacije metastaza su u jetri i limfnim čvorovima retroperitoneumu.[2] Osim u jetri i limfhim čvorovima metastaze karcinoida crvuljka mogu se javiti i u kostima, a nešto ređe u srcu, dojkama ili oku.

Rizik od metastatskog širenja je uslovljen veličinom tumora, pa se tako metastaze nalaze u:

  • manje od 2% tumora manjih od 1 cm,
  • skoro 100% kod tumora većih od 2 cm.

Klinička slika

Klinička slika karcinoid crvuljka karakteriše se istim onim simptomima koji se javljaju i kod akutnog zapaljenja crvuljka, a broj i karakter manifestacija, odnosno simptoma zavisi od karakteristike samog tumora.

Kod karcinoida crvuljka ne postoji specifičan preoperativni klinički prikaz jer su ovi tumori ili asimptomatski ili su prisutni kao akutno zapaljenje crvuljka. Zato se dijagnostikuju slučajno tek tokom apendektomije, ili neke druge operacije u trbuhu.[10] Pored toga, karcinoidi crvuljka mogu rezultovati ponavljajućim epizodama bolova u trbuhu usled delimične opstrukcije lumena crvuljka tumorskom masom. Retko se javljaju neuroendokrini simptomi, uključujući povraćanje, dijareju i srčane bolesti.[11]

Karcinoidi crvuljkaci polako rastu, a svukupna prognoza je u načelu dobra.[12] Trenutna veličina tumora je najpouzdaniji pokazatelj za procenu malignog potencijala karcionoida.

Terapija

Apendektomija

Kako je kod većine pacijenata sa karcinoidima crvuljka prečnik tumora < 1 cm, samo apendektomija je dovoljan tretman, jer karcinoidi retko metastaziraju. Za tumore prečnika 1-2 cm, hirurške mogućnosti zavise zahvaćenosti mezoappendiksa i histološke podvrsta lezije. Međutim, kako tumori prečnika ≥ 2 cm lokalizovan na bazi crvuljka, najćešče mogu metastazirati, to kod pacijenti sa tumorima ove veličine zahteva desnu hemikolektomiju.

Kandidati za desnu hemikolektomiju su oni sa lezijama kod kojih postoje histopatloški dokazi mezoapendikalne ekstenzije tumora lokalizovane u dnu crvuljka sa pozitivnim marginama ili zahvaćenošću slepog creva (cekuma) solidnim malignim karcinoidom.[13][14]

Opsežniji hirurški tretman preporučuje se i u situacijama kada tumor ima visok indeks proliferacije ili ako se proširio na mezenterične krvne sudove i limfne sudove crvuljka.[1]

Hemoterapija

Indikacije za adjuvantnu hemioterapiju su: veličina tumora preko 2 cm, goblet-tip karcinoida, kao i pozitivne resekcione margine.[1]

Prognoza

Prognoza karcinoidnog tumora zavisi od lokalizacije i stadijuma bolesti u vreme postavljanja dijagnoze. Karcinoidi apendiksa retko ugrožavaju život.[2]

Iako u 80% slučajeva može doći do recidiva, apendektomija crvuljka daje dobre rezultate.[2]

