Баштованство — разлика између измена

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Баштованство is the practice of growing and cultivating plants as part of horticulture. In gardens, ornamental plants are often grown for their flowers, foliage, or overall appearance; useful plants, such as root vegetables, leaf vegetables, fruits, and herbs, are grown for consumption, for use as dyes, or for medicinal or cosmetic use.

Gardening ranges in scale from fruit orchards, to long boulevard plantings with one or more different types of shrubs, trees, and herbaceous plants, to residential back gardens including lawns and foundation plantings, all the way to container gardens grown inside or outside. Gardening may be very specialized, with only one type of plant grown, or involve a variety of plants in mixed plantings. It involves an active participation in the growing of plants, and tends to be labor intensive, which differentiates it from farming or forestry.^[1]

Историја

Robert Hart's forest garden in Shropshire, England

Древна времена

Forest gardening, a forest-based food production system, is the world's oldest form of gardening.^[2] Forest gardens originated in prehistoric times along jungle-clad river banks and in the wet foothills of monsoon regions. In the gradual process of families improving their immediate environment, useful tree and vine species were identified, protected and improved while undesirable species were eliminated. Eventually foreign species were also selected and incorporated into the gardens.^[3]

Gardens were also available in Kush. In Musawwarat es-Sufra, the Great Enclosure dated to the 3rd century BC included splendid gardens.^[4]

Ancient Roman gardens were laid out with hedges and vines and contained a wide variety of flowers—acanthus, cornflowers, crocus, cyclamen, hyacinth, iris, ivy, lavender, lilies, myrtle, narcissus, poppy, rosemary and violets^[5]—as well as statues and sculptures. Flower beds were popular in the courtyards of rich Romans.

Cottage gardens

Cottage gardens, which emerged in Elizabethan times, appear to have originated as a local source for herbs and fruits.^[6] One theory is that they arose out of the Black Death of the 1340s, when the death of so many laborers made land available for small cottages with personal gardens.^[7] According to the late 19th-century legend of origin,^[8] these gardens were originally created by the workers that lived in the cottages of the villages, to provide them with food and herbs, with flowers planted among them for decoration. Farm workers were provided with cottages that had architectural quality set in a small garden—about 1 acre (0,40 hectares)—where they could grow food and keep pigs and chickens.^[9]

Authentic gardens of the yeoman cottager would have included a beehive and livestock, and frequently a pig and sty, along with a well. The peasant cottager of medieval times was more interested in meat than flowers, with herbs grown for medicinal use rather than for their beauty. By Elizabethan times there was more prosperity, and thus more room to grow flowers. Even the early cottage garden flowers typically had their practical use—violets were spread on the floor (for their pleasant scent and keeping out vermin); calendulas and primroses were both attractive and used in cooking. Others, such as sweet William and hollyhocks, were grown entirely for their beauty.^[10]

Benefits

Gardening is considered by many people to be a relaxing activity. There are also many studies about the positive effects on mental and physical health in relation to gardening.^[11] Specifically, gardening is thought to increase self-esteem and reduce stress.^[12] As writer and former teacher Sarah Biddle notes, one's garden may become a "tiny oasis to relax and recharge [one's] batteries."^[13] Involving in gardening activities aid in creativity, observational skills, learning, planning and physical movement.^[14]

Others consider gardening to be a good hedge against supply chain disruptions with increased worries that the public cannot always trust that the grocery store shelves will be fully stocked.^[15] In April 2022, about 31% of grocery products were out of stock which is an 11% increase from November 2021.^[16]

Поређење са земљорадњом

Gardening for beauty is likely nearly as old as farming for food, however for most of history for the majority of people there was no real distinction since the need for food and other useful products trumped other concerns. Small-scale, subsistence agriculture (called hoe-farming) is largely indistinguishable from gardening. A patch of potatoes grown by a Peruvian peasant or an Irish smallholder for personal use could be described as either a garden or a farm. Gardening for average people evolved as a separate discipline, more concerned with aesthetics, recreation and leisure,^[17] under the influence of the pleasure gardens of the wealthy.^[18] Meanwhile, farming has evolved (in developed countries) in the direction of commercialization, economics of scale, and monocropping.

