Унуче — разлика између измена

С Википедије, слободне енциклопедије
Интерактиван преглед историје
← Старија изменаНовија измена →
Садржај обрисан Садржај додат
ВизуелноВикитекст
.
.
Ред 1: Ред 1:
У [[Породица|породици]] '''унуче''' је „дететово“ дете ако је мушко онда је '''унук''' а ако је женско '''унука'''. У већини друштава, породица је главна институција за [[Социјализација|социјализацију]] деце. Као основну јединицу за подизање деце, [[Антропологија|антрополози]] генерално класифицира већину породичних организација као [[Matrifocal family|матрифокалне]] (мајка и њена деца); брачне (супруга, њен муж и деца, а такође се названа [[nuclear family|елементарном породицом]]); [[avuncular|авунцуларне]] (на пример, деда, брат, његова сестра и њена деца); или [[Проширена породица|проширене]] (родитељи и деца живе заједно са другим члановима породице једног родитеља). Сексуални односи међу члановима регулисани су правилима која се односе на [[инцест]], као што је [[Incest taboo|табу инцеста]].
У [[Породица|породици]] '''унуче''' је „дететово“ дете ако је мушко онда је '''унук''' а ако је женско '''унука'''. У већини друштава, породица је главна институција за [[Социјализација|социјализацију]] деце. Као основну јединицу за подизање деце, [[Антропологија|антрополози]] генерално класифицира већину породичних организација као [[Matrifocal family|матрифокалне]] (мајка и њена деца);<ref name="cia.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2127rank.html|title=The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency|website=Cia.gov|accessdate=12 April 2017}}</ref> брачне (супруга, њен муж и деца, а такође се названа [[nuclear family|елементарном породицом]]); [[avuncular|авунцуларне]] (на пример, деда, брат, његова сестра и њена деца); или [[Проширена породица|проширене]] (родитељи и деца живе заједно са другим члановима породице једног родитеља). Сексуални односи међу члановима регулисани су правилима која се односе на [[инцест]], као што је [[Incest taboo|табу инцеста]].


== Терминологија сродства ==
== Друштво ==
[[Датотека:Galla Placidia (rechts) und ihre Kinder.jpg|thumb|Detail of a [[gold glass]] medallion with a portrait of a family, from [[Alexandria]] ([[Roman Egypt]]), 3rd–4th century ([[Brescia]], [[Museo di Santa Giulia]])<ref>Jás Elsner (2007). "The Changing Nature of Roman Art and the Art Historical Problem of Style," in Eva R. Hoffman (ed), ''Late Antique and Medieval Art of the Medieval World'', 11–18. Oxford, Malden & Carlton: Blackwell Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1-4051-2071-5}}, p. 17, Figure 1.3 on p. 18.</ref>]]
[[Датотека:Sauk Indian family by Frank Rinehart 1899.jpg|thumb|right|[[Sauk people|Sauk]] family of photographed by [[Frank Rinehart]] in 1899]]
{{рут}}
One of the primary functions of the family involves providing a framework for the production and reproduction of persons [[biologically]] and socially. This can occur through the sharing of material substances (such as food); the giving and receiving of care and nurture ([[nurture kinship]]); jural rights and obligations; and moral and sentimental ties.<ref name="Schneider p. 182">Schneider, David 1984 ''A Critique of the Study of Kinship''. Ann Arbor: [[University of Michigan Press]]. p. 182</ref><ref>Deleuze-Guattari (1972). Part 2, ch. 3, p. 80</ref> Thus, one's experience of one's family shifts over time. From the perspective of [[children]], the family is G "family of orientation": the family serves to locate children socially and plays a major role in their [[enculturation]] and socialization.<ref>[[John Russon|Russon, John]], (2003) ''Human Experience: Philosophy, Neurosis, and the Elements of Everyday Life'', Albany: [[State University of New York Press]]. pp. 61–68.</ref> From the point of view of the parent(s), the family is a "family of procreation", the goal of which is to produce and enculturate and socialize children.<ref>George Peter Murdoch ''Social Structure'' p. 13</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Shyam|first1=Radhey|title=Clinical Child Psychology|date=2009|publisher=Gyan Books|location=Delhi|isbn=978-81-7835-761-4|pages=113–115 }}</ref> However, producing children is not the only function of the family; in societies with a sexual division of labor, [[marriage]], and the resulting relationship between two people, it is necessary for the formation of an economically productive [[household]].<ref>Wolf, Eric. 1982 ''Europe and the People Without History''. Berkeley: [[University of California Press]]. 92</ref><ref>Harner, Michael 1975 "Scarcity, the Factors of Production, and Social Evolution," in ''Population, Ecology, and Social Evolution'', Steven Polgar, ed. Mouton Publishers: [[the Hague]].</ref><ref>Rivière, Peter 1987 "Of Women, Men, and Manioc", ''Etnologiska Studier'' (38).</ref>


