Panč (magazin) — разлика између измена
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Kategorije | Politika, kultura, humor, satira |
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Frekvencija | Nedelno |
Osnivač | Henri Mejhju, Ebenezer Landels |
Godina osnivanja | 1841 |
Prvo izdanje | 17. jul 1841 |
Finalno izdanje | 1992 |
Zemlja | Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo |
Baziran na | London |
Jezik | Engleski |
Veb-sajt | www |
Panč (Punch, ili The London Charivari) bio je britanski nedeljni magazin humorističkog i satiričnog sadržaja. Magazin su uspostavili Henry Mayhew i drvorez Ebenezer Landells 1841. godine. Historically, it was most influential in the 1840s and 1850s, when it helped to coin the term "cartoon" in its modern sense as a humorous illustration.
After the 1940s, when its circulation peaked, it went into a long decline, closing in 1992. It was revived in 1996, but closed again in 2002.
Istorija
Punch was founded on 17 July 1841 by Henry Mayhew and wood-engraver Ebenezer Landells, on an initial investment of £25. It was jointly edited by Mayhew and Mark Lemon. It was subtitled The London Charivari in homage to Charles Philipon's French satirical humour magazine Le Charivari.[1] Reflecting their satiric and humorous intent, the two editors took for their name and masthead the anarchic glove puppet, Mr. Punch, of Punch and Judy; the name also referred to a joke made early on about one of the magazine's first editors, Lemon, that "punch is nothing without lemon". Mayhew ceased to be joint editor in 1842 and became "suggestor in chief" until he severed his connection in 1845. The magazine initially struggled for readers, except for an 1842 "Almanack" issue which shocked its creators by selling 90,000 copies. In December 1842 due to financial difficulties, the magazine was sold to Bradbury and Evans, both printers and publishers. Bradbury and Evans capitalised on newly evolving mass printing technologies and also were the publishers for Charles Dickens and William Makepeace Thackeray.
Cartoon terminology
The term "cartoon" to refer to comic drawings was first used in Punch in 1843, when the Houses of Parliament were to be decorated with murals, and "cartoons" for the mural were displayed for the public; the term "cartoon" then meant a finished preliminary sketch on a large piece of cardboard, or cartone in Italian. Punch humorously appropriated the term to refer to its political cartoons, and the popularity of the Punch cartoons led to the term's widespread use.[2]
Artistry
Illustrator Archibald Henning designed the cover of the magazine's first issues. The cover design varied in the early years, though Richard Doyle designed what became the magazine's masthead in 1849. Artists who published in Punch during the 1840s and '50s included John Leech, Doyle, John Tenniel, and Charles Keene. This group became known as "The Punch Brotherhood", which also included Charles Dickens, who joined Bradbury and Evans after leaving Chapman and Hall in 1843.[3] Punch authors and artists also contributed to another Bradbury and Evans literary magazine called Once A Week (est. 1859), created in response to Dickens' departure from Household Words.[3]
Gaining a market and relations with other papers
After months of financial difficulty and lack of market success, Punch became a staple for British drawing rooms because of its sophisticated humour and absence of offensive material, especially when viewed against the satirical press of the time. The Times and the Sunday paper News of the World used small pieces from Punch as column fillers, giving the magazine free publicity and indirectly granting a degree of respectability, a privilege not enjoyed by any other comic publication. Punch shared a friendly relationship with not only The Times, but also journals aimed at intellectual audiences such as the Westminster Review, which published a 53-page illustrated article on Punch's first two volumes. Historian Richard Altick writes that "To judge from the number of references to it in the private letters and memoirs of the 1840s...Punch had become a household word within a year or two of its founding, beginning in the middle class and soon reaching the pinnacle of society, royalty itself".[4]
Increasing in readership and popularity throughout the remainder of the 1840s and '50s, Punch was the success story of a threepenny weekly paper that had become one of the most talked-about and enjoyed periodicals. Punch enjoyed an audience including Elizabeth Barrett, Robert Browning, Thomas Carlyle, Edward FitzGerald, Charlotte Brontë, Queen Victoria, Prince Albert, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Emily Dickinson, Herman Melville, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and James Russell Lowell. Punch gave several phrases to the English language, including The Crystal Palace, and the "Curate's egg" (first seen in an 1895 cartoon by George du Maurier). Several British humour classics were first serialised in Punch, such as the Diary of a Nobody and 1066 and All That. Towards the end of the 19th century, the artistic roster included Harry Furniss, Linley Sambourne, Francis Carruthers Gould, and Phil May.[3] Among the outstanding cartoonists of the following century were Bernard Partridge, H. M. Bateman, Bernard Hollowood (who also edited the magazine from 1957 to 1968), Kenneth Mahood, and Norman Thelwell.
Circulation broke the 100,000 mark around 1910, and peaked in 1947–1948 at 175,000 to 184,000. Sales declined steadily thereafter; ultimately, the magazine was forced to close in 2002 after 161 years of publication.[5]
Punch was widely emulated worldwide and was popular in the colonies. The colonial experience, especially in India, influenced Punch and its iconography. Tenniel's Punch cartoons of the 1857 Sepoy Mutiny led to a surge in the magazine's popularity. Colonial India was frequently caricatured in Punch and was an important source of knowledge of India for British readers.[6]
Later years
Punch material was collected in book formats from the late 19th century, which included Pick of the Punch annuals with cartoons and text features, Punch and the War (a 1941 collection of WWII-related cartoons), and A Big Bowl of Punch – which was republished a number of times. Many Punch cartoonists of the late 20th century published collections of their own, partly based on Punch contributions.