Monty Don has speculated on an atavistic connection between present-day gardeners and pre-modern peasantry.^[19]

Референце

^ „Fast And Simple Gardening Tips From The Pros: Home: Blogs”. canvas.umn.edu. Архивирано из оригинала 28. 9. 2021. г. Приступљено 2021-09-28.
^ Douglas John McConnell (2003). The Forest Farms of Kandy: And Other Gardens of Complete Design. стр. 1. ISBN 9780754609582.
^ Douglas John McConnell (1992). The forest-garden farms of Kandy, Sri Lanka. стр. 1. ISBN 9789251028988.
^ Stirn, Isma'il Kushkush,Matt. „Why Sudan's Remarkable Ancient Civilization Has Been Overlooked by History”. Smithsonian Magazine (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 2020-08-23.
^ „A Brief History of Gardening”. Приступљено 2010-06-04.
^ Ryrie, Charlie (2004). The Cottage Garden: How to Plan and Plant a Garden That Grows Itself. Collins & Brown. стр. 7. ISBN 978-1-84340-216-9.
^ Scott-James, Anne; Osbert Lancaster (2004). The Pleasure Garden: An Illustrated History of British Gardening. Frances Lincoln Publishers. стр. 80. ISBN 978-0-7112-2360-8.
^ Anne Scott-James, The Cottage Garden (London: Lane) 1981, demythologised the origins of the English cottage garden, and its treasured topiary among the vegetables and flowers, popularly supposed to represent heirlooms from the seventeenth century.
^ Colvin, Howard (2008). A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects, 1600–1840, Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-12508-9, p. 659
^ Lloyd, Christopher; Richard Bird (1999). The Cottage Garden. Jacqui Hurst. Dorling Kindersley. стр. 6—9. ISBN 978-0-7513-0702-3.
^ Soga, Masashi; Gaston, Kevin J.; Yamaura, Yuichi (2017-03-01). „Gardening is beneficial for health: A meta-analysis”. Preventive Medicine Reports (на језику: енглески). 5: 92—99. ISSN 2211-3355. PMC 5153451 . PMID 27981022. doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2016.11.007 .
^ „8 Surprising Health Benefits of Gardening | UNC Health Talk”. healthtalk.unchealthcare.org (на језику: енглески). 2020-05-18. Приступљено 2021-02-20.
^ Biddle, Sarah (2020-06-12). „Gardens Simultaneously Calm and Reinvigorate”. Objective Standard Institute (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 2021-02-20.
^ „Do you know better mental can be achieved by gardening?”. ANI News. Приступљено 22. 7. 2022.
^ „Gardening Is a Hedge Against Supply Chain Disruptions”. Приступљено 19. 7. 2022.
^ „Product shortages and soaring prices reveal fragility of U.S. supply chain”. 13. 4. 2022.
^ Mickey, Thomas J. (2003). Deconstructing Public Relations: Public Relations Criticism. Routledge Communication Series. Mahwah, New Jersey: Routledge (објављено 2008). стр. 43. ISBN 9781135652210. Приступљено 2018-01-21. „The number-one leisure activity in the United States is gardening.”
^ „Ranelagh pleasure gardens”. British Library. Приступљено 23. 6. 2022.
^ Swift, Joe (2012). „Summer at the plot”. Joe's Allotment: Planning and planting a productive plot. Random House. ISBN 9781409070139. Приступљено 2018-01-20. „I suppose it is an atavistic connection with the land and the completely honourable peasant mentality, that was lost in Britain with the Industrial Revolution, yet persists in our gardens and allotments.”