===Степени сродства===
[[C. C. Harris (writer)|Christopher Harris]] notes that the western conception of family is ambiguous and confused with the [[household]], as revealed in the different contexts in which the word is used.<ref>''The Family and Industrial Society'', 1983, George Allen Unwin, London, p. 30</ref> [[Olivia Harris]] states this confusion is not accidental, but indicative of the familial ideology of [[capitalist]], [[Western culture|western]] countries that pass social legislation that insists members of a [[nuclear family]] should live together, and that those not so related should not live together; despite the ideological and legal pressures, a large percentage of families do not conform to the ideal [[nuclear family]] type.<ref>
{{main|Коефицијент сродства}}
{{cite book |title=Of Marriage and the Market: Women's Subordination Internationally and its Lessons |publisher=Routeledge |location=London |page=138 |author=Olivia Harris |editor1=Kate Young |editor2=Carol Wolkowitz |editor3=Roslyn McCullagh }}</ref>
[[File:Albumen photograph of an Indian family with children in the 1870s.jpg|upright=0.9|thumb|Family in India, 1870s]]
[[File:Arthur Rothstein Family in a wagon Lee County August 1935.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|Family in a wagon, Lee County, Mississippi, August 1935.]]
{{rut}}
A first-degree relative is one who shares 50% of your DNA through direct inheritance, such as a full sibling, parent or progeny.


There is another measure for the degree of relationship, which is determined by counting up generations to the first common ancestor and back down to the target individual, which is used for various genealogical and legal purposes.
=== Величина ===
{{Further|Fertility factor (demography)}}
[[File:Mennonite siblings Montana 1937.jpg|thumb|[[Mennonite]] siblings, Montana 1937]]


{| class="wikitable"
The [[total fertility rate]] of women varies from country to country, from a high of 6.76 children born/woman in [[Niger]] to a low of 0.81 in [[Singapore]] (as of 2015).<ref name="cia.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2127rank.html|title=The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency|website=Cia.gov|accessdate=12 April 2017}}</ref> Fertility is low in most [[Eastern European]] and [[Southern European]] countries; and high in most [[Sub-Saharan Africa]]n countries.<ref name="cia.gov"/>
|-

! Kinship
In some cultures, the mother's preference of family size influences that of the children through early adulthood.<ref name="AxinnClarkberg1994">{{cite journal |last1=Axinn |first1=William G. |last2=Clarkberg |first2=Marin E. |last3=Thornton |first3=Arland |title=Family Influences on Family Size Preferences |journal=Demography |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=65–79 |year=1994 |issn=0070-3370 |doi=10.2307/2061908|pmid=8005343 |jstor=2061908 }}</ref> A parent's number of children strongly correlates with the number of children that they will eventually have.<ref name="Murphy2013">{{cite journal |last1=Murphy |first1=Michael |title=Cross-National Patterns of Intergenerational Continuities in Childbearing in Developed Countries |journal=Biodemography and Social Biology |volume=59 |issue=2 |year=2013 |pages=101–126 |issn=1948-5565 |doi=10.1080/19485565.2013.833779|pmid=24215254 |pmc=4160295 }}</ref>
! Degree of relationship <br>by coefficient
! [[Coefficient of relationship|Коефицијент сродства]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lange|first1=Kenneth|title=Mathematical and statistical methods for genetic analysis|date=2003|publisher=Springer|page=81|isbn=978-0-387-21750-5}}</ref>
! Degree of relationship <br>by counting generations to common ancestor
|-
| Identical twins || 0 || 100%<ref>By replacement in the definition of the notion of "generation" by [[meiosis]]". Since identical twins are not separated by meiosis, there are no "generations" between them, hence ''n''=0 and ''r''=1. See [http://www.genetic-genealogy.co.uk/Toc115570135.html genetic-genealogy.co.uk].</ref> || second-degree
|-
| Full sibling || first-degree || 50% (2×2<sup>−2</sup>) || second-degree
|-
| Parent-offspring<ref>{{cite web|url=http://taumoda.com/web/PD/library/kin.html|title=Kin Selection|publisher=Benjamin/Cummings|accessdate=2007-11-25}}</ref> || first-degree || 50% (2<sup>−1</sup>) || first-degree
|-
| Half-sibling || second-degree || 25% (2<sup>−2</sup>) || second-degree
|-
| Grandmother/grandfather || second-degree || 25% (2<sup>−2</sup>) || second-degree
|-
| Niece/nephew/aunt/uncle || second-degree || 25% (2×2<sup>−3</sup>) || third-degree
|-
| Half Niece/nephew/aunt/uncle || third-degree || 12.5% (2<sup>−3</sup>) || third-degree
|-
| First cousin || third-degree || 12.5% (2×2<sup>−4</sup>) || fourth-degree
|-
| Half first cousin || fourth-degree || 6.25% (2<sup>−4</sup>) || fourth-degree
|-
|Great grandparent || third-degree || 12.5% (2<sup>−3</sup>) || third-degree
|-
| First cousin once removed || fifth-degree || 6.25% (2⋅2<sup>−5</sup>) || fifth-degree
|-
| Second cousin || sixth-degree || 3.125% (2<sup>−6</sup>+2<sup>−6</sup>) || sixth-degree
|}