In early 1996, businessman Mohamed Al-Fayed bought the rights to the name, and Punch was relaunched later that year.[5][7] The new version of the magazine was intended to be a spoiler aimed at Private Eye, which had published many items critical of Fayed. Punch never became profitable in its new incarnation, and at the end of May 2002, it was announced as once more ceasing publication.[5] Press reports quoted a loss of £16 million over the six years of publication, with only 6,000 subscribers at the end.
Galerija odabranih ranih korica
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Detail of Punch hanging the Devil from first cover in 1841
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1843: 1 July cover shows Punch straddling a trumpeter.
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1861: 24 August cover shows Pope Pius IX delivering weapons to the Southern Italian brigands.
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1916: 26 April cover shows Richard Doyle's 1849 masthead with colour and advertisements.
Reference
- ^ Appelbaum & Kelly 1981, стр. 14.
- ^ Appelbaum & Kelly 1981, стр. 15.
- ^ а б в Punch, or the London Charivari (1841–1992) — A British Institution, Philip V. Allingham; Contributing Editor, Victorian Web; Faculty of Education, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario.
- ^ See Altick, Richard. Punch: The Lively Youth of a British Institution, 1841–1851 (Ohio State University Press, 1997), 17.
- ^ а б в John Morrish, Paul Bradshaw, Magazine Editing: In Print and Online. Routledge, 2012. ISBN 1136642072 (p.32).
- ^ Ritu G. Khanduri. Caricaturing Culture in India: Cartoons and History in the Modern World. 2014. Cambridge University Press
- ^ Whack! Whack! Whack! Reborn Punch Pounded Warren Hodge, The New York Times, 18 September 1996. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
Literatura
- Appelbaum, Stanley; Kelly, Richard Michael (1981). Great Drawings and Illustrations from Punch, 1841–1901: 192 Works by Leech, Keene, Du Maurier, May and 21 Others. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-24110-4.
- „Biography: Clive Collins – The British Cartoon Archive”. University of Kent. Приступљено 11. 12. 2014.
- henleystandard.co.uk Архивирано 14 фебруар 2016 на сајту Wayback Machine
- „Noel Ford's Cartoon and Humorous Illustration Portfolio”. Ford Cartoons. Приступљено 11. 12. 2014.
- „Biography: Leslie Gilbert Illingworth – The British Cartoon Archive”. University of Kent. Приступљено 11. 12. 2014.
- „Biography: John Jensen – The British Cartoon Archive”. University of Kent. Приступљено 11. 12. 2014.
- Campbell, Jean (1986). „Benjamin Edwin Minns”. Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: Australian National University. Приступљено 5. 6. 2012.
- Spielmann, Marion Harry (1895). The history of "Punch", Volume 1. Cassell and company, limited. стр. 412. „The History of Punch Phillips.”
- „The Correspondence of James McNeill Whistler: Biography of Raven-Hill”. University of Glasgow. Приступљено 22. 3. 2014.
- Harder, Hans, Mittler, Barbara, eds. Asian Punches: A Transcultural Affair. Berlin: Springer, 2013. Ebook ISBN 978-3-642-28607-0
- Rea, Christopher G. (2013). „'He'll Roast All Subjects That May Need the Roasting': Puck and Mr Punch in Nineteenth-Century China”. Asian Punches. Transcultural Research – Heidelberg Studies on Asia and Europe in a Global Context. стр. 389—422. ISBN 978-3-642-28606-3. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-28607-0_16.
- Christopher G. Rea, "‘He’ll Roast All Subjects That May Need the Roasting’: Puck and Mr Punch in Nineteenth-Century China", Asian Punches: A Transcultural Affair, edited by Hans Harder and Barbara Mittler (Berlin: Springer, 2013), pp 389–422.
Spoljašnje veze
- Mr Punch's Parliamentary Portrait Gallery – UK Parliament Living Heritage
- Punch Magazine – Harry Furniss Biography – UK Parliament Living Heritage
- "Punch, or, The London Charivari, 1841". Science in the 19th Century Periodical. Retrieved 29 September 2013 from http://www.sciper.org/browse/PU_desc.html
- Punch magazine на сајту Internet Archive (језик: енглески)
- Punch at Project Gutenberg (plain text and HTML)
- List of Punch volumes currently online
- Hathi Trust. Punch, fulltext
- The History of "Punch" by Marion H. Spielmann, 1895, from Project Gutenberg
- Punch cartoon library, Official site of Punch Limited
- British Cartoon Archive at University of Kent
- John Leech Sketch archives from Punch, site with 600 of Leech's sketches
- Beauty's Lisping Parasite, a Punch article decoded.
- Ariadne In Naxos, a Punch cartoon analyzed.
- Searchable archive
- edmclachlan.co.uk
- punch.photoshelter.com
- martinhoneysett.com
- „David Myers Award-winning joke cartoonist”. The Independent. 21. 6. 2007. Архивирано из оригинала 2. 1. 2008. г. Приступљено 24. 10. 2010.