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Actinomycetota
Skenirajuća elektronska mikrografija Actinomyces israelii.
Naučna klasifikacija e
Domen: Bacteria
Tip: Actinobacteria
Klasa: Actinobacteria
Goodfellow 2021[1]
Tipski rod
Actinomyces
Harz 1877 (odobrene liste 1980)
Klase[2]
Sinonimi
  • "Actinobacteraeota" Oren et al. 2015
  • "Actinobacteria" Goodfellow 2012[3]
  • "Actinobacteria" Margulis 1974 ex Cavalier-Smith 2020
  • "Actinobacteria" Stackebrandt, Rainey & Ward-Rainey 1997
  • "Actinobacteriota" Whitman et al. 2018
  • "Actinomycetes" Krasil'nikov 1949

Actinomycetota (or Actinobacteria) are a diverse phylum of Gram-positive bacteria with high G+C content.[4] They can be terrestrial or aquatic.[5] They are of great economic importance to humans because agriculture and forests depend on their contributions to soil systems. In soil they help to decompose the organic matter of dead organisms so the molecules can be taken up anew by plants. While this role is also played by fungi, Actinomycetota are much smaller and likely do not occupy the same ecological niche. In this role the colonies often grow extensive mycelia, like a fungus would, and the name of an important order of the phylum, Actinomycetales (the actinomycetes), reflects that they were long believed to be fungi. Some soil actinomycetota (such as Frankia) live symbiotically with the plants whose roots pervade the soil, fixing nitrogen for the plants in exchange for access to some of the plant's saccharides. Other species, such as many members of the genus Mycobacterium, are important pathogens.

Beyond the great interest in Actinomycetota for their soil role, much is yet to be learned about them. Although currently understood primarily as soil bacteria, they might be more abundant in fresh waters.[6] Actinomycetota is one of the dominant bacterial phyla and contains one of the largest of bacterial genera, Streptomyces.[7] Streptomyces and other actinomycetota are major contributors to biological buffering of soils.[8] They are also the source of many antibiotics.

The Actinomycetota genus Bifidobacterium is the most common bacteria in the microbiome of human infants.[9] Although adults have fewer bifidobacteria, intestinal bifidobacteria help maintain the mucosal barrier and reduce lipopolysaccharide in the intestine.[10]

Although some of the largest and most complex bacterial cells belong to the Actinomycetota, the group of marine Actinomarinales has been described as possessing the smallest free-living prokaryotic cells.[11]

Some Siberian or Antarctic Actinomycetota is said to be the oldest living organism on Earth, frozen in permafrost at around half a million years ago.[12][13] The symptoms of life were detected by release from permafrost samples 640 kya or younger.[14]

Filogenija

Whole-genome based phylogeny[15] 16S rRNA based LTP_12_2021[16][17][18] GTDB 08-RS214[19][20][21]
 
Actinomycetota
 

Rubrobacteria

 
 
 

Thermoleophilia

 
 
 

Coriobacteriia

 
 
 

Acidimicrobiia

 
 
 

Nitriliruptoria

 
 

Actinomycetia

 
 
 
 
 
 
outgroup

Chloroflexota

 
 
 
 

Rubrobacteria

 
 
 

Thermoleophilia

 
 
 

Coriobacteriia

 
 
 
 

Acidimicrobiia

 
 

Nitriliruptoria

 
 
 

Actinomycetia

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

"Humimicrobiia"

 
 

"Aquicultoria"

 
 
 

Coriobacteriia

 
 
 
 

"Geothermincolia"

 
 
 
 

Rubrobacteria

 
 

Thermoleophilia

 
 
 
 

Acidimicrobiia

 
 
Actinomycetia
 

Nitriliruptoridae

 
 

Actinobacteridae

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Taksonomija

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)[2] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).[22]