Литература

Albardonedo Freire, Antonio, El Urbanismo de Sevilla durante el reinado de Felipe II. Sevilla, Guadalquivir Ediciones, 2002, ISBN 84-8093-115-9, pp. 191–208.
Amirsadeghi, Hossein, editor. The Arts of Persia. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989.
Brooke, Christopher Nugent Lawrence. The Age of the Cloister: The Story of Monastic Life in the Middle Ages. New Jersey: Hidden Spring, 2003.
Gerard Ciolek. Ogrody polskie (Gardens of Poland). Revised edition of the 1954 publication under the same title, updated and expanded by Janusz Bogdanowski. Warszawa: Arkady
Carroll, Maureen. Earthly Paradises: Ancient Gardens in History and Archaeology. London: British Museum Press, 1986.
Fischer, Hubertus; Remmert, Volker R.; Wolschke-Bulmahn, Joachim (2016). Gardens, Knowledge and the Sciences in the Early Modern Period. Birkhäuser. ISBN 978-3-319-26342-7.
Hindsley, Leonard Patrick. The Mystics of Engelthal: Writings from a Medieval Monastery. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998.
Khansari, Mehdi et al. The Persian Garden, Echoes of Paradise. Washington, D.C.: Mage Publishing, 1998.
Lauterbach, Iris, The European Landscape Garden, ca. 1710–1800, EGO - European History Online, Mainz: Institute of European History, retrieved: March 25, 2021 (pdf), 2017.
Lawrence, C.H. Medieval Monasticism : Forms of Religious Life in Western Europe in the Middle Ages. New York: Longman, 2001.
Littlewood, Anthony, Henry Maguire, and Joachim Wolschke-Bulmahn. Byzantine Garden Culture. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, 2002.
Pona, Franceso, Sileno overo Delle Bellezze del Luogo dell'Ill.mo Sig. Co. Gio. Giacomo Giusti, 1620 Angelo Tamo, Verona
Pona, Franceso, Il Paradiso de' Fiori overo Lo archetipo de' Giardini, 1622 Angelo Tamo, Verona
Rogers, Elizabeth Barlow, Landscape Design: A Cultural and Architectural History. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc. 2001.
Stockstad, Marilyn and Jerry Stannard. Gardens of the Middle Ages. Kansas: University of Kansas, 1983.
Taylor, Patrick, The Oxford Companion to the Garden. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.
Thacker, Christopher, The History of Gardens. California, University of California Press, 1979.
Threlfall-Homes, Miranda. Monks and Markets: Durham Cathedral Priory 1460–1520, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
Turner, Tom. Garden History, Philosophy and Design, 2000 BC–2000 AD. New York: Spon Press, 2005.
Villa, Paolo, Giardino Giusti 1993-94 pdf, with maps and 200 photos.
Żukow-Karczewski, Marek. Ogrody i sady w dawnej Polsce (Gardens and orchards in the old Poland), "AURA" (A Monthly for the Protection and Shaping of Human Environment), 11, 1987.
„A History of Gardening”. www.localhistories.org. 14. 3. 2021. Приступљено 2021-05-02.
„National Garden Week | National Garden Clubs, Inc.”. www.gardenclub.org. Приступљено 2021-05-02.
Turner, Tom (2005). Garden history: Philosophy and design 2000 BC–2000 AD. Routledge. стр. 1—3.
Daines, Alison. „Egyptian Gardens”. Brigham Young University. 6.
Bowe, Patrick (1999). „The Indian Gardening Tradition and the Sajjan Niwas Bagh, Udaipur”. Garden History (на језику: енглески). 27 (2): 189—205. JSTOR 1587216. doi:10.2307/1587216.
Singh, Ram Bachan (1976). „Cities and parks in ancient India”. Ekistics. 42 (253): 372—376. JSTOR 43618748.
Kontokosta, Anne (јануар 2019). „Building the Thermae Agrippae: Private Life, Public Space, and the Politics of Bathing in Early Imperial Rome”. American Journal of Archaeology. 123 (1): 45—77. S2CID 158271598. doi:10.3764/aja.123.1.0045.
Fraser, E.D.; W. Andrew Kenney (2000). „Cultural background and landscape history as factors affecting perceptions of the urban forest”. Journal of Arboriculture. 26 (2): 106.
Fraser, E.D.; W. Andrew Kenney (2000). „Cultural background and landscape history as factors affecting perceptions of the urban forest”. Journal of Arboriculture. 26 (2): 108.
Fraser, E.D.; W. Andrew Kenney (2000). „Cultural background and landscape history as factors affecting perceptions of the urban forest”. Journal of Arboriculture. 26 (2): 106—107.
Phibbs, John (2009). „The Persistence of Older Traditions in Eighteenth-Century Gardening”. Garden History. 37 (2): 174.
Herklots, G. A.; Perrott, R.; Synge, P. M. (31. 8. 2016). „Gardening”. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Приступљено 14. 2. 2019.
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica (7. 8. 2018). „Kew Gardens”. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Приступљено 20. 2. 2019.
„Princess Augusta, Marianne North and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew”. Historic England. Приступљено 23. 2. 2019.
„Shenstone and the Creation of the Natural Landscape | Revolutionary Players”.
Isendahl & Smith, C. & M. (април 2013). „Sustainable agrarian urbanism: The low-density cities of the Mayas and Aztecs”. Cities. 31 (C): 132—143. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2012.07.012.
Fedick, S. (19. 1. 2010). „The Maya Forest: Destroyed or cultivated by the ancient Maya?”. PNAS. 107 (3): 953—4. Bibcode:2010PNAS..107..953F. PMC 2824262 . PMID 20080595. doi:10.1073/pnas.0913578107 .
Evans, Susan Toby (2000). „Aztec royal pleasure parks: Conspicuous consumption and elite status rivalry”. Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes. 20 (3): 206—228. S2CID 144621964. doi:10.1080/14601176.2000.10435621.
Granziera, Patrizia (23. 1. 2003). „Huaxtepec: The Sacred Garden of an Aztec Emperor”. Landscape Research. 30: 81—107. S2CID 143843753. doi:10.1080/0142639042000324776.
Ian, Mursell. „Aztec pleasure gardens”. Mexicolore. Mexicolore. Приступљено 8. 11. 2019.
„casaluisbarragan.org”. casaluisbarragan.org. Архивирано из оригинала 2010-09-24. г. Приступљено 2010-06-01.

Спољашње везе

[1] „Fast And Simple Gardening Tips From The Pros: Home: Blogs”. canvas.umn.edu. Архивирано из оригинала 28. 9. 2021. г. Приступљено 2021-09-28.

[2] Douglas John McConnell (2003). The Forest Farms of Kandy: And Other Gardens of Complete Design. стр. 1. ISBN 9780754609582.

[3] Douglas John McConnell (1992). The forest-garden farms of Kandy, Sri Lanka. стр. 1. ISBN 9789251028988.