Izvori

  1. ^ а б в O’Donnell ME, Carson J, Garstin WI. Surgical treatment of malignant carcinoid tumours of the appendix. International journal of clinical practice. 2007;61(3):431-7.
  2. ^ а б в г д Jelena Antić, Klinički značaj minimalno invazivne hirurgije u terapiji akutnog apendicitisa u dečjem uzrastu, Doktorska disertacija, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu Medicinski fakultet, Novi Sad, 2016.
  3. ^ а б Pickhardt PJ, Levy AD, Rohrmann CA, Jr, Kende AI. Primary neoplasms of the appendix manifesting as acute appendicitis: CT findings with pathologic comparison. Radiology. 2002;224:775–781. Pickhardt, Perry J.; Levy, Angela D.; Rohrmann, Charles A.; Kende, Amir I. (2002). „Primary Neoplasms of the Appendix Manifesting as Acute Appendicitis: CT Findings with Pathologic Comparison”. Radiology. 224 (3): 775—781. PMID 12202713. doi:10.1148/radiol.2243011545. .
  4. ^ Deans GT, Spence RA. Neoplastic lesions of the appendix. Br J Surg. 1995;82:299–306. Deans, G. T.; Spence, R A J. (1995). „Neoplastic lesions of the appendix”. British Journal of Surgery. 82 (3): 299—306. PMID 7795991. S2CID 22817619. doi:10.1002/bjs.1800820306. . [PubMed] [CrossRef]
  5. ^ In’t Hof KH, van der Wal HC, Kazemier G, Lange JF. Carcinoid tumour of the appendix: an analysis of 1,485 consecutive emergency appendectomies. Journal of gastrointestinal surgery : official journal of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract. 2008;12(8):1436-8.
  6. ^ Christianakis E, Paschalidis N, Chorti M, Filippou G, Rizos S, Filippou D. Carcinoid tumour of the appendix in children: a case report. Cases journal. 2008;1(1):136.
  7. ^ Modlin, Irvin M.; Sandor, Andras (2000). „An analysis of 8305 cases of carcinoid tumors”. Cancer. 79 (4): 813—829. PMID 9024720. S2CID 25115640. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19970215)79:4<813::AID-CNCR19>3.0.CO;2-2. .
  8. ^ Parkes, S. E.; Muir, K. R.; Al Sheyyab, M.; Cameron, A. H.; Pincott, J. R.; Raafat, F.; Mann, J. R. (1993). „Carcinoid tumours of the appendix in children 1957–1986: Incidence, treatment and outcome”. British Journal of Surgery. 80 (4): 502—504. PMID 8495322. S2CID 208285953. doi:10.1002/bjs.1800800433. .
  9. ^ Moertel, Charles G.; Weiland, Louis H.; Nagorney, David M.; Dockerty, Malcolm B. (1987). „Carcinoid Tumor of the Appendix: Treatment and Prognosis”. New England Journal of Medicine. 317 (27): 1699—1701. PMID 3696178. doi:10.1056/NEJM198712313172704. 
  10. ^ Roggo, Anton; Wood, William C.; Ottinger, Leslie W. (1993). „Carcinoid Tumors of the Appendix”. Annals of Surgery. 217 (4): 385—390. PMC 1242805 Слободан приступ. PMID 8466309. doi:10.1097/00000658-199304000-00010. 
  11. ^ Markgraf, Wolfgang H.; Dunn, Thomas M. (1964). „Appendiceal carcinoid with carcinoid syndrome”. The American Journal of Surgery. 107 (5): 730—732. PMID 14166209. doi:10.1016/0002-9610(64)90301-0. 
  12. ^ Thirlby, Richard C.; Kasper, Candace S.; Jones, Ronald C. (1984). „Metastatic carcinoid tumor of the appendix”. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum. 27 (1): 42—46. PMID 6690264. S2CID 23468908. doi:10.1007/BF02554075. 
  13. ^ Syracuse, Donald C.; Perzin, Karl H.; Price, John B.; Wiedel, Philip D.; Mesa-Tejada, Ricardo (1979). „Carcinoid Tumors of the Appendix Mesoappendiceal Extension and Nodal Metastases”. Annals of Surgery. 190 (1): 58—63. PMC 1344458 Слободан приступ. PMID 464679. doi:10.1097/00000658-197907000-00013. 
  14. ^ Gouzi JL, Laigneau P, Delalande JP, Flamant Y, Bloom E, Oberlin P, Fingerhut A. The French Associations for Surgical Research: Indications for right hemicolectomy in carcinoid tumors of the appendix. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1993;176:543–547. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

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