Reference

  1. ^ Oren A, Garrity GM (2021). „Valid publication of the names of forty-two phyla of prokaryotes”. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 71 (10): 5056. PMID 34694987. S2CID 239887308. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.005056 Слободан приступ. 
  2. ^ а б Euzéby JP, Parte AC. „Actinobacteria”. List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Архивирано из оригинала 6. 5. 2021. г. Приступљено 7. 6. 2021. 
  3. ^ Goodfellow M (2012). „Phylum XXVI. Actinobacteria phyl. nov.”. Ур.: Goodfellow M, Kämpfer P, Trujillo ME, Suzuki K, Ludwig W, Whitman WB. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. 5 (2nd изд.). New York, NY: Springer. стр. 33—34. 
  4. ^ Gao B, Gupta RS (март 2012). „Phylogenetic framework and molecular signatures for the main clades of the phylum Actinobacteria”. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 76 (1): 66—112. PMC 3294427 Слободан приступ. PMID 22390973. doi:10.1128/MMBR.05011-11. 
  5. ^ Servin JA, Herbold CW, Skophammer RG, Lake JA (јануар 2008). „Evidence excluding the root of the tree of life from the actinobacteria”. Mol. Biol. Evol. 25 (1): 1—4. PMID 18003601. doi:10.1093/molbev/msm249 Слободан приступ. 
  6. ^ Ghai R, Rodriguez-Valera F, McMahon KD, Toyama D, Rinke R, Cristina Souza de Oliveira T, et al. (2011). Lopez-Garcia P, ур. „Metagenomics of the water column in the pristine upper course of the Amazon river”. PLOS ONE. 6 (8): e23785. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...623785G. PMC 3158796 Слободан приступ. PMID 21915244. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0023785 Слободан приступ. 
  7. ^ Hogan CM (2010). „Bacteria”. Ур.: Draggan S, Cleveland CJ. Encyclopedia of Earth. Washington DC: National Council for Science and the Environment. Архивирано из оригинала 2011-05-11. г. 
  8. ^ Ningthoujam DS, Sanasam S, Tamreihao K, Nimaichand S (новембар 2009). „Antagonistic activities of local actinomycete isolates against rice fungal pathogens”. African Journal of Microbiology Research. 3 (11): 737—742. 
  9. ^ Turroni F, Peano C, Pass DA, Foroni E, Severgnini M, Claesson MJ, Kerr C, Hourihane J, Murray D, Fuligni F, Gueimonde M, Margolles A, De Bellis G, O'Toole PW, van Sinderen D, Marchesi JR, Ventura M (2012-05-11). „Diversity of bifidobacteria within the infant gut microbiota”. PLOS ONE. 7 (5): e36957. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...736957T. PMC 3350489 Слободан приступ. PMID 22606315. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0036957 Слободан приступ. 
  10. ^ Pinzone MR, Celesia BM, Di Rosa M, Cacopardo B, Nunnari G (2012). „Microbial translocation in chronic liver diseases”. International Journal of Microbiology. 2012: 694629. PMC 3405644 Слободан приступ. PMID 22848224. doi:10.1155/2012/694629 Слободан приступ. 
  11. ^ Ghai R, Mizuno CM, Picazo A, Camacho A, Rodriguez-Valera F (2013). „Metagenomics uncovers a new group of low GC and ultra-small marine Actinobacteria”. Scientific Reports. 3: 2471. Bibcode:2013NatSR...3E2471G. PMC 3747508 Слободан приступ. PMID 23959135. doi:10.1038/srep02471. 
  12. ^ Sample I (2. 5. 2010). „The oldest living organisms: ancient survivors with a fragile future”. The Guardian. Архивирано из оригинала 2013-03-02. г. 
  13. ^ Hanson J. „The oldest living thing in the world”. It's Okay to be Smart. Архивирано из оригинала 2018-07-13. г. Приступљено 2018-07-13. 
  14. ^ Johnson SS, Hebsgaard MB, Christensen TR, Mastepanov M, Nielsen R, Munch K, et al. (септембар 2007). „Ancient bacteria show evidence of DNA repair”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (36): 14401—14405. Bibcode:2007PNAS..10414401J. PMC 1958816 Слободан приступ. PMID 17728401. doi:10.1073/pnas.0706787104 Слободан приступ. 
  15. ^ Nouioui I, Carro L, García-López M, Meier-Kolthoff JP, Woyke T, Kyrpides NC, Pukall R, Klenk HP, Goodfellow M, Markus Göker M (2018). „Genome-Based Taxonomic Classification of the Phylum Actinobacteria”. Front. Microbiol. 9: 2007. PMC 6113628 Слободан приступ. PMID 30186281. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.02007 Слободан приступ. 
  16. ^ „The LTP”. Архивирано из оригинала 14. 6. 2021. г. Приступљено 23. 2. 2021. 
  17. ^ „LTP_all tree in newick format”. Архивирано из оригинала 28. 2. 2022. г. Приступљено 23. 2. 2021. 
  18. ^ „LTP_12_2021 Release Notes” (PDF). Архивирано (PDF) из оригинала 28. 2. 2022. г. Приступљено 23. 2. 2021. 
  19. ^ „GTDB release 08-RS214”. Genome Taxonomy Database. Архивирано из оригинала 26. 10. 2022. г. Приступљено 10. 5. 2023. 
  20. ^ „bac120_r214.sp_label”. Genome Taxonomy Database. Архивирано из оригинала 16. 5. 2023. г. Приступљено 10. 5. 2023. 
  21. ^ „Taxon History”. Genome Taxonomy Database. Архивирано из оригинала 1. 11. 2021. г. Приступљено 10. 5. 2023. 
  22. ^ Schoch CL, Ciufo S, Domrachev M, Hotton CL, Kannan S, Khovanskaya R, et al. „Actinobacteria”. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Архивирано из оригинала 2021-04-17. г. Приступљено 2021-03-20. 

Literatura

Spoljašnje veze

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Преузето из „https://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Actinomycetota&oldid=26432534”