[:0-4] Stirn, Isma'il Kushkush,Matt. „Why Sudan's Remarkable Ancient Civilization Has Been Overlooked by History”. Smithsonian Magazine (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 2020-08-23.

[localhistories-5] „A Brief History of Gardening”. Приступљено 2010-06-04.

[6] Ryrie, Charlie (2004). The Cottage Garden: How to Plan and Plant a Garden That Grows Itself. Collins & Brown. стр. 7. ISBN 978-1-84340-216-9.

[Scott-James80-7] Scott-James, Anne; Osbert Lancaster (2004). The Pleasure Garden: An Illustrated History of British Gardening. Frances Lincoln Publishers. стр. 80. ISBN 978-0-7112-2360-8.

[8] Anne Scott-James, The Cottage Garden (London: Lane) 1981, demythologised the origins of the English cottage garden, and its treasured topiary among the vegetables and flowers, popularly supposed to represent heirlooms from the seventeenth century.

[9] Colvin, Howard (2008). A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects, 1600–1840, Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-12508-9, p. 659

[10] Lloyd, Christopher; Richard Bird (1999). The Cottage Garden. Jacqui Hurst. Dorling Kindersley. стр. 6—9. ISBN 978-0-7513-0702-3.

[11] Soga, Masashi; Gaston, Kevin J.; Yamaura, Yuichi (2017-03-01). „Gardening is beneficial for health: A meta-analysis”. Preventive Medicine Reports (на језику: енглески). 5: 92—99. ISSN 2211-3355. PMC 5153451 . PMID 27981022. doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2016.11.007 .

[12] „8 Surprising Health Benefits of Gardening | UNC Health Talk”. healthtalk.unchealthcare.org (на језику: енглески). 2020-05-18. Приступљено 2021-02-20.

[13] Biddle, Sarah (2020-06-12). „Gardens Simultaneously Calm and Reinvigorate”. Objective Standard Institute (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 2021-02-20.

[14] „Do you know better mental can be achieved by gardening?”. ANI News. Приступљено 22. 7. 2022.

[15] „Gardening Is a Hedge Against Supply Chain Disruptions”. Приступљено 19. 7. 2022.

[16] „Product shortages and soaring prices reveal fragility of U.S. supply chain”. 13. 4. 2022.

[17] Mickey, Thomas J. (2003). Deconstructing Public Relations: Public Relations Criticism. Routledge Communication Series. Mahwah, New Jersey: Routledge (објављено 2008). стр. 43. ISBN 9781135652210. Приступљено 2018-01-21. „The number-one leisure activity in the United States is gardening.”

[18] „Ranelagh pleasure gardens”. British Library. Приступљено 23. 6. 2022.

[19] Swift, Joe (2012). „Summer at the plot”. Joe's Allotment: Planning and planting a productive plot. Random House. ISBN 9781409070139. Приступљено 2018-01-20. „I suppose it is an atavistic connection with the land and the completely honourable peasant mentality, that was lost in Britain with the Industrial Revolution, yet persists in our gardens and allotments.”

