Kinoa — разлика између измена
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(нема разлике)
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Верзија на датум 28. јун 2020. у 01:51
| Kvinoja | |
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Naučna klasifikacija 
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| Carstvo: | Plantae |
| Kladus: | Tracheophytes |
| Kladus: | Angiospermae |
| Kladus: | Eudicotidae |
| Red: | Caryophyllales |
| Porodica: | Amaranthaceae |
| Rod: | Chenopodium |
| Vrsta: | C. kvinoja
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| Binomno ime | |
| Chenopodium kvinoja | |
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| Natural distribution in red, Cultivation in green | |
| Sinonimi[1] | |
Kvinoja (Chenopodium quinoa; /ˈkiːnwɑː/ or /kɪˈnoʊ.ə/, from Quechua kinwa or kinuwa)[2] is a flowering plant in the amaranth family. It is a herbaceous annual plant grown as a crop primarily for its edible seeds; the seeds are rich in protein, dietary fiber, B vitamins, and dietary minerals in amounts greater than in many grains.[3] Quinoa is not a grass, but rather a pseudocereal botanically related to spinach and amaranth (Amaranthus spp.), and originated in the Andean region of northwestern South America.[4] It was first used to feed livestock 5.2–7.0 thousand years ago, and for human consumption 3–4 thousand years ago in the Lake Titicaca basin of Peru and Bolivia.[5]
Today, almost all production in the Andean region is done by small farms and associations. Its cultivation has spread to more than 70 countries, including Kenya, India, the United States, and several European countries.[6] As a result of increased popularity and consumption in North America, Europe, and Australasia, quinoa crop prices tripled between 2006 and 2013.[7][8]
Botanika
Opis
Chenopodium quinoa je dicotyledonous annual plant, usually about 1–2 m (3–7 ft) high. It has broad, generally powdery, hairy, lobed leaves, normally arranged alternately. The woody central stem is branched or unbranched depending on the variety and may be green, red or purple. The flowering panicles arise from the top of the plant or from leaf axils along the stem. Each panicle has a central axis from which a secondary axis emerges either with flowers (amaranthiform) or bearing a tertiary axis carrying the flowers (glomeruliform).[9] These are small, incomplete, sessile flowers of the same colour as the sepals, and both pistillate and perfect forms occur. Pistillate flowers are generally located at the proximal end of the glomeruli and the perfect ones at the distal end of it. A perfect flower has five sepals, five anthers and a superior ovary, from which two to three stigmatic branches emerge.[10]
The green hypogynous flowers have a simple perianth and are generally self-fertilizing[9][11] though but cross-pollination occurs.[12] Furthermore, in the natural environment, betalains serve to attract animals to generate a greater rate of pollination and ensure, or improve, seed dissemination.[13] The fruits (seeds) are about 2 mm (1⁄16 in) in diameter and of various colors — from white to red or black, depending on the cultivar.[14]
In regards to the “newly” developed salinity resistance of C. quinoa, some studies have concluded that accumulation of organic osmolytes plays a dual role for the species. They provide osmotic adjustment, in addition to protection against oxidative stress of the photosynthetic structures in developing leaves. Studies also suggested that reduction in stomatal density in reaction to salinity levels represents an essential instrument of defence to optimize water use efficiency under the given conditions to which it may be exposed.[15]
Galerija
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Developing black quinoa seed -
Quinoa seeds -
Quinoa plant before flowering -
Quinoa flower -
Threshing quinoa in Peru
Reference
- ^ „The Plant List: A working list of all plant species”. Приступљено 1. 5. 2014.
- ^ Teofilo Laime Ajacopa, Diccionario Bilingüe Iskay simipi yuyayk'ancha, La Paz, 2007 (Quechua-Spanish dictionary)
- ^ „Quinoa: An ancient crop to contribute to world food security” (PDF). Food and Agriculture Organization. United Nations. јул 2011. Приступљено 22. 5. 2018.
- ^ Fuentes, F.F.; Martínez, E.A.; Hinrischen, P.V.; Jellen, E.N.; Maughan, P.J. (10. 5. 2008). „Assessment of genetic diversity patterns in Chilean quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) germplasm using multiplex fluorescent microsatellite” (PDF). Conservation Genetics. 10 (2): 369—377. doi:10.1007/s10592-008-9604-3. Приступљено 14. 2. 2016.
- ^ Kolata, Alan L. (2009). Quinoa: Production, Consumption and Social Value in Historical Context (PDF). Department of Anthropology (Извештај). The University of Chicago.
- ^ „Distribution and production”. Food and Agriculture Organization. United Nations. 2013. Приступљено 25. 6. 2019.
- ^ „Quinoa”. Agricultural Marketing Resource Center. Grains & oilseeds. U.S. Department of Agriculture. новембар 2017. Приступљено 28. 7. 2018.
- ^ Blythman, Joanna (16. 1. 2013). „Can vegans stomach the unpalatable truth about quinoa?”. The Guardian. London, UK. Приступљено 17. 1. 2013.
- ^ а б The Lost Crops of the Incas: Little-known plants of the Andes with promise for worldwide cultivation. Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation, National Academies. U.S. National Research Council. 1989. стр. 149.
- ^ Bertero, Daniel; Medan, Diego; Hall, A.J. (1996-09-01). „Changes in apical morphology during floral initiation and reproductive development in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)”. Annals of Botany (на језику: енглески). 78 (3): 317—324. ISSN 0305-7364. doi:10.1006/anbo.1996.0126.