== Види још ==
== Види још ==

Верзија на датум 9. април 2019. у 09:36

У породици унуче је „дететово“ дете ако је мушко онда је унук а ако је женско унука. У већини друштава, породица је главна институција за социјализацију деце. Као основну јединицу за подизање деце, антрополози генерално класифицира већину породичних организација као матрифокалне (мајка и њена деца);[1] брачне (супруга, њен муж и деца, а такође се названа елементарном породицом); авунцуларне (на пример, деда, брат, његова сестра и њена деца); или проширене (родитељи и деца живе заједно са другим члановима породице једног родитеља). Сексуални односи међу члановима регулисани су правилима која се односе на инцест, као што је табу инцеста.

Терминологија сродства

Степени сродства

Главни чланак: Коефицијент сродства
Family in India, 1870s
Family in a wagon, Lee County, Mississippi, August 1935.

A first-degree relative is one who shares 50% of your DNA through direct inheritance, such as a full sibling, parent or progeny.

There is another measure for the degree of relationship, which is determined by counting up generations to the first common ancestor and back down to the target individual, which is used for various genealogical and legal purposes.

Kinship Degree of relationship
by coefficient 		Коефицијент сродства[2] Degree of relationship
by counting generations to common ancestor
Identical twins 0 100%[3] second-degree
Full sibling first-degree 50% (2×2−2) second-degree
Parent-offspring[4] first-degree 50% (2−1) first-degree
Half-sibling second-degree 25% (2−2) second-degree
Grandmother/grandfather second-degree 25% (2−2) second-degree
Niece/nephew/aunt/uncle second-degree 25% (2×2−3) third-degree
Half Niece/nephew/aunt/uncle third-degree 12.5% (2−3) third-degree
First cousin third-degree 12.5% (2×2−4) fourth-degree
Half first cousin fourth-degree 6.25% (2−4) fourth-degree
Great grandparent third-degree 12.5% (2−3) third-degree
First cousin once removed fifth-degree 6.25% (2⋅2−5) fifth-degree
Second cousin sixth-degree 3.125% (2−6+2−6) sixth-degree

Види још

Референце

  1. ^ „The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency”. Cia.gov. Приступљено 12. 4. 2017. 
  2. ^ Lange, Kenneth (2003). Mathematical and statistical methods for genetic analysis. Springer. стр. 81. ISBN 978-0-387-21750-5. 
  3. ^ By replacement in the definition of the notion of "generation" by meiosis". Since identical twins are not separated by meiosis, there are no "generations" between them, hence n=0 and r=1. See genetic-genealogy.co.uk.
  4. ^ „Kin Selection”. Benjamin/Cummings. Приступљено 2007-11-25. 

Литература

Спољашње везе

Унуче на Викимедијиној остави.
Преузето из „https://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Унуче&oldid=21793860”