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@@ Ред 1: / Ред 1: @@
+{{Short description|Вежбање гајења биљака}}{{рут}}
-#Преусмери [[Баштован]]
+[[Датотека:Cementerio, Tulcán, Ecuador, 2015-07-21, DD 60.JPG|thumb|250п|A gardener maintaining [[topiary]] in [[Tulcán]], Ecuador]]
+'''Баштованство ''' is the practice of growing and cultivating plants as part of [[horticulture]]. In gardens, [[ornamental plant]]s are often grown for their [[flower]]s, [[leaf|foliage]], or overall appearance; useful plants, such as [[List of root vegetables|root vegetables]], [[leaf vegetable]]s, [[fruit]]s, and [[herb]]s, are grown for consumption, for use as [[dye]]s, or for [[Medicine|medicinal]] or [[Cosmetics|cosmetic]] use.
+Gardening ranges in scale from fruit [[orchard]]s, to long boulevard plantings with one or more different types of [[shrub]]s, [[tree]]s, and [[herbaceous plant]]s, to residential [[back garden]]s including lawns and foundation plantings, all the way to [[container garden]]s grown inside or outside. Gardening may be very specialized, with only one type of plant grown, or involve a variety of plants in mixed plantings. It involves an active participation in the growing of plants, and tends to be labor intensive, which differentiates it from [[Agriculture|farming]] or [[forestry]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fast And Simple Gardening Tips From The Pros: Home: Blogs|url=https://canvas.umn.edu/eportfolios/7765/Home/Fast_And_Simple_Gardening_Tips_From_The_Pros|access-date=2021-09-28|website=canvas.umn.edu|archive-date=28 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928102353/https://canvas.umn.edu/eportfolios/7765/Home/Fast_And_Simple_Gardening_Tips_From_The_Pros|url-status=dead}}</ref>
+== Историја ==
+[[Датотека:Forestgarden2.jpg|thumb|250px|лево|[[Robert Hart (horticulturist)|Robert Hart]]'s forest garden in [[Shropshire]], England]]
+=== Древна времена ===
+[[Forest gardening]], a forest-based food production system, is the world's oldest form of gardening.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Forest Farms of Kandy: And Other Gardens of Complete Design|author=Douglas John McConnell|year=2003|page=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QYBSfUJPQXcC&pg=PA1|isbn=9780754609582}}</ref> Forest gardens originated in [[Prehistory|prehistoric times]] along jungle-clad river banks and in the wet foothills of [[monsoon]] regions. In the gradual process of families improving their immediate environment, useful tree and vine species were identified, protected and improved while undesirable species were eliminated. Eventually foreign species were also selected and incorporated into the gardens.<ref>{{cite book|title=The forest-garden farms of Kandy, Sri Lanka|author=Douglas John McConnell|year=1992|page=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G3QPo7lThXsC&pg=PA1|isbn=9789251028988}}</ref>
+Gardens were also available in [[Kingdom of Kush|Kush]]. In [[Musawwarat es-Sufra]], the Great Enclosure dated to the 3rd century BC included splendid gardens.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Stirn|first=Isma'il Kushkush,Matt|title=Why Sudan's Remarkable Ancient Civilization Has Been Overlooked by History|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/sudan-land-kush-meroe-ancient-civilization-overlooked-180975498/|access-date=2020-08-23|website=Smithsonian Magazine|language=en}}</ref>
+[[Ancient Roman]] gardens were laid out with hedges and vines and contained a wide variety of flowers—[[Acanthus (plant)|acanthus]], [[cornflowers]], [[crocus]], [[cyclamen]], hyacinth, iris, ivy, [[lavender]], lilies, myrtle, narcissus, poppy, [[rosemary]] and violets<ref name="localhistories">{{cite web|url=http://www.localhistories.org/gardening.html| title=A Brief History of Gardening|access-date= 2010-06-04}}</ref>—as well as statues and sculptures. Flower beds were popular in the courtyards of rich Romans.
+===Cottage gardens===
+[[File:XN Kerascoet.jpg|thumb|250п|A cottage garden in [[Brittany]]]]
+[[Cottage garden]]s, which emerged in [[Elizabethan times]], appear to have originated as a local source for herbs and fruits.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ryrie|first=Charlie|title=The Cottage Garden: How to Plan and Plant a Garden That Grows Itself|publisher=[[Collins & Brown]]|year=2004|page=7|isbn=978-1-84340-216-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8VfO_WIAx0wC&pg=PA7}}</ref> One theory is that they arose out of the [[Black Death]] of the 1340s, when the death of so many laborers made land available for small cottages with personal gardens.<ref name="Scott-James80">{{cite book|last=Scott-James|first=Anne|author2=Osbert Lancaster|title=The Pleasure Garden: An Illustrated History of British Gardening|publisher=[[Frances Lincoln Publishers]]|year=2004|page=80|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IbhwIo3m3mQC&pg=PA80|isbn=978-0-7112-2360-8}}</ref> According to the late 19th-century legend of origin,<ref>[[Anne Scott-James]], ''The Cottage Garden'' (London: Lane) 1981, demythologised the origins of the English cottage garden, and its treasured [[topiary]] among the vegetables and flowers, popularly supposed to represent heirlooms from the seventeenth century.</ref> these gardens were originally created by the workers that lived in the cottages of the villages, to provide them with food and herbs, with flowers planted among them for decoration. Farm workers were provided with cottages that had architectural quality set in a small garden—about {{convert|1|acre|abbr=off}}—where they could grow food and keep pigs and chickens.<ref>Colvin, Howard (2008). ''A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects, 1600–1840'', [[Yale University Press]], {{ISBN|0-300-12508-9}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=CSyaO-MqYoAC&pg=PA659 p. 659]</ref>