- ^ Lieberei, Reinhard; Reissdorff, Christoph & Franke, Wolfgang (2007). Nutzpflanzenkunde. Georg Thieme Verlag. ISBN 978-3135304076.
- ^ Robinson, R. (1986). Amaranth, Quinoa, Ragi, Tef, and Niger. University of Minnesota.
- ^ Colour Additives for Foods and Beverages (1st изд.). Elsevier. Приступљено 2020-06-16.
- ^ Vaughn, J.G.; Geissler, C.A. (2009). The New Oxford Book of Food Plants. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199549467.
- ^ Shabala, Lana; Mackay, Alex; Tian, Yu; Jacobsen, Sven-Erik; Zhou, Daowei; Shabala, Sergey (септембар 2012). „Oxidative stress protection and stomatal patterning as components of salinity tolerance mechanism in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa)”. Physiologia Plantarum. 146 (1): 26—38. ISSN 1399-3054. PMID 22324972. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3054.2012.01599.x.
Literatura
- Pulvento, C.; Riccardi, M.; Lavini, A.; d’Andria, R.; Ragab, R. (2013). „SALTMED model to simulate yield and dry matter for quinoa crop and soil Moisture content under different irrigation strategies in south Italy” (PDF). Irrigation and Drainage. 62 (2): 229—238. doi:10.1002/ird.1727.
- Cocozza, C.; Pulvento, C.; Lavini, A.; Riccardi, M.; d’Andria, R.; Tognetti, R. (2012). „Effects of increasing salinity stress and decreasing water availability on ecophysiological traits of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)”. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 199 (4): 229—240. doi:10.1111/jac.12012.
- Pulvento, C; Riccardi, M; Lavini, A; d'Andria, R; Iafelice, G; Marconi, E (2010). „Field trial evaluation of two Chenopodium quinoa genotypes grown under rain-fed conditions in a typical Mediterranean environment in south Italy”. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 196 (6): 407—411. doi:10.1111/j.1439-037X.2010.00431.x.
- Pulvento, C.; Riccardi, M.; Lavini, A.; Iafelice, G.; Marconi, E.; d’Andria, R. (2012). „Yield and quality characteristics of quinoa grown in open field under different saline and non-saline irrigation regimes”. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 198 (4): 254—263. doi:10.1111/j.1439-037X.2012.00509.x.
- Gómez-Caravaca, A.M.; Iafelice, G.; Lavini, A.; Pulvento, C.; Caboni, M.; Marconi, E. (2012). „Phenolic compounds and saponins in quinoa samples (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) grown under different saline and non saline irrigation regimens”. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 60 (18): 4620—4627. PMID 22512450. doi:10.1021/jf3002125.
- Romero, Simon; Shahriari, Sara (19. 3. 2011). „Quinoa's global success creates quandary at home”. The New York Times. Приступљено 22. 7. 2012.
- Geerts, S.; Raes, D.; Garcia, M.; Vacher, J.; Mamani, R; Mendoza, J.; et al. (2008). „Introducing deficit irrigation to stabilize yields of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)”. Eur. J. Agron. 28 (3): 427—436. doi:10.1016/j.eja.2007.11.008.
- Geerts, S.; Raes, D.; Garcia, M.; Mendoza, J.; Huanca, R. (2008). „Indicators to quantify the flexible phenology of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) in response to drought stress”. Field Crop. Res. 108 (2): 150—156. doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2008.04.008.
- Geerts, S.; Raes, D.; Garcia, M.; Condori, O.; Mamani, J.; Miranda, R.; Cusicanqui, J.; Taboada, C.; Vacher, J. (2008). „Could deficit irrigation be a sustainable practice for quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) in the southern Bolivian altiplano?”. Agricultural Water Management. 95 (8): 909—917. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2008.02.012.
- Geerts, S.; Raes, D.; Garcia, M.; Taboada, C.; Miranda, R.; Cusicanqui, J.; Mhizha, T.; Vacher, J. (2009). „Modeling the potential for closing quinoa yield gaps under varying water availability in the Bolivian Altiplano”. Agricultural Water Management. 96 (11): 1652—1658. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2009.06.020.
- Bazile, Didier; Martínez, Enrique A.; Fuentes, Francisco (2014-12-02). „Diversity of quinoa in a biogeographical island: A review of constraints and potential from arid to temperate regions of Chile”. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca (на језику: енглески). 42 (2): 289—298. ISSN 1842-4309. doi:10.15835/nbha4229733.
- Murphy, Kevin S.; Matanguihan, Janet (2015-09-28). Quinoa: Improvement and Sustainable Production (на језику: енглески). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-62805-8.
- Valencia, B.G.; Urrego, D.H.; Silman, M.R.; Bush, M.B. (2010). „From ice age to modern: A record of landscape change in an Andean cloud forest”. Journal of Biogeography (на језику: енглески). 37 (9): 1637—1647. ISSN 1365-2699. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2010.02318.x.
Spoljašnje veze
- Hopper, Tristin (25. 3. 2013). „Jews divided by great Passover debate: Is quinoa kosher?”. National Post. Архивирано из оригинала 11. 4. 2013. г. Приступљено 2013-11-24.
- Nemes, Hody (23. 12. 2013). „Quinoa Ruled Kosher for Passover”. Forward. Приступљено 2014-02-07.