+Authentic gardens of the [[yeoman]] cottager would have included a beehive and [[livestock]], and frequently a pig and sty, along with a well. The peasant cottager of medieval times was more interested in meat than flowers, with herbs grown for medicinal use rather than for their beauty. By Elizabethan times there was more prosperity, and thus more room to grow flowers. Even the early cottage garden flowers typically had their practical use—violets were spread on the floor (for their pleasant scent and keeping out vermin); [[calendula]]s and [[primula vulgaris|primroses]] were both attractive and used in cooking. Others, such as [[Dianthus barbatus|sweet William]] and [[hollyhock]]s, were grown entirely for their beauty.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lloyd|first=Christopher|author2=Richard Bird|others=Jacqui Hurst|title=The Cottage Garden|publisher=[[Dorling Kindersley]]|year=1999|pages=6–9|isbn=978-0-7513-0702-3}}</ref>
+== Benefits ==
+Gardening is considered by many people to be a relaxing activity. There are also many studies about the positive effects on mental and physical health in relation to gardening.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2017-03-01|title=Gardening is beneficial for health: A meta-analysis|journal=Preventive Medicine Reports|language=en|volume=5|pages=92–99|doi=10.1016/j.pmedr.2016.11.007|issn=2211-3355|doi-access=free|last1=Soga|first1=Masashi|last2=Gaston|first2=Kevin J.|last3=Yamaura|first3=Yuichi|pmid=27981022|pmc=5153451}}</ref> Specifically, gardening is thought to increase [[self-esteem]] and reduce [[Stress (biology)|stress]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-18|title=8 Surprising Health Benefits of Gardening {{!}} UNC Health Talk|url=https://healthtalk.unchealthcare.org/health-benefits-of-gardening/|access-date=2021-02-20|website=healthtalk.unchealthcare.org|language=en-US}}</ref> As writer and former teacher Sarah Biddle notes, one's garden may become a "tiny oasis to relax and recharge [one's] batteries."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Biddle|first=Sarah|date=2020-06-12|title=Gardens Simultaneously Calm and Reinvigorate|url=https://objectivestandard.org/blog/gardens-simultaneously-calm-and-reinvigorate|access-date=2021-02-20|website=Objective Standard Institute|language=en-US}}</ref> Involving in gardening activities aid in creativity, observational skills, learning, planning and physical movement.<ref>{{cite web |title=Do you know better mental can be achieved by gardening? |url=https://aninews.in/news/lifestyle/others/do-you-know-better-mental-can-be-achieved-by-gardening20220713172010/ |website=ANI News |access-date=22 July 2022}}</ref>
+Others consider gardening to be a good hedge against supply chain disruptions with increased worries that the public cannot always trust that the grocery store shelves will be fully stocked.<ref>{{Cite web|access-date=July 19, 2022|title=Gardening Is a Hedge Against Supply Chain Disruptions|url=https://reason.com/2022/07/16/grow-your-own/}}</ref> In April 2022, about 31% of grocery products were out of stock which is an 11% increase from November 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 13, 2022|title=Product shortages and soaring prices reveal fragility of U.S. supply chain|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/product-shortages-inflation-supply-chain-2022/}}</ref>
+== Поређење са земљорадњом ==
+[[Датотека:Hayes-Valley-Farm by Zoey-Kroll fava-hillside.jpg|thumb|250п|Berms of fava beans have been planted at Hayes Valley Farm, a community-built farm on the former Central freeway ramps of San Francisco]]
+Gardening for beauty is likely nearly as old as farming for food, however for most of history for the majority of people there was no real distinction since the need for food and other useful products trumped other concerns. Small-scale, [[subsistence agriculture]] (called [[hoe-farming]]) is largely indistinguishable from gardening. A patch of potatoes grown by a Peruvian peasant or an Irish [[smallholder]] for personal use could be described as either a garden or a farm. Gardening for average people evolved as a separate discipline, more concerned with aesthetics, [[recreation]] and [[leisure]],<ref>{{cite book| last1 = Mickey| first1 = Thomas J.| year = 2003| title = Deconstructing Public Relations: Public Relations Criticism| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wxaQAgAAQBAJ| series = Routledge Communication Series| location = Mahwah, New Jersey| publisher = Routledge| publication-date = 2008| page = 43| isbn = 9781135652210| access-date = 2018-01-21| quote = The number-one leisure activity in the United States is gardening.}}</ref> under the influence of the pleasure gardens of the wealthy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bl.uk/learning/timeline/item104823.html|title=Ranelagh pleasure gardens|work=British Library|access-date=June 23, 2022| url-status=live}}</ref> Meanwhile, [[farming]] has evolved (in developed countries) in the direction of [[commercial agriculture|commercialization]], [[economics of scale]], and [[monocropping]].
+[[Monty Don]] has speculated on an atavistic connection between present-day gardeners and pre-modern [[peasantry]].<ref>{{cite book| last1 = Swift| first1 = Joe| author-link1 = Joe Swift| chapter = Summer at the plot| title = Joe's Allotment: Planning and planting a productive plot| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6c3UyYKo1EEC| publisher = Random House| date = 2012| isbn = 9781409070139| access-date = 2018-01-20| quote = I suppose it is an atavistic connection with the land and the completely honourable peasant mentality, that was lost in Britain with the Industrial Revolution, yet persists in our gardens and allotments.}}</ref>
+== Референце ==
+{{Reflist|}}
+== Литература ==
+{{Refbegin|30em}}
+*Albardonedo Freire, Antonio, El Urbanismo de Sevilla durante el reinado de Felipe II. Sevilla, Guadalquivir Ediciones, 2002, {{ISBN|84-8093-115-9}}, pp.&nbsp;191–208.
+*Amirsadeghi, Hossein, editor. ''The Arts of Persia''. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989.
+*Brooke, Christopher Nugent Lawrence.'' The Age of the Cloister: The Story of Monastic Life in the Middle Ages''. New Jersey: Hidden Spring, 2003.
+*Gerard Ciolek. ''Ogrody polskie (Gardens of Poland).'' Revised edition of the 1954 publication under the same title, updated and expanded by Janusz Bogdanowski. Warszawa: Arkady
+*Carroll, Maureen. ''Earthly Paradises: Ancient Gardens in History and Archaeology.'' London: British Museum Press, 1986.
+* {{cite book |last1=Fischer|first1=Hubertus|last2=Remmert|first2=Volker R. |last3=Wolschke-Bulmahn |first3=Joachim |title=Gardens, Knowledge and the Sciences in the Early Modern Period |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=N5NPDAAAQBAJ |year=2016 |publisher=[[Birkhäuser]] |isbn = 978-3-319-26342-7 }}
+*Hindsley, Leonard Patrick. ''The Mystics of Engelthal: Writings from a Medieval Monastery''. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998.
+*Khansari, Mehdi et al. ''The Persian Garden, Echoes of Paradise.'' Washington, D.C.: Mage Publishing, 1998.
+* Lauterbach, Iris, [http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/models-and-stereotypes/anglophilia/iris-lauterbach-the-european-landscape-garden-ca-1710-1800?set_language=en&-C= The European Landscape Garden, ca. 1710–1800], [http://www.ieg-ego.eu/ EGO - European History Online], Mainz: [http://www.ieg-mainz.de/likecms/index.php Institute of European History], retrieved: March 25, 2021 ([http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-2017062338 pdf]), 2017.
+*Lawrence, C.H. ''Medieval Monasticism : Forms of Religious Life in Western Europe in the Middle Ages''. New York: Longman, 2001.
+*Littlewood, Anthony, Henry Maguire, and Joachim Wolschke-Bulmahn. ''Byzantine Garden Culture''. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, 2002.
+*[[Francesco Pona|Pona, Franceso]], Sileno overo Delle Bellezze del Luogo dell'Ill.mo Sig. Co. Gio. Giacomo Giusti, 1620 Angelo Tamo, Verona
+*[[Francesco Pona|Pona, Franceso]], Il Paradiso de' Fiori overo Lo archetipo de' Giardini, 1622 Angelo Tamo, Verona
+*Rogers, Elizabeth Barlow, ''Landscape Design: A Cultural and Architectural History''. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc. 2001.
+*Stockstad, Marilyn and Jerry Stannard. ''Gardens of the Middle Ages''. Kansas: University of Kansas, 1983.
+*Taylor, Patrick'', The Oxford Companion to the Garden''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.
+*Thacker, Christopher, ''The History of Gardens''. California, University of California Press, 1979.
+*Threlfall-Homes, Miranda. ''Monks and Markets: Durham Cathedral Priory 1460–1520'', Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
+*Turner, Tom. ''Garden History, Philosophy and Design, 2000 BC–2000 AD.'' New York: Spon Press, 2005.
+*[[commons:File:Accademia di Belle Arti Bologna, GIARDINO GIUSTI (Verona Storia dell'Arte giardino all'italiana), Tesi di Diploma di Paolo Villa, A.A. 1993-94, relatori Eleonora Frattarolo e Fabia Farneti ed 2013 con immagini.pdf|Villa, Paolo, Giardino Giusti 1993-94 pdf]], with maps and 200 photos.
+*[[Marek Żukow-Karczewski|Żukow-Karczewski, Marek]]. ''Ogrody i sady w dawnej Polsce'' (Gardens and orchards in the old Poland), "AURA" (A Monthly for the Protection and Shaping of Human Environment), 11, 1987.
+* {{Cite web|title=A History of Gardening|url=http://www.localhistories.org/gardening.html|access-date=2021-05-02|website=www.localhistories.org|date=14 March 2021}}
+* {{Cite web|title=National Garden Week {{!}} National Garden Clubs, Inc.|url=https://www.gardenclub.org/national-garden-week|access-date=2021-05-02|website=www.gardenclub.org}}
+* {{cite book|last=Turner|first=Tom|title=Garden history: Philosophy and design 2000 BC–2000 AD.|year=2005|publisher=Routledge|pages=1–3}}
+* {{Cite journal|last=Daines|first=Alison|title=Egyptian Gardens|url=https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1082&context=studiaantiqua|journal=Brigham Young University|volume=6}}
+* {{Cite journal |language=en |jstor = 1587216|title = The Indian Gardening Tradition and the Sajjan Niwas Bagh, Udaipur|journal = Garden History|volume = 27|issue = 2|pages = 189–205|last1 = Bowe|first1 = Patrick|year = 1999|doi = 10.2307/1587216}}
+* {{Cite journal|last=Singh|first=Ram Bachan|title=Cities and parks in ancient India|journal=Ekistics|volume=42|issue=253|pages=372–376|jstor=43618748|year=1976}}
+* {{cite journal |last1=Kontokosta |first1=Anne |title=Building the Thermae Agrippae: Private Life, Public Space, and the Politics of Bathing in Early Imperial Rome |journal=American Journal of Archaeology |date=January 2019 |volume=123 |issue=1 |pages=45–77|doi=10.3764/aja.123.1.0045 |s2cid=158271598 }}
+* {{cite journal|last=Fraser|first=E.D.|author2=W. Andrew Kenney|title=Cultural background and landscape history as factors affecting perceptions of the urban forest|journal=Journal of Arboriculture|year=2000|volume=26|issue=2|page=106}}
+* {{cite journal|last=Fraser|first=E.D.|author2=W. Andrew Kenney|title=Cultural background and landscape history as factors affecting perceptions of the urban forest|journal=Journal of Arboriculture|year=2000|volume=26|issue=2|page=108}}
+* {{cite journal|last=Fraser|first=E.D.|author2=W. Andrew Kenney|title=Cultural background and landscape history as factors affecting perceptions of the urban forest|journal=Journal of Arboriculture|year=2000|volume=26|issue=2|pages=106–107}}
+* {{cite journal|last=Phibbs|first=John|title=The Persistence of Older Traditions in Eighteenth-Century Gardening|journal=Garden History|year=2009|volume=37|issue=2|page=174}}
+* {{cite web|last1=Herklots| first1= G. A.| last2= Perrott| first2= R.| last3= Synge| first3= P. M.| date=31 August 2016| title= Gardening| website=Encyclopaedia Britannica| access-date= 14 February 2019| url=https://www.britannica.com/science/gardening}}
+* {{cite web| author=The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica| date=7 August 2018| title= Kew Gardens| website=Encyclopaedia Britannica|access-date= 20 February 2019| url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kew-Gardens}}
+* {{cite web|title=Princess Augusta, Marianne North and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|access-date=23 February 2019| url=https://historicengland.org.uk/research/inclusive-heritage/womens-history/registered-parks-gardens/princess-augusta/|website=Historic England}}
+* {{Cite web|url=http://www.revolutionaryplayers.org.uk/shenstone-and-the-creation-of-the-natural-landscape/|title = Shenstone and the Creation of the Natural Landscape &#124; Revolutionary Players}}
+* {{cite journal |last1=Isendahl & Smith |first1=C. & M. |title=Sustainable agrarian urbanism: The low-density cities of the Mayas and Aztecs |journal=Cities |date=April 2013 |volume=31 |issue=C |pages=132–143 |doi=10.1016/j.cities.2012.07.012 }}
+* {{cite journal |last = Fedick |first = S. |title=The Maya Forest: Destroyed or cultivated by the ancient Maya? |journal=PNAS |date=19 January 2010 |volume=107 |issue = 3 |pages = 953–4 |doi = 10.1073/pnas.0913578107 |pmid = 20080595 |pmc = 2824262 |bibcode = 2010PNAS..107..953F |doi-access = free }}
+* {{cite journal |last=Evans |first = Susan Toby |title = Aztec royal pleasure parks: Conspicuous consumption and elite status rivalry |journal=Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes |year=2000 |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages = 206–228 |doi = 10.1080/14601176.2000.10435621 |s2cid = 144621964 }}
+* {{cite journal |last=Granziera |first = Patrizia |title = Huaxtepec: The Sacred Garden of an Aztec Emperor |journal=Landscape Research |date=23 January 2003 |volume=30 |pages = 81–107 |doi = 10.1080/0142639042000324776 |s2cid = 143843753 }}
+* {{cite web |last=Ian |first=Mursell |title=Aztec pleasure gardens |url = https://www.mexicolore.co.uk/aztecs/aztefacts/aztec-pleasure-gardens |website=Mexicolore |publisher=Mexicolore |access-date=8 November 2019 }}
+* {{cite web |url=http://www.casaluisbarragan.org/main.html |title=casaluisbarragan.org |publisher=casaluisbarragan.org |access-date=2010-06-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100924032916/http://www.casaluisbarragan.org/main.html |archive-date=2010-09-24 }}
+{{Refend}}
+== Спољашње везе ==
+{{Commons category|Gardening}}
+* [http://www.garden.org National Gardening Association] (USA)
+* [http://www.gardendigest.com/timegl.htm Gardening History Timeline]
+* [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/history/egypt/default.html Horticulture in Ancient Egypt]
+* [http://www.lrgt.org Leicestershire & Rutland Gardens Trust]
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080512023413/http://hcs.osu.edu/history/history/034.html History of Horticulture]
+* [http://www.gardenhistorysociety.org/ The Garden History Society]
+* [http://www.americangardenmuseum.com/ The American Garden Museum]
+{{Authority control}}
+[[Категорија:Баштованство | ]]

Нормативна контрола
Државне	Француска BnF подаци Израел Сједињене Државе Чешка 2
Остале	Енциклопедија Британика